TIOMSÚ AGUS RANGÚ i mBUNACHAR SONRAÍ AR CHNUASACH NATHANNA GAEILGE AS ...

483 Pages·2016·56.31 MB·English

by  Katie Ní Loingsigh

TIOMSÚ AGUS RANGÚ i mBUNACHAR SONRAÍ AR
CHNUASACH NATHANNA GAEILGE AS SAOTHAR
PHEADAIR UÍ LAOGHAIRE

Katie Ní Loingsigh, B.C.L., M.A.
Fiontar, Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath

This thesis is submitted to Dublin City University for the award of
PhD in the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

Stiúrthóirí: An Dr Brian Ó Raghallaigh, Fiontar, DCU
An Dr Caoilfhionn Nic Pháidín, Fiontar, DCU

Samhain 2016
Dearbhú
I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of
study leading to the award of Doctor of Philosophy is entirely my own work, and that I have
exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my
knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save
and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work.
Signed: (Katie Ní Loingsigh)
ID No.: 12210350
Date: 24 May 2016
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Clár ábhair
Dearbhú .......................................................................................................................................... i
Clár ábhair ...................................................................................................................................... ii
Fíoracha .......................................................................................................................................... v
Liosta na ngiorrúchán .................................................................................................................. vii
Buíochas ........................................................................................................................................ ix
Achoimre ....................................................................................................................................... xi
Caibidil 1 Léargas ginearálta ar an taighde .............................................................................. 1
1.1 Réamhrá ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Téarmaíocht .................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Cúlra an tionscadail ....................................................................................................... 6
1.4 Cuspóirí an taighde ..................................................................................................... 11
1.5 Leagan amach an tráchtais ......................................................................................... 12
1.6 Achoimre ..................................................................................................................... 13
Caibidil 2 An léirbhreithniú litríochta ..................................................................................... 15
2.1 Réamhrá ...................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.1 Scóip an léirbhreithnithe litríochta ..................................................................... 15
2.1.2 Foinsí ................................................................................................................... 16
2.1.3 Sainmhínithe ....................................................................................................... 18
2.2 An fhrásaíocht ............................................................................................................. 19
2.2.1 Cineálacha frásaeimí ........................................................................................... 21
2.2.2 Nathanna ............................................................................................................. 23
2.2.3 Comhlogaíochtaí ................................................................................................. 27
2.2.4 Scála nádúrthachta ............................................................................................. 29
2.2.5 Airíonna nathanna .............................................................................................. 32
2.2.6 Achoimre ............................................................................................................. 35
2.3 An teangeolaíocht chorpais ........................................................................................ 35
2.3.1 An corpas mar acmhainn .................................................................................... 36
2.3.2 An corpas agus an fhrásaíocht ............................................................................ 37
2.3.3 Taighde corpasbhunaithe agus corpasdírithe ..................................................... 39
2.3.4 Dea-chleachtas: corpas a thiomsú ...................................................................... 41
2.3.5 Anótáil corpais .................................................................................................... 43
2.3.6 Córas cuardaigh corpais ...................................................................................... 46
2.3.7 Achoimre ............................................................................................................. 50
2.4 Rangú nathanna .......................................................................................................... 51
2.4.1 Scéimeanna rangaithe nathanna ........................................................................ 51
2.4.2 Mórbhunachair frásaíochta ................................................................................ 57
2.4.3 Léacslann: ardán foclóireachta agus téarmaíochta ............................................ 61
2.4.4 Achoimre ............................................................................................................. 62
