Time and Memory in Indigenous Amazonia: Anthropological Perspectives

171 Pages·2007·17.58 MB·English

by  Carlos Fausto and Michael Heckenberger (editors)

Dued ate0:7 /03/2010
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Timaen dM emoriynI ndigeAnmoauzso nia
AnthropoPleorgsipceaclt ives
EditbeyCd a rlFoasu satnoMd i chaHeelc kenberger
BRITILSIHB RARY
DOCUMENSTU PPLCYE NTRE
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Arna/R.i(l"nc Rrcg oin_Ps)'chology.3 .I ndinaso (SouAlmhc rica-AmaRwinv eRre gion_
Socilialaft n dc U�(Qm4.)'TI . mc--Soc ial :.spea_AmazonR iveRegri on.j .M cmory_
Soci:allS p«tS-AmRa./h·"oenRer g ino.6 .S ocic..!h an�AmazonR iveR",rg ion.
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Conrents
LisotfF iguriexs
ForewoWrhdo.s eh istOarnydh istOfrowyrh om?X I
ManueClaa rneidaro C unha
Introducitnidoing.e nHoiusst oarnydt heH istoorfty h e� Indian[ s"
CarolsF auasntMdoi c/}{ul Heckbtemrger
Part I.Ap pro priatnigT ransformations
!. Timei sD iseaSsueff,e rianngd,O bliviYoann:e sHhias toriacnidtt hye
Strugagglaei Tnesmtp oral4i7t y
FananSdoa lltos�Gral/�ro
2.I fG odW erea J aguaCra:n nibalainsdCm h ristiaamnointtgyh eG uarani
{16th-2C0etnht uri7e4s }
CarloFsa usto
3.An imaMla stearnsd tEhceo logEimcbaeld dionfHg i stoarmyo ntgh e
AvilRau nao fE cuado1r0 6
Edudaor0 .K ohn
ParItI A.h eriBnogd ieCso,n nectNianmge s
4·S icokf H istory: ConRtergaismtoeifsnH gi sroriinct ihteUy p per
Amazon1 33
Anllrei-sCtTah;yl'olre
5·C ultuCrhaaln gaesB odyM etamorpho1s6i9s
AparecViidaWfI l
6.� Ex�CocaTmraa"n:s forImdienngr iitnPi cersu viAamna zoni1a9 4
PetCeorw
ParItI IR.e memberiAnngc cscraliry
7.F acoesf t hPaes tJ:u sHto w" AncestArcra lM"a ri"sA ncestSopri rMiats"k s2?! 9
Phi'ipp� Eriksol/
8.B onesFl,u taensd,t heD eadM:e morya ndF uneraTrreya tmeinnt s
Amazoni2a4 3
jetm-P;Ceh"aeu md!
9.X inguaHneor oeAsn,c estoanrdsO .t herMsa:t erialtihzePi ansgit nC hieAy
BodieRsi.t uSapla caen.d L andsca2p8e4
MichHaul'k!m berga Figures
Contribut3o1r3s
GenerIanld ex3 15
IndeoxfI ndigenNoaumse s3 21
0.[.M ap:S outAhm eriwciat lho catoifoi nn digenpoeuosp le2s0
I.i.M ap:Y anesthear riatnodri ym portlaanntd mar4k9s
1.2".P etribfioeddyo "f o neo fYompoCra reswaa'rsr ioCrasc.a zRtilv e6r0
1.S3t.o nfieg uroesfd ivinYiotmyp oYro rnpuearn dh iwsi faen ds ona lP almaso
6,
p. \X'arid'r awionfgm ani nW estedronr hin1g9,8 71 70
7.1Y.e llow-omcahrre; iwn;a c/t1i o2n2 1
7.2S.t ereolt)h'rpeeadt epnoisntguo rfte h em ariw2;221 l
7.3Ka.t ukimnaas ke,a rtlwye nticeetnht ur2y3 5
7+ Malis ma2s3k5
8.D1e.c oraBtoerdo rboo nes2 53
8.2Mu.m my conserivnea dnu rn2 56
8·3Si·r iorndoi ctsr anspodrutreidns ega somniaglr ati2o6n4s
8+ Map:A reoaf t he" sacrAemde"s 2 66
8·S5a.l ifvuan era2l6s7
8.6S.a criends trumoefnt thse Salivianf uunseerdca eryr emon2ie6s8
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9·2Ae.r ipahlo togroafpK hu ikuvriol la2g0e0,33 03
9·JO.v ervioefwK uikuvriol laargeeia n t he! Jarque InddoXi ignegn(uaP IX),
MatoG rossBor.a zi3l0 5
Foreword
\Vhoshei staOndryh i stOry for whom?
