Tissue Engineering: From Lab to Clinic PDF
Preview Tissue Engineering: From Lab to Clinic
Tissue Engineering Norbert Pallua • Christoph V. Suschek Editors Tissue Engineering From Lab to Clinic Editors Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Norbert Pallua Prof. Dr. Christoph V. Suschek Universitätsklinikum, der RWTH Aachen Universitätsklinikum, der RWTH Aachen Klinik für Plastische Chirurgie, Klinik für Plastische Chirurgie, Handund Verbrennungschirurgie Handund Verbrennungschirurgie Pauwelsstr. 30 Pauwelsstr. 30 52074 Aachen 52074 Aachen Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected] Illustrator Piotr Gusta 6. Rue du Chemin Vert 94500 Champigny sur Marne, France ISBN 978-3-642-02823-6 e-ISBN 978-3-642-02824-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-02824-3 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and appli- cation contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover design: eStudioCalamar, Figueres/Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Although efforts to generate bioartificial tissues and organs for human therapies date back to the 80s, these efforts have only come closer to reality in the past 10 years. The possibility of such bioartifical tissues has been fueled by major advances in cell and molecular biology and the development of more sophisticated cell-culture technologies. The term Tissue Engineering has come to a broader application in the last five years and now encompasses the many interdisciplinary fields of knowledge that are crucial to generate or regenerate tissues or even whole organs. Tissue engineering has the potential to revolutionize health care, improving the treatment options and quality of life for millions of people worldwide, yet, saving enormous financial resources in terms of health care costs. One of its defining characteristics is that it draws upon and requires close collaboration among scientists in many diverse specialties. Cell and molecular biologists, biomaterials engineers, advanced imaging specialists, robotics engineers, and developers of equipment such as bioreactors, where tissues are grown and nurtured, are all part of the process of tissue engineering. Another characteristic of tissue engineering is that the field has brought together researchers worldwide in international collaborative efforts. Tissue engineering as a promising research is underway in all parts of the globe. The emergence of tissue engineering has coincided with the emergence of the Internet, making far-reaching collaborations more possible than ever before. The topics in Tissue Engineering: From Lab to Clinic, addressed by world- renowned authorities, were selected to cover the spectrum from basic development to clinical application. Pertinent information on cell isolation and expansion, both in animals and humans, provides guidance for the clinical scientists interested in this area. Written by leading experts in the field, each chapter offers a detailed state-of-the-art overview of the respective field of research, the author’s visions regarding his research area, as well as its limitations. This book provides a concep- tual framework that includes the entire necessary background material in all areas of tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering: From Lab to Clinic is intended to be a reference for first-year to senior-level graduate courses in Tissue Engineering, in departments of bioengi- neering, and for students who perform research in tissue replacement and restoration. Additionally, this book attempts to give guidance for students in biology, medicine, and life-sciences, working with primary and complex cell biology. This book, seeks to provide both undergraduate and graduate students with the scientific foundation of v vi Preface tissue engineering. We therefore hope to provide a reference to biomedical engineer- ing students, bioengineers, biological sciences graduate students, as well as their teachers, to managers and scientists in the biotech industry, and academic researchers. Norbert Pallua Christoph V. Suschek Contents Part I Basics and Principles of Tissue Engineering 1 Micro- and Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering ................................ 3 Daniela Coutinho, Pedro Costa, Nuno Neves, Manuela E. Gomes, and Rui L. Reis 2 Biomimetic Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering ........................................... 31 Ian O. Smith and Peter X. Ma 3 Natural and Synthetic Scaffolds ............................................................... 41 Patricia S. Wolfe, Scott A. Sell, and Gary L. Bowlin 4 Pluripotent Stem Cells: Sources and Characterization .......................... 69 Sean P. Palecek 5 Adult Stem Cells: Sources and Characterization.................................... 83 Hitoshi Okochi 6 Isolation and Growth of Stem Cells .......................................................... 93 Jeffrey M. Gimble, Bruce A. Bunnell, Farshid Guilak, Steven R. Smith, and Adam J. Katz 7 Differentiation and Plasticity of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering ............................................................................... 113 Yao-Hua Song, Lukas Prantl, and Eckhard Alt 8 Animal Models for the Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Constructs ................................................................. 131 Daniel A.W. Oortgiesen, Gert J. Meijer, Rob B.M. de Vries, X. Frank Walboomers, and John A. Jansen 9 Biomedical Imaging and Image Processing in Tissue Engineering ....... 155 Haiou Shen, Aaron S. Goldstein, and Ge Wang 10 Bioreactors for Tissue Engineering .......................................................... 179 Scott Maxson, David Orr, and Karen J.L. Burg vii viii Contents Part II Tissue Engineering of Organs 11 Issues in Bioartificial Liver Support Therapy for Acute Liver Failure .............................................................................. 201 John F. Patzer II and Jörg C. Gerlach 12 Central Nervous System ............................................................................ 221 T. Führmann, J. Gerardo-Nava, and G.A. Brook 13 Tissue Engineering for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ......................... 