2.5 Nathanna na Gaeilge ................................................................................................... 63
2.5.1 An fhoclóireacht agus nathanna na Gaeilge ....................................................... 63
2.5.2 Taighde ar nathanna na Gaeilge ó 1880 ............................................................. 67
2.5.3 Peadar Ó Laoghaire agus nathanna Mhúscraí .................................................... 71
2.5.4 Achoimre ............................................................................................................. 79
2.6 An léirbhreithniú litríochta: achoimre ........................................................................ 80
Caibidil 3 An mhodheolaíocht ................................................................................................ 82
3.1 Réamhrá ...................................................................................................................... 82
3.2 Sonraí corpais: foinsí agus ullmhú .............................................................................. 83
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3.2.1 Struchtúr an chorpais .......................................................................................... 84
3.2.2 Corpas a thiomsú ................................................................................................ 87
3.3 Imscrúdú corpais ......................................................................................................... 91
3.3.1 Feidhmeanna an chuardaigh ............................................................................... 93
3.3.2 Struchtúr an chuardaigh ..................................................................................... 96
3.3.3 An cuardach a thástáil ......................................................................................... 97
3.3.4 An corpas a chuardach agus na dúshláin a bhain leis ....................................... 101
3.3.5 Nathanna sa bhunachar nathanna .................................................................... 106
3.4 An bunachar nathanna (BNL) .................................................................................... 108
3.4.1 Scéimre BNL: nathanna a thaifeadadh agus a mhíniú ...................................... 109
3.4.2 Scéimre BNL: nathanna a rangú ........................................................................ 116
3.4.3 Dúshláin ............................................................................................................ 118
3.5 Achoimre ar na modheolaíochtaí taighde ................................................................ 120
Caibidil 4 BNL: An bunachar nathanna ................................................................................ 123
4.1 Réamhrá .................................................................................................................... 123
4.2 Struchtúr BNL ............................................................................................................ 123
4.2.1 Struchtúr inmheánach: catagóir nath ............................................................... 124
4.2.2 Struchtúr inmheánach: catagóirí eile ................................................................ 136
4.3 Áiseanna eagarthóireachta Léacslann ...................................................................... 145
4.4 BNL poiblí .................................................................................................................. 150
4.5 Dúshláin .................................................................................................................... 150
4.6 Achoimre ................................................................................................................... 153
Caibidil 5 Plé agus conclúidí .................................................................................................. 154
5.1 Achoimre ................................................................................................................... 154
5.2 Srianta leis an taighde ............................................................................................... 155
5.2.1 Corpas a thiomsú agus a chuardach ................................................................. 156
5.2.2 Bunachar nathanna a chruthú .......................................................................... 157
5.3 Torthaí an taighde ..................................................................................................... 158
5.3.1 Tábhacht an réamhfhocail i nathanna .............................................................. 161
5.3.2 Úsáid uimhreacha i nathanna ........................................................................... 162
5.3.3 Comhréir nathanna ........................................................................................... 163
5.3.4 Focail choitianta i nathanna .............................................................................. 164
5.3.5 Béim a chur in iúl i nathanna ............................................................................ 165
5.3.6 Nathanna iontaisithe ......................................................................................... 166
5.4 Moltaí le haghaidh tuilleadh taighde ........................................................................ 169
5.4.1 Taighde teangeolaíochta ................................................................................... 169
5.4.2 Taighde canúineolaíochta ................................................................................. 171
5.5 Nóta Scoir .................................................................................................................. 172