ManuelaC arnediraCo ll nha
Thisa b ioso k abLoomw lanSdo utAhm ericIannd iaannsdt hesiern soefh istory.
Whati si tn otW?e llf,o orn et hinigti, s n otd irecatbloyuh ti stoarnydi td oes
notu sea historcirciatlia cpapla raTHUeSn.c ei ti sn ota histotrhyaw ti lbla ck
territcolraiiaimlnsa westeCronu rotf L awa,W esteorffinc iahli stoNroyr., for
thamta tteirsi, ta h istotrhyaw Ii lbla caks ensoefe mniicd entani Ci)'n,d igenous
officihails toTrhyo.sa er bey n owr elatievaeswlyay t etor sn avigaftoter,h ehya ve
beecno mpetencdhya nered.
Instetahdib,so oki sn egotiarteilnagt iuvneclhya rtwearteedTr hs.en amest hat
navigactaorrwrsiy t thh emha vuen stapbllaec toe wsh icthh emyi ghatp plWyh.a t
counast st imeW?h atc ounatsSc hangaesc, o ntinuaisat gye,n cWyh?a tc oumass
identOirra yr?ale l t hetseer must teirnlayd equAartete h?e rye stoinn go ntological
premissoed si fferfernottm h ew orlodtsh epre opilnch abtihtaw to rdfsa uilsa nd
direccotm pariissdo ono mefdr otmh eS TarCta?no nee liwchiatTt e renTcuer ner
(198na8m)e de thno-ethnohIists hteorrey ?a nyotnheci onugl cda liln digenous
historiAcnidti ifse osh,?o wc ano ner eacthh emI?n finite regreisnts hieo n looms
dark.
An excelbloeonkto, n layv ailianbP loer tugueedsietb,ey dB rucAel beann dA I­
cidRaa moasn dp ublisihn2e 0d00 , Pl1cif0i Bcrtam(llc"doPo ac ifyWihnigt emen"),
coulsde rvaesa p rolegometnoto hni osn c-.r haeu thoernsd eavotrole odo ikn to
them odalirbiywe hsi cdhi ffereAnmta zoniiannd igengoruosu pcsa pturtehde
invastihoanbr e fetlhle mO.u rh istoriogrreanpdhetyrh see venatsst hedierf eat:
[heniarr ratrievned etrhses ameev enatsSt heliarb oorfd omeslicaotfpi ancgi,fy ­
ingu st ogetwhietroh u rg ermasn do urc ommodities.
Thep resebnoto kl ooks fuirltlthlheoemr e chanitshmasat l loswu cahr eversal
xii Foreword Foreworxdi ij
ofw hawte t aktoe b ec ommonsenhsiisctaoHlro yw. c ans ucahm biguaibtoym byD esco(l1a9 29040,a5 n)db yV iveidreCo ass t(r1o9 9th8a)Atm azonihaanvse
wha"rr eahlalpyp"e npeedr sAirsetn?t' hte crlee -caurvta nquisanhdev di cteovresn, specciv fiieownsw hawte w oulcda lnla ture.