245 Andrew Hart, Giorgio Terenghi, and Mikael Wiberg 14 Tissue Engineering of Blood Vessels: How to Make a Graft .................. 263 Sajoscha Sorrentino and Hermann Haller 15 Biohybrid Strategies for Vascular Grafts ................................................ 279 Robert van Lith and Guillermo A. Ameer 16 Heart and Cardiovascular Engineering ................................................... 317 Axel Haverich and Mathias Wilhelmi 17 Tissue Engineering of Organs: Eye/Retina .............................................. 335 Stephen Redenti, Henry Klassen, and Michael Young Part III Tissue Types 18 Engineering of Adipose Tissue .................................................................. 349 Laurence A. Galea, Heidi E. Lilja, Gregory PL. Thomas, Keren M. Abberton, Jason A. Palmer, and Wayne A. Morrison 19 Blood Substitutes ........................................................................................ 371 Andreas Pape and Oliver Habler 20 Tissue Engineering of Blood Vessels: How to Make a Graft .................. 395 Andrew A. Gassman and Howard P. Greisler 21 Bone Tissue Engineering ........................................................................... 431 J.C. Reichert and D.W. Hutmacher 22 Tissue Engineering of Organs: Brain Tissues ......................................... 457 Deniece Fon, David R. Nisbet, George A. Thouas, Wei Shen, and John S. Forsythe 23 Engineering Cartilage Tissue .................................................................... 493 Robert L. Mauck and Jason A. Burdick 24 Pancreatic Tissues ...................................................................................... 521 Grace J. Lim and Anthony Atala Contents ix 25 Tendons: Engineering of Functional Tissues ........................................... 537 D.I. Zeugolis, J.C.Y. Chan, and A. Pandit 26 Tissue Engineering in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) ........... 573 Wolfgang C. Puelacher 27 Tissue Engineering of Musculoskeletal Tissue ........................................ 597 Lu Zhang and Myron Spector Index .................................................................................................................... 625 Part I Basics and Principles of Tissue Engineering Micro- and Nanotechnology 1 in Tissue Engineering Daniela Coutinho, Pedro Costa, Nuno Neves, Manuela E. Gomes, and Rui L. Reis 1.1 Introduction cells and tissues to self-regenerate, remodel, and adapt. For this reason, cells have been the most significant factor in the generation of the tissue itself [33]. Tissue engineering (TE) is a rapidly growing scien- However, this natural capability of cells for adapting to tific area [129] that aims to create, repair, and/or its surrounding environment has limitations and that is replace tissues and organs by using combinations of the main reason why TE has not been able to generate cells, biomaterials, and/or biologically active mole- complex thick tissues so far [47]. In fact, one of the cules [42, 119]. In this way, TE intends to help the most important drawbacks of the currently available body to produce a material that resembles as much as constructs in TE approaches is related to the lack of possible the body’s own native tissue. By doing so, means to generate effective oxygen and nutrient dis- TE strategies promise to revolutionize current thera- persion pathways that can reach a whole construct pies and significantly improve the quality of life of homogenously and, therefore, enable the functionality/ millions of patients. viability of the construct upon implementation. The classical TE strategy consists of isolating spe- In order to generate constructs capable of accurately cific cells through a biopsy from a patient, growing mimicking/replacing structures as defined and organized them on a biomimetic scaffold under controlled cul- as complex tissues and organs, novel kinds of scaffolds ture conditions, delivering the resulting construct to and devices have lately been developed, which poten- the desired site in the patient’s body, and directing the tially allow obtaining a fine control over the cellular new tissue formation into the scaffold that can be positioning, organization, and interactions [36]. For this, degraded over time [42, 119]. much has contributed the continuous technological Most of the presently existing TE techniques rely development in the areas of micro- and nanotechnolo- on the use of macrostructured porous scaffolds, which gies, both in terms of production methods and in analy- act as supports for the initial cell attachment and sub- sis tools [107]. Developments in these areas may allow a sequent tissue formation, both in vitro and in vivo [88, finer control over the architecture of scaffolds, making 102, 113]. This kind of approach has been successful them no longer simple substrates for cellular adhesion to a certain extent in producing relatively simple con- and proliferation, but most importantly, active agents in structs relying on the intrinsic natural capability of the process of tissue development [37]. Micropatterning integrated in a TE approach is a result of the combina- tion of micro- and nanofabrication techniques with D. Coutinho, P. Costa, N. Neves, M.E. Gomes (), and R.L. Reis materials science and surface engineering, which results 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and in a deep exploration of the microenvironment where Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of cells are embedded [37, 90]. In TE, micro- and nano- Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, technologies can also be applied to fabricate biomimetic AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal and scaffolds with increased complexity to promote, for PT Government Associated Laboratory, IBB – Institute for example, vascularization, also enabling to perform a Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Braga, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] series of high-throughput experiments (Fig. 1.1). N. Pallua and C.V. Suschek (eds.), Tissue Engineering, 3 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02824-3_1, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011
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