Tagairtí ...................................................................................................................................... 173
Gluais......................................................................................................................................... 213
Aguisín A An bunachar nathanna i bhformáid PDF .............................................................. 216
Aguisín B Doiciméadacht an bhunachair nathanna ............................................................. 451
B.1 <aicme comhréire> ................................................................................................... 451
B.2 <aicme séimeantaice> .............................................................................................. 451
B.3 <aicme úsáide> ......................................................................................................... 451
B.4 <faisnéiseoir> ............................................................................................................ 452
B.5 <foinse bhreise> ........................................................................................................ 453
B.6 <foinse chorpais> ...................................................................................................... 453
B.7 <nath> ....................................................................................................................... 454
Aguisín C Liosta nathanna (sampla) ..................................................................................... 458
C.1 Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (Ó Dónaill 1977a) .................................................................. 458
C.2 Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla (Dinneen 1927a) ....................................................... 463
Aguisín D Liosta minicíochta leamaí (sampla) ...................................................................... 466
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D.1 Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (Ó Dónaill 1977a) .................................................................. 466
D.2 Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla (Dinneen 1927a) ....................................................... 467
Aguisín E Foinsí an chorpais ................................................................................................. 468
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Fíoracha
Fíor 1: Achoimre Cowie (1998a, lch 7) ar fhorbairt scéim rangaithe Vinogradov ........................ 8
Fíor 2: Scála bunaithe ar rangú Cowie, Mackin agus McCaig (1983) .......................................... 30
Fíor 3: Contanam bunaithe ar rangú Howarth (1998) ................................................................ 30
Fíor 4: Contanam bunaithe ar rangú Moon (1998) ..................................................................... 31
Fíor 5: Contanam comhlogaíochtaí agus nathanna .................................................................... 54
Fíor 6: Leabhair fhoilsithe le Peadar Ó Laoghaire de réir aicmiú Uí Chuív (1954) ...................... 86
Fíor 7: Aibhsiú ar roinnt samplaí de bhuntéacs neamhchaighdeánaithe ................................... 90
Fíor 8: Aibhsiú ar roinnt samplaí de bhuntéacs caighdeánaithe ................................................ 90
Fíor 9: Cuardach simplí ar an bhfocal ‘cluas’ in Sketch Engine. .................................................. 94
Fíor 10: Achoimre focail ar an bhfocal ‘béal’ in Sketch Engine ................................................... 95
Fíor 11: Leamaí an liosta minicíochta cuardaigh ....................................................................... 100
Fíor 12: Torthaí an chuardaigh ar leamaí a bhain le baill den chorp liostaithe in ord
minicíochta na leamaí ............................................................................................................... 103
Fíor 13: Torthaí Thástáil 1 agus Thástáil 2 liostaithe in ord minicíochta na leamaí .................. 103
Fíor 14: Torthaí Thástáil 2a liostaithe in ord minicíochta na leamaí ......................................... 104
Fíor 15: Torthaí Thástáil 3 liostaithe in ord minicíochta na leamaí .......................................... 104
Fíor 16: Torthaí an chuardaigh ar chomhpháirteanna den nath: ar thalamh (tirim) na
hÉireann .................................................................................................................................... 105
Fíor 17:Torthaí an chuardaigh: [lemma="talamh"][]{1,4}[lemma="Éire"] ............................... 106
Fíor 18: Sampla de nath iontaisithe .......................................................................................... 111
Fíor 19: Nath gan sampla i gcomhthéacs .................................................................................. 113
Fíor 20: Leagan amach na faisnéise sna samplaí breise............................................................ 114
Fíor 21: Cur síos ar an nath ....................................................................................................... 115
Fíor 22: Sampla de nótaí breise a fuarthas ó fhaisnéiseoirí ...................................................... 116
Fíor 23: Nótaí úsáide ................................................................................................................. 116
Fíor 24: Rangú séimeantach nathanna ..................................................................................... 117
Fíor 25: Rangú comhréireach nathanna ................................................................................... 118
Fíor 26: Iontráil shamplach: nath .............................................................................................. 125
Fíor 27: Aitreabúidí catagóire: nath .......................................................................................... 125
Fíor 28: Maceilimintí catagóire: nath ........................................................................................ 125
Fíor 29: Aitreabúidí: <bunfhoirm> ............................................................................................ 126
Fíor 30: Aitreabúidí: <ceannfhocal> .......................................................................................... 127
Fíor 31: Aitreabúidí: <sampla corpais> ..................................................................................... 128
Fíor 32: Aitreabúidí: <cur síos> ................................................................................................. 129
Fíor 33: Aitreabúidí: <sampla breise> ....................................................................................... 130
Fíor 34: Aitreabúidí: <aicme úsáide> ........................................................................................ 131
Fíor 35: Aitreabúidí: <aicme séimeantaice> ............................................................................. 132
Fíor 36: Aitreabúidí: <aicme comhréire> .................................................................................. 134
Fíor 37: Aitreabúidí: <crostagairt> ............................................................................................ 134
Fíor 38: Aitreabúidí: <eolas breise> .......................................................................................... 135
Fíor 39: Sampla d’eolas breise .................................................................................................. 135
Fíor 40: Iontráil shamplach: aicme comhréire .......................................................................... 136
Fíor 41: Maceilimintí catagóire: aicme comhréire .................................................................... 136
Fíor 42: Aitreabúidí: <teideal> .................................................................................................. 137
Fíor 43: Iontráil shamplach: aicme séimeantaice ..................................................................... 137
Fíor 44: Aitreabúidí: <aicme séimeantaice> ............................................................................. 137
Fíor 45: Maceilimintí catagóire: aicme séimeantaice ............................................................... 137
Fíor 46: Aitreabúidí: <teideal> .................................................................................................. 138
Fíor 47: Iontráil shamplach: aicme úsáide ................................................................................ 138
Fíor 48: Aitreabúidí: <aicme úsáide> ........................................................................................ 138
Fíor 49: Maceilimintí catagóire: aicme úsáide .......................................................................... 138
Fíor 50: Aitreabúidí: <teideal> .................................................................................................. 139
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Fíor 51: Iontráil shamplach: faisnéiseoir ................................................................................... 139
Fíor 52: Maceilimintí catagóire: faisnéiseoir ............................................................................. 139
Fíor 53: Aitreabúidí: <faisnéiseoir> ........................................................................................... 140
Fíor 54: Aitreabúidí: <aois> ....................................................................................................... 140
Fíor 55: Aitreabúidí: <slí bheatha> ............................................................................................ 140
Fíor 56: Aitreabúidí: <seoladh> ................................................................................................. 141
Fíor 57: Iontráil shamplach: foinse bhreise ............................................................................... 141
Fíor 58: Aitreabúidí: <foinse bhreise> ....................................................................................... 141
Fíor 59: Maceilimintí catagóire: foinse bhreise ......................................................................... 142
Fíor 60: Aitreabúidí: <teideal> .................................................................................................. 142
Fíor 61: Aitreabúidí: <údar> ...................................................................................................... 142
Fíor 62: Aitreabúidí: <dáta> ...................................................................................................... 143
Fíor 63: Iontráil shamplach: foinse chorpais ............................................................................. 143
Fíor 64: Aitreabúidí: <foinse bhreise> ....................................................................................... 143
Fíor 65: Maceilimintí catagóire: foinse chorpais ....................................................................... 143
Fíor 66: Aitreabúidí: <teideal> .................................................................................................. 144
Fíor 67: Aitreabúidí: <údar> ...................................................................................................... 144
Fíor 68: Aitreabúidí: <foilsitheoir> ............................................................................................ 144
Fíor 69: Aitreabúidí: <dáta> ...................................................................................................... 145
Fíor 70: Leathanach baile Léacslann ......................................................................................... 145
Fíor 71: Stoc: An tAthair Peadar ............................................................................................... 146
Fíor 72: Maceilimintí na haicme comhréire .............................................................................. 146
Fíor 73: Torthaí: CUARDACH ..................................................................................................... 147
Fíor 74: Torthaí: ARDCHUARDACH ............................................................................................ 148
Fíor 75: Catagóir: nath: liosta na n-iontrálacha ........................................................................ 149
Fíor 76: Rogha réamhshocraithe na catagóire nath ................................................................. 149
Fíor 77: Rogha na catagóire nath .............................................................................................. 149
Fíor 78: Leathnath: áthas an domhain ...................................................................................... 151
Fíor 79: Leagan amach nathanna ina bhfoirmeacha diúltacha ................................................. 152
Fíor 80: Bunfhoirm mholta an natha ........................................................................................ 153
Fíor 81: Comparáid idir líon na nathanna a liostaítear in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (Ó Dónaill
1977a) agus Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla (Dinneen 1927a) .................................................. 159
Fíor 82: Comparáid idir nathanna in BNL agus in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla (Ó Dónaill 1977a) .... 159
Fíor 83: Sampla de nath iontaisithe .......................................................................................... 167
Fíor 84: Sampla de nath neamhchaighdeánach ........................................................................ 168
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Liosta na ngiorrúchán
BNC British National Corpus
BNL Bunachar Nathanna as saothar Pheadair Uí Laoghaire
CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts
COBUILD Collins Birmingham University International Language Database
COCA Corpus of Contemporary American English
CWB Open Corpus Workbench
DANTE Database of Analysed Texts in English
DIAS Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
‘Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath’
DuELME Dutch Electronic Lexicon of Multiword Expressions
DWDS Das Digitale Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
‘Foclóir digiteach na Gearmáinise’
EAGLES The Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards
‘An Sainghrúpa Comhairleach maidir le Caighdeáin Innealtóireachta Teanga’
ECD Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary
ERPD English-Russian Phraseological Dictionary
EURALEX European Association for Lexicography
EUROPHRAS European Society of Phraseology
FEI Fixed Expressions and Idioms
ITÉ Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann
NLTK Natural Language Toolkit
NCÉ Nua-Chorpas na hÉireann
NEID New English-Irish Dictionary
OldPhras Online-Lexikon zur diachronen Phraseologie
‘Foclóir ar líne na frásaíochta diacronaí’
LE-PAROLE Language Engineering – Preparatory Action for Linguistic Resources
Organization for Language Engineering
SkE SketchEngine
TLex TshwanLex
WS WordSmith Tools
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XCES XML Corpus Encoding Standard
XML Extensible Markup Language
‘Teanga Mharcála Inbhreisithe’
viii
Buíochas
Ba mhaith liom buíochas ó chroí a ghabháil le mo stiúrthóirí, An Dr Brian Ó Raghallaigh agus An
Dr Caoilfhionn Nic Pháidín, a roinn a gcuid saineolais liom agus a chuir comhairle fhónta orm i
gcónaí. Ina theannta sin, táim faoi chomaoin ag Fiontar, Ollscoil Chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath, a
chuir maoiniú ar fáil don chomhaltacht taighde.
Gabhaim buíochas ar leith le mo mhuintir, Jerry, Deirdre, Diarmuid agus Máire Rós, a thugann
tacaíocht sheasta dom agus a spreagann m’intinn i gcónaí.
Tá mé go mór faoi chomaoin ag gach duine a thug cúnamh dom i leith an corpas a thiomsú, go
háirithe, foireann Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, a sholáthair foinsí an chorpais dom mar aon le
Mícheál Ó Meachair, Edel Ní Bhraonáin, Máire Rós Ní Loingsigh agus David Webb a thug
cúnamh dom i leith an ábhair thras-scríofa don chorpas. Táim fíorbhuíoch de Kevin Scannell
agus d’Antóin Ó Riagáin as a gcúnamh maidir le foinsí an chorpais a chaighdeánú. Ina theannta
sin, ba mhaith liom buíochas a ghabháil leis An Dr Elaine Uí Dhonnchadha, a chuidigh liom i
saibhriú teangeolaíochta fhoinsí an chorpais.
Ní mór dom buíochas a ghabháil le mo chomhghleacaithe in Fiontar, go háirithe Michal
Boleslav Měchura i dtaobh stoc nathanna a chruthú in Léacslann dom agus Gearóid Ó Cleircín a
chuir comhairle orm. Ina theannta sin, tá mé go mór faoi chomaoin ag Treasa Ní Lochlainn a
roinn a cuid saineolais liom ó thús deireadh an tráchtais.
Faoi dheireadh, ba mhaith liom buíochas ó chroí a ghabháil le pobal Mhúscraí as an tsuim a
léirigh muintir na háite sa taighde agus as an gcabhair fhial a thug gach duine sa cheantar dom,
go háirithe na faisnéiseoirí breise – Domhnall Ó Loingsigh, Dónal Mac Suibhne, Dónal Ó
hÉalaithe, Donnchadh Ó Luasaigh, Liam Ó hÉigeartaigh, Tomás Breathnach, Máiréad Uí
Lionáird agus Peadar Ó Ceallaigh.
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