ast hvea nquisahrceerd e ditehda vwiitnthghe oiwrn v ersoifoh ni stoHrya?v wee 111ees saiynts h ibso olka rgbeuliyol ndt hitsr aditainodyn e,tt h egyo b eyond
assimitlhaetomer dh avteh eays simiulsaC?ta endb otvhe rsicoonesx ainsdt can it'.T hoepye unp e vemro res ubtulned erstanWdhiantgf,so ri. n stasnhcoeu,l d
thebye s imultanterouues?l y wee nvisaasog ueru niotfa nalyisnwi hsa hta sb eecna lled intseirreutahrniiocn �
A seotfa nswerresos tnw haLte vi-Stfriarcusostis n aesAd m erind"ioapne nness Rathtehra sni mpcloyn trawshtiitnaegns dI ndiaAnnsn,e -Chrilsatyilenoleri cits
tor hOet her," rwrhaincshil amtote hsre e gimentoafat litoenfr oitrrh ype r oduc­ a( ernsayrsyt etmh:ea rre'e w hictoel'o nifsostru sr,be u,tt heonn t hien digenous
tioonfi dentaistsyi,m iloanteie'nnsge mays a m odeo fr eproducWthiioltneh. e sidteh,'e l am'ea:c cultuRruantaae nddt' h e'w ilJdi'v aarronc e cesscaor-iplrye s­
logoifct hWee stl ieisnt hep rimaocfyd istincAtmiaoznosn,il aong liiceo sn entW.i lJdi vaarrone o ta scritbooe nde s ingsleel fhoroadt,ht ehre cya nm ove
thper imaocfay p proprioafte inocno,m passmem, cabneniinobgna eol fii tssm intRou nata mied entaintdyy i etlodo thernbeustts h,ec ya na lsmoo veb acOku t
manifestParteidoantsai.sEo dnu,a rVdiov eidreoC sa st(r1o 99ha2se) l oquently anda ppropriitRa.ut neaa n dJ ivaeraoch ha vteh eoiwrn r egiomfe histaonrdi city
showins,t hbea sigci,v erne,l atimoondaeGl.i veSnU dalss umptcioonnvse,r sion memorayn dy eeta crhe girmeel oinet sh eex istoefnr cheoe t heRru.n ai,nt urn,
toc atholiccaibns ecm o nversseeeblnyyn eophyatspe rse datoinoo tnh peero ple's haveen tangtlheedfii vrec entuorifce osl onianle oacnodl oenxipaelr iweintche
God((sF)a usStaon,t os-Griantn heivtsoo l umweh)a;tl h eF renccahl lceidv iliz­ theeicro logpircaaclta incdpe esr ceptKioohnn(s t.hv iosl umpeo)i ntot asv arioeft y
ingt hnea ticvaenb, e r eciprosceaealnslt yh aep proprioafft orieoinpg rna ctices parahlilsetlo Aroiwctsah la lte tfth epirri nitnRs u na anmiamsatlec ross molo�,'y.
(VilaA<;:cac)u.l rurcaadnto hnub seu nderstaosao m do deo fs ocial reproductionW,h ilietm ayb ep resumpttuoto huisn okn ec anp uto ne'fisn geornt hdei f­
asa k inodfe ndogentoruasn sfor(mCaotwi)o.n fereinntd igenhoiusst oriocnit thieme esa,n ianngd c onnotatsiloltnchshi ngs
Fors evedreacla daen su,m beorfA mazoniahnaivsleto so kiendt toh oer iginal­ as timmee,m orcyh,a nmgieg hhta vfeo irn digesnoocuise tthiiebsso ,o tkh rows
itoyf A mazonisaonc ieatnidhe asv cea lliendtq ou esttihouenn iversoaffl ai­ty ligohntt hdee ceoiftt a kisnugc nho tioanss unproblIetmm iagthnitoc tg. i vues
milicaarl egoWrhiielasel . a rsgeec toofNr o rtAhm ericaannr hropowlaosb guys y ak eyt oa f ululn derstanbduitin tdg e,f inihteellupyss avmoiisdu nderstanding
with iosfsr ueepsr esentthaatitisu o,nn e,a rtohuirnog w nc oveans sumptiino ns them.
ordeto rd estabainltihzreo polnoagrircaattlih veeosste,h earn thropolwoegries ts
askitnhge msealbvoeusot t hepre oplceosv'ea ns sumptiinoo nrsd etroe nlarge
References
ouru nderstaonftd hideni gffe rewnaty pse opgloea boulti vi[nncg o.n trpaosstt,­
moderrne presenatnagtseitvo enn tulaeldil,nyi tmso setx trefmoer mt,oi ntel­ AlberBt,r uc!e9.8 T5em.p sd uS angTe,m psd eCse ndrRcesp:r esentdaet iMloalana die,
lecriusaoll atiaonna ipsrrme ,a cttio(o onAr i spi doef p)o liteixcpaaln sionism. SysetmeR imeeltE spaPcoel iiqtuec helze Ysa nomadmuiS ud-E(sAtm azoBnriees ili·
Emboldebnyes di mielnadre avoonNr esw G uineaan,r hropolmoogsitoslfty s ennel)h.e sdee3 emCey clUen,i verdseiP tarei s-X.
neo-strucpteurrsaulaissstitao rntt ocd de velsoopm oe ft hceo nscqueonftc hees - ,a ndA lciRdiat Raa mos. 2P0a0c0i.fi ra0 nBdroa ncCoo:s mologias doC Olllanroo
unfamilciaatre gotrhieheyas df ounidnA mazonisaonc ieItnit ehlsea. t see venties NorU-AmaziSmaioPc aou.l Eod:i toUrnac sp.
ande areliyg httihecese ,n traolfti htbeyo dayn dt hdei vibdeet wetehnle i vianngd CarnediraCo 4 nhaM,a nuel1a9.7 8Os. M ortose o sO llfroS: limaA llaldol SS!'i steFmIta­
thdee ahda db eefnor egrounbdyae n du mbeorfu s( SeegdeaMr a,t taan,d V i­ IImireida o No(tideo Pe$5oean torseh ldiKorasIJ riS.a oP aulHou:c itec.
veirdoeCs a st1r9o7 C9a;r nediarC ou nh1a9 7A8l;b e1r9t8 s5e;ae l sCol asuaensd ClaesrsPr,i erarnedL, u ciSeenb a1g9o6 H3C.a nniibsameletM orcth elze Gsu aya.kR�iI! s­
Seba1g9 63)i.s sTouhfete h beo dsyt anudnss catwhheidlr,eh i ed eoafa g eneral­ visdot aM uuuP auliXsItVa: 174-181.
izesde veroanfkc ielh lislp i nwkist (hh dee aidsb eindgi spu(tee.dbg y.C ,h aumeil -Descao,Pl hiiplpe.1 99I4II.t hSro cioetjyN atllAre N:a tiEvceo loigynA mazoniCt!a.m ­
andH eckenbebrugtae lrs)so u ppor(rbeEydr iksaonndb yT ayloirn() h ibso ok. bridCgaem:b ridUgnei verPSrietsys .
A numbeorfo theirn sigfhotlsl otwheedse ear olnye lso okiinngS ,c hneiderian - .2005P.a r-dNeawt letl rt"C u/tltrPea.r iGsal:l imard.
termfso,wr h aitsg iveann dw haitsc onstruicnAt meadz onisaonc iehteinecse: SeeegrAnt, hony, RoberDtaoM anaa,n dE duarVdiov eidreoC sa stro. HA1C 9o7n9s.­
thcel aitmh aern miitsyg ivewnh ilceo nsanguiiscn ointsyt ruacntdte hda,af­t tru�doa P es.!�loaSaso ciedIanddcisg cBnraass ileBiorlaersid.mo" M wl'INIa cional,
finitiysa compromliosweel,ri maoi fte nmitHye.n cael stoh ed iffercelnati ms Antropol}o2g:i2a- 19.
xiv Fo"wo,d
Turn<:Tre,r en1ce9.8� 8C.om memarEy,:h no-ethnohMiyslthao nrdHy i:ts oryi nN aitve
SoutAhm ericRaenp rcscntoafCt oinotnaswC ilt Whe steSronc icryi,n&f tt hinHkiisn­g
toarnyMd y tIhn:d igSornIloluAIJsm nicPan'Snp tctoinrl� uPs os tE.di tbeydJ .O .H ill,
pr2.} 5-U8r1ba.n IaI,IU .r;b anUani verPsrietsys .
Introduction
Viveider Cosa stErdou,a rd1o9.9Fr 2o.mt hEnrmty 's PoionJtV iHtuwm:a naintyd Diviniry
illOIt Amovmiolls ociCthiryc.a Thgeo: U niversityo fC hicagPor ess. IndigeHniosucason rtdyh Hei Stotrhy"e I onfd ians"
ViveidreoC sas lrEod,ua r1do9.9M 8C.os motoDgeicailxa insdAm erindian Perspeclivism.�
JOllrnoaf7"l , R oyaAll lthroIpnoslugti4ic:ta4lli6l 9(- 88.
CarlFoIlsI/ SaIndOM ichlU'Hle ckerzberger
Thibso oki sa bourti maen dc hangCeh.fl nigsae d eceptisviemlpywl oer d( Bynum
2001:I1ti9 m)p·l iteesm poraalnidrd ye compohsoemso genetoiumse ianp taos [
anda p reseWnhta.t evieser t erannadli mmutabilsoe u to ft imew;i thocuhta nge
neirhreirm neo rt emporaclaintb yec onceivIendd.i genpoeuosp loefls o wland
SoutAhm erihcaav oef tebne edne picatseb de inogu to ft ime-froiznhe ins tory,
oru nabolreu nwilltiocn ogn ceptucahlainzgaees h istoThrey m.o stp opuliamr­
ageo fA mazoniiannd igenous ipsse toipalsl"l ec so ntempoarnacreys tors," repre­
sentatoifav d eiss tapnatSa tn da m odeo fl ivionngc ceo mmoni nh umanh istory.
Fromt hivsi ewpoiAnmta,z oniiannd igenpoeuosp lheasv hea dt hep rivi(loerg e
misfortunceh)a nogfil nign olren ota ta llr,e prodUCing thiedmesnetlivceasl ly
ovetri muem it!h ericre eanntda bruppltu nignet moo dernity.
Thipsr imitiivmiasgites n ol ongseurs taingaibvleetn,h er ceeamd vanciens
ethnograhpihsitco,r aincdaa lr,c haeolroegisceaalr ch in AAm "atzeomnpioar.a l
revolutiisuo nnd"e wra ya,n ewm odeo fl ookianttg h ec ontintehnatnt o to nly
pushtehs eh umano ccupatoifto hneA mericfausr thbearc ikn t imbeu ta lsaoc ­
celeriartpsea sco efd iversifiacnadtc ioomnp lexific(aAtdioovnaa snidPo a g2e0 02;
Dille2ha0y0 0W;.N evesf,o rthcomRionogs;e veetal.l t 1 996T)od.a iyt i sc lear
thatth ei ndigensooucsi eotfiA emsa zoncihaa ngeadn,d chanagl eodts ,i ncreh e
staorftr h Ceh risteiraan. Mroesctea nrtc haeolfiongdiicnargles v eaam lu chm ore
dynamiimca goef t hem illennpiruemc edtihneEg u ropeCaonn quesEtv.i dence
ofp opulatgiroonw tihn,c reasdienngslseyo c inaelt woraknsdp, o litciocmapll exi­
ficariaroenf ounidn v arioruesg ioonfts h et ropircaailn foCroemsptl.e sxo cieties
extendaeldo ntgh eem irlee ngotfht heA mazo(nC uapind2a0i0aH1 e;c kenberger
etal. 199N9e;v eest a 12. 00N3e;v easn dP eters2e0n0,6P ;e terestea nl 2.0 01;
Roosev1e9l9t11 9,9 S3c;h aa2n0 0210,0 4fr)om, r heO rinocboa siinnt hen orth
(Cass2o0n0 0R;oo sev1e9l8tR0 o;s ta1i9n9 t4o)t hes outheArmna zopne riprhre
.
2 CarFlau$too$a nMdi cbHaeac kmbagrr /lUrodllcrJ ion
(Heckenb2e0r0gH5ee;rc kenbeertal.g 1e0r0 3a)n dt hfeo reasntdss a vanonfa s ont hhei stoofrt yhp ee opulned esrt udpyr,o ducdienngsl eo cmailc tohistories
thLel andoesM ojo(sO enev2a0n0 E[r;i ck[s9o9n5T )h.ec ontinaenldAl mla ­ awaitnienwrg e giosnyanlt h(eese.Fsga .u,s 2t0o0 H1e;c kenbe2r0g0e5Rr;i val
zonoinat heev oef c onqumeisgthb te sbtep ictuasr aende ffervceuslcteunrta l 200V2c;r swi1j9v9eV2ri; l a2(j=0a0,6 ).
pot. Proceosfsc ehsa nhgaev ael sboe comake e yi ssfuoerr e seairnctthoh emae.s �
Thec latihma Atm azonsioacni eutnideesr wseingtn ificchaanntgb eesf otrhee divearsts hece o smopoolfic toincts(a Acltb aenrdRt a mo2s0 00r)e,l igcioOnU­S
arriovfEa ulr opemaanyss e eomb viotuosda Hyo.w evietrr u, nasg aitnhsSett ew­ versi(oWnrsi g1h9t92 90,0 4i)n,d igeinnovuosl veimnte hnmeto neteacroyn omy
ardicaonn sentshuadsto minarteegdi oentahln olforgotymh fief Sp[u blicoaft ion (Fis2h0e0r0G ;o rdo2n0 06H;o war2d0 00H;u gh-Jo1n9e9s2m )o,v emeonft s
rhHea ndboOofkOS tltAhm eriIcnadnnis (a 194u6n)tq iuli rteec enJtullyiS.at ne w­ culteumrearlg eanncdee t hnoge(nHei1sl9il9s M6 o;n teifroon,h comOilnigv;e ira
arpdr opowsheadbt e camtehm eO sitn fluemnotdiefalol cr o mprehentdhien g Fil1h9o9 9Sac;h wartSza laonmd1o 9n9 T9a;s si2n0a0r2in) e,wf ormosfi ndig­
113tsiovcei eotfti heSeso utAhm ericcoannt incelnats,s itfyhienhmgi erarchicallye nousso ciailnti htceyi t(iAensd relloL as2m0a20r06 0;5 s)c,h oolainndg the
intfoo umra itny paecsc ordtoit nhged ierg roefce o mple(xSitteyw 1a9r4d6 -50; introduocfwt riiotn(i Cnagv al1c9a9nF9tr;ia nch1e9t9tf5oo, r thcoRmiivnagl;
StewaarnddF aro1n9 59H)o.w evehric,sl assifoifAc nadteiaaonnn d C aribbean 199260,0 2W;e be2r0 04s;ea el sGoo w' 990O)n.es houmledn tiaoswn e ltlh e
sociewtaisbe ass eodni nformadtaitoibnna gc tko t hsei xteceenntthuw rhyi,l e Aourislhiitnegr oantt uhrpeeo litpircoacle isnsveosl ivnne edg otiiadteinnrgi ­
Amazonpieaonp wleersce l assiinlfi iendwe i teht hnogrdaapthfair cot mh fiem tiaensd r ighattts h nea tioannadil n ternalteivo(enAlal lb1 e9r9tB7 r;o wn 1993;
halofft htew entcieentthu sroym,fe o uhru ndryeeda orfsc olonhiiasltl oartye r Chaum1e9i9l0 ; Co2n0k0lC2io;nn k lainnGd r aha1m9 9G5r;e e2n0e0 J4a;c kson
(Fau2s0t0o0 Aam).a zonpieaonp tlheesr eforef rsoezieenamn n e adt uhriaslt ory, 199'49,9 R5a;m o1s9 9R8i;v 1a9l9 T7u;r n1e9r9 V5e;b e1r9 98I)na. B t,h eann ,e w
stuicnka t imfer ammea tchtihneegv olutionaryt hshepi eSctioersy. of ethnolaon geywa, r chaeoloagn ye,wh iasntdoo frt yh e indigenooufs peoples
WhilAem azoniau nhdaosu btseedelmnya nyc hangseisnt chese t aorftt h e Amazonainadn earahrye aarsre e volutitohnSeit zeiwniagarm ndo dealn de xpos­
Christiiatcn h aenrgaee,vd em no rrea piadflty1e 4r9 I2n.d igepneooupsel xepse ­ inagp revioiunscloyn cediyvnaabmliets om drIeeg isoonc'ise ties.
rienach erdu taaclc eleorfact hiaonangn edr aptirda nsforomfta hteiwioornr ld­
thoeu tcoomfte h cea tastrophiocfd epmroogcreaslpsohesmissac ,s m si grations,
TheS piorfti htT ei mes
andc ultduercailm aatlitoenr nwaittpihrn ogc eosfes delsn riecc onstittruatniso­n,
culturation, "cultaunrdta helem ecragnenonifncb eeaws l oicsfimoa,rl"m M sa.n y -Thtee mporailnistcyri inbm eods cto ntempowroarrkhyso ,w evvearr itehde ir
oft hehsies toarridcee sfi nitliovsfetrl oyhm u manirteyc'osar nddcs a nn evbeer empiroibcjaelsn c,a alned,t heoretical cienrctlaidininavlteyirf ogrneostsm,h e
recoveortehdew;ri slb ler etribeuvwtei dt,h otuhetex perideentttaihiaalwlt o uld vietwh adto minarteegdi oannatlh ropaof leowdg eyc adaegsol ;i kewtihskeee y
bed esirEavbelsneo .t, h lea rnguem beorfh istoarnidec tahln ohiswtoorrkisc al conceapntdts h teh emafiteilcud nsd eirn vestihgaavctehi aonng 1e1dln.ee wd i­
publiosvheetrdh l eas ttw od ecasdheoswt sh aatl,t hoduogchu mentiasstc iaornc e, rectitoankse nr ebsye airnAc mha zonhiaava ec compaang ieende srhailif ntt h e
itis st piolsls itbopl reo dulcoeca anldr egiohniaslt oorfii nedsi geAnmoauzso nia. socainadlh umasnc ienacp ehse,n omewneou ns uallya sad s eefirnoiefe" st urns"
Thantkost hewsoer klsa,r rgeeg ioofnt sh ter opircaailn fhoarvecese ta steobd e (lingu[iUsrctnui,lc t tuurranl, hitsutrponrr,ai gcmaalrt uimrc,e flexriuvmea) n d
te17iguao /far oamh istoproiicomaf vl i ew.l bya t onoef" post"-(upaolsittsyt rucruralism, epvoessnro mmoed ernism, and
Importhainstt oroirciaelnlctyoe Bde ctfiroonbmsr ,o ad-rawnogriksnsug c h POSt-pTohsettssee) r.am rsse y mptomoaft igce cnhearnagilen ts h seo csicaile nces,
asH itsordioisan dniooB sr a(sCiuln h1a9 9a2n)dS outAhm ericvaonl uomfe7 he withtihnhe e ralndeewmd i lioefku n owledge produfcrtoi"mot nu:rt nol" i ving
GlmibdrgHei stooftry hNea tiPlleoelep so ft hAem eri(cStlSa lomaonndS chwanz "turwne,o "ft efinn do urseOluvtoef st imien,c apoafbd leefi nionugro wnd y­
1999to)t hosfeO CUSoinna gr egioorln i ngugirsotui(pcE tlmoh4i7s(t3-o4r)y; namiicm ellecco[nUdailta inodrn e,s otrott h per efi"xP OSttoa" v oliOdS ionugr
FranchaentdHt eoc kenbe2r0g0eH1ri; ! a]n dS antos�G2r0a0nW2eh;ri ot ehead beariinntg hsae b seonfclea bds.2
-
200W3r;i g2h0t0 5a)r,pe r ooofft hvei taolfic toyn temporreasreyai rnctthoh e Thtee mpoarcacle leorfao tuirroe nA exciovnes cioiuassl nsreoes flse citnte hde
hisroofir nyd igeAnmoauzosn ipaeno ples paonsds itbohifecl ointdyu cctoimn­g timeaslcefso unidno urm odealnsdn arrattihvleeo sni:gl 1leorfsv tarlusc tural
paratsiyvnet heAstae m so.r leo calliezveeeddl l,O ographic imnocnroegarsa­phs movemegnitvwsea y[ Qe venemennatriraalta inodtno ts h hei stooftr hype r esent,
ingly incfoorcpouonsdr iaatceh rpoenriscp ebcetyiovtnehdste r aditional chaptwehri tlheie m persfoonracoleft s h een vironcmueinrtua,rn dee ,c onocmeyd teh eir
4 earkFsm #/o ,Mmidr hnHau kmbrrgl!r Introdurti5o n
platcoeh umaanc tion, inht ihsmeta okriyn g,i natnedr subnjeegcottiivaet ions.r hper estehnatt iaslw aneyoastst yod eteWcet a.p protahceh dibaeltewceteinc
Thet opibcesi rnegs earhcahvaeeld sc oh angaeldo,wn igt ohu crl assificcaatt­ory traonrsmfatainodrn e produocrht iisotnO,cr hiacnaaglne sd t rucctounrtailn uity,
egorwieen so: longekrin sshtipupod,ly i etciocnso,om ryr ,e ligbiusorun b,j ectifi­ froamd ynampiecr speicnwt hiivcerh r anmsaftoiriosanc onstiptaurotrfit vhee
catieomnb,o dimeemnpto,w ermaegnetn,ac nyid,d entAs iStayh.l pionisn ts out, plaonfep ermanenScaeh.l aiArnsgs u "etshc,eo ntinuity ocfu litnudriegse nous
institauntsdit ornusc htauvrbeee see nm ptiteogd i vweay t oan ew" subjectology"c onsoifSt ThsSep ecwiafiycts h rowuhgihc thh etyr anstfhoermms e(l1v9e9s]": 126;
(2°°4:140). seael so A2l0b0e0r:Gt1o 3w2; 0 01).
Thec ontribtuott hobirsos o ekm bramcaen oyf t heTsrea onