Timing and intensity of flowering of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) as a function of local weather factors and crop under Central Florida conditions

168 Pages·2001·5.7 MB·English

by  Valiente Banuet, Juan Ignacio

TIMINGANDINTENSITYOFFLOWERINGOFSWEETORANGE[Citrussinensis
(L.)Osbeck]ASAFUNCTIONOFLOCALWEATHERFACTORSANDCROP
UNDERCENTRALFLORIDACONDITIONS
JUANIGNACIOVALIENTEBANUET
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT
OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
2001
Copyright2001
by
JuanIgnacioValienteBanuet
IwouldliketodedicatethisworktomymotherGuadalupeBanuet
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Iwould liketoexpress my sincere gratitude andappreciation toDr. L. Gene
Albrigoforbeingmymentor;andforhisfriendship,guidance,andsupportthroughout
mystudies,whichwereessentialinachievingthegoalsofthisresearch. IalsothankDr.
JamesJ.Ferguson,andDr.HowardW.Beckfortheirrolesaschairmanandcochairman
ofmysupervisorycommittee,respectively. Finally,IthankDr.FredS.Davies,andDr.
FedroS.Zazuetafortheirscientificguidanceandencouragement.
TheFloridaCitrusProductionResearchMarketingOrdergeneratedthefunding
forthisresearch,andtheFloridaCitrusProductionResearchAdvisoryCouncilapproved
thegrantoftheDecisionInformationSystemsforCitrusproject(DISCproject). Ithank
eachandeveryoneoftheDISCprojectmembersfortheirtrustandtheopportunityto
workforthem while supporting mydoctoral research. In particularI wouldliketo
expressmygratitudetothefoundersandcooperatorsoftheDISCprojectMr.PeteSpyke,
andMr.NormTodd. Ialsothankthe"DeficitIrrigationofTurf'project,theNational
CouncilofScienceandTechnology(Mexico),andtheFlorida-MexicoInstitutefortheir
supportduringpartofmygraduatestudies. IthanknumerouspeopleattheHorticultural
SciencesDepartment, attheIFAS InformationTechnologiesOffice,andattheCitrus
ResearchandEducationCenter(CREC),LakeAlfred,Florida,whoprovidedmewith
helpandtechnicalassistance. InparticularIwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoMr.
NanLin,andMr.AndyKingfortheirhelpinprogramming.
iv
Iamalsothankfultothecitrusgrowersthatcooperatedwiththisresearch. Ithank
Mr.Tunnowhoallowedtheuseofhisgroveandprovidedplantmaterialsforoneofthe
fieldsites. IalsothanktheCRECforthesecondfieldsiteandplantmaterials.
Atthepersonallevel,Ithankallofmyfriendswhomadelifealoteasierduring
theseyearsofwork. Inparticular,IwouldliketothankMarthaCastanedaforherlove
andsupportduringtheseyearsofhardwork. FortheirfriendshipandsupportIthank
Diego, Erica, and Carmen Rojas, Victoria and Carmen Saiz de Omenaca, Carlos
Arechiga, Marlene Rosales, Elena Lapiana, Mireia Lorenzo, Virginia Rada, Maritza
Ojeda,ArturoBocardo,HusseinSanchez,JuanCarlosRodriguez,andOlgaMontenegro
amongothers.
Finally, I would like to send my gratitude to my family, in particularto my
mother,mysistersGuadalupeandLaura,aswellasmybrothersJose,Eduardo,Alfonso,
Guillermo,andLeopoldo. Allofthemandtheirfamiliesprovidedmewiththeinner
strengthandnecessarysupporttowithstandthedifficulttimesthatcomewithaprojectof
thisnature.
V
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Eige
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv
LISTOFTABLES x
LISTOFFIGURES xiv
ABSTRACT J^iv
1. INTRODUCTION 1
OverviewofCitrusFlowering 1
FlowerBudInduction 2
FlowerBudDifferentiation 3
FlowerOpening 3
FactorsAffectingFloweringinCitrus 4
ExogenousFactors 5
Ambienttemperature 5
Soiltemperature 6
Waterrelations 6
EndogenousFactors 7
Plantmaterial 7
Plantage 7
Carbohydrates 8
Hormonesandgrowthregulators 9
Plantnutrition 12
Budandshootage 14
Cropload 15
InVitroFlowering 16
PhenologyStudiesofCitrusFlowering 17
ModelingofAgriculturalSystems 17
ExpertSystemsandDecisionSupportSystems 18
ModelingPhenologicalProcesses 19
ModelingCitrusFlowering 20
vi
EFFECTOFLOWTEMPERATURESTRESSLEVELS,CROPLOAD,AND
BUDAGEONTHEFLORALINDUCTIONOFSWEETORANGETREES
[Citrussinensis(L.)Osbeck]INCENTRALFLORIDA 23
FlowerBudInduction 24
MonitoringFlowerBudInduction 25
EffectofAmbientTemperatures 26
EffectofCropLoad 27
EffectofBudAge 28
MaterialsandMethods 29
PlantMaterials 29
ExperimentalDesign 30
DataCollection 31
Analysis1. PhenologicalResponseof'Valencia'and'Hamlin'TreesasAffected
bySeasonandCrop 33
Effectofseasonandcroploadonbudsproutingparameters 33
Effectofseasonandcroploadonfloweringphenology 34
Floraldistributionbyshootage(summervs.spring) 34
Analysis2. EffectofDifferentInductionLevelsonthePhenologicalResponseof
'Valencia'and'Hamlin'Trees 34
Effectsofdifferentinductionandcroploadtreatmentsonphenological
parameters 34
Effectsofdifferentinductionlevelsonfloraldistributionbybudpositionalong
theshoot 35
Analysis3. EffectofWeatherDataonPhenologicalResponseof'Valencia'and
'Hamlin'Trees 35
Inductionasafunctionofweather 35
Weatherdata 36
Phenologicalresponse 36
Results 36
AnalysisI. PhenologicalResponseof'Valencia'and'Hamlin'TreesasAffected
bySeasonandCrop 36
Effectofseasonandcroploadonbudsprouting 36
Effectofseasonandcroploadonfloweringphenology 37
Floraldistributionbyshootage(summervs.spring) 38
Analysis2. EffectofDifferentInductionLevelsonthePhenologicalResponseof
'Valencia'and'Hamlin'Trees 39
Effectsofdifferentinductionlevelsandcroploadonphenologicalparameters..39
Effectsofdifferentinductionlevelsonfloraldistributionbybudpositionalong
theshoot 40
Analysis3. EffectofWeatherDataonthePhenologicalResponseof'Valencia'
and'Hamlin'Trees 41
Vegetativebudspershoot 41
Floweringbudspershoot 41
Flowersperfloweringbud 41
Flowerspershoot 42
Discussion 42
vii
Analysis1. EvaluationofPhenologicalResponse(BudSproutingandFlowering
Parameters)of'Valencia'and'Hamlin'TreesasAffectedbySeasonandCrop
Load 42
Budsproutingparameters 42
Effectofseasonandcroploadonfloweringphenology 43
Floraldistributionbyshootage(summervs.spring) 44
Analysis2. EffectofDifferentInductionLevelsonthePhenologicalResponseof
'Valencia'and'Hamlin'Trees 45
Effectsofdifferentinductionlevelsandcroploadonphenologicalparameters..45
Effectsofdifferentinductionlevelsonthefloraldistributionbybudposition
alongtheshoot 47
Analysis3. EffectofWeatheronthePhenologicalResponseof'Valencia'and
'Hamlin'Trees 47
Vegetativebudspershoot 47
Floweringbudspershoot 48
Flowersperfloweringbud 49
Flowerspershoot 50
Conclusions 50
3. MODELINGFLOWERINGDATEOFSWEETORANGE[Citrussinensis(L.)
Osbeck]TREESINCENTRALFLORIDABASEDONHISTORICAL
WEATHERRECORDS 82
MaterialsandMethods 83
Analysis1.FloweringDateasaFunctionofAverageMonthlyTemperatures 85
Analysis2.FloweringDateasaFunctionofHoursAccumulativeWithinMonthly
TemperatureRanges 86
Analysis3.DaystoFullBloomasaFunctionofStratifiedDegree-DayAnalysis
afterFulfillmentofInductionStimuliandInitiationofDifferentiation 86
Analysis4.DaystoFullBloomasaFunctionofPhenologicalParametersAfter
FulfillmentofInductionStimuliandInitiationofDifferentiation 87
Determiningdifferentiationtimeafterfulfillmentofinductionstimuliand
initiationofdifferentiation 88
Determiningdateofinitiationofdifferentiationbasedonthereporteddatefor
peakanthesis 88
Results 89
Analysis1.FloweringDateasaFunctionofAverageMonthlyTemperatures 89
Analysis2.FloweringDateasaFunctionofHoursAccumulatedWithinMonthly
TemperatureRanges 89
Analysis3.DaystoFullBloomasaFunctionofStratifiedDegree-dayAnalysis
afterFulfillmentofInductionStimuliandInitiationofDifferentiation 90
Analysis4.DaystoFullBloomasaFunctionofPhenologicalParametersafter
FulfillmentofInductionStimuliandInitiationofDifferentiation 91
Determiningdifferentiationtimeafterfulfillmentofinductionstimuliand
initiationofdifferentiation 91
Determiningdateofinitiationofdifferentiationbasedonthereporteddatefor
peakanthesis 92
viii
Discussion.. 92
Conclusions 97
4. IPRNETDEIGCRTAITOINO,NACNHDAPMTAENRA.GDEEMCEISNITONOFSTUPHPEOFRLTOSWYESRTIENMGFPORROCTEHSESOF
SWEETORANGETREES[Citrussinensis(L.)Osbeck]UNDERFLORIDA
CONDITIONS 110
MaterialsandMethods 112
OverallFrameworkoftheDISC-DSS 112
InductionMonitoringExpertSystem 112
TransitionfromInductiontoDifferentiationModels 114
ModelsforFloralOrganDifferentiation-TimetoBloomModels 115
Results 116
OverallFrameworkoftheDISC-DSS 116
InductionMonitoringExpertSystem 117
TransitionfromInductiontoDifferentiationModels 121
ModelsforFloralOrganDifferentiation-TimetoBloomModels 121
DiscussionandConclusions 123
APPENDIXA. DEVELOPMENTOFFLOWERINGBUDSINEXCISEDSTEMS
OFSWEETORANGE[Citrussinensis,(L).Osbeck] 133
MaterialsandMethods 136
Experiment1. PreliminaryStudies 136
Experiment2. ForcingTechniquefortheDevelopmentofFlowersinPreviously
InducedBuds 136
Collectionofplantmaterials 137
Shootpreparation 137
Shootforcing 137
Results 138
Experiment1. PreliminaryStudies 138
Experiment2. ForcingTechniquefortheDevelopmentofFlowersinPreviously
InducedBuds 138
Discussion 138
Conclusions 140
LISTOFREFERENCES 143
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 149
ix
LISTOFTABLES
Table Page
2-1Descriptionofinductionandcroploadtreatments(6reps.)ofsweetorangetreesfor
ValenciaandHamlinduringthe1998-1999and1999-2000seasons 53
2-2.Comparisonofbudsproutingparametersof'Hamlin'sweetorangetreesfromthe
1999tothe2000seasons(rows),andwithandwithoutcropload(columns)....54
2-3.Comparisonofbudsproutingparametersof'Valencia'sweetorangetreesfromthe
1999tothe2000seasons(rows),andwithandwithoutcropload(columns)....55
2-4.Comparisonoffloweringparametersof'Hamlin'sweetorangetreesfromthe1999
tothe2000seasons(rows),andwithandwithoutcropload(columns) 56
2-5.Comparisonoffloweringparametersof'Valencia'sweetorangetreesfromthe1999
tothe2000seasons(rows),andwithandwithoutcropload(columns) 57
2-6.Cumulativepercentagesoffloraldistributionbybudpositionalongtheshootof
differentageshoots(summerandspring)for'Hamlin'and'Valencia'trees
combiningthe1999and2000seasons 59
2-7.Summaryofanalysesofvarianceofbudsproutingparameters(totalsprouting,
vegetative,andreproductivebudspershoot)for'Hamlin'and'Valencia'trees
duringthe1999and2000seasons 60
2-8.Summaryofsproutingparameters(vegetativeandreproductivebudspershoot)for
'Hamlin'treesduringthe1999season 61
2-9.Summaryofsproutingparameters(vegetativeandreproductivebudspershoot)for
'Hamlin'treesduringthe2000season 62
2-10.Summaryofsproutingparameters(vegetativeandreproductivebudspershoot)for
'Valencia'treesduringthe1999season 63
2-11.Summaryof'Duncan'analysesofsproutingparameters(vegetativeand
reproductivebudspershoot)for'Valencia'treesduringthe2000season 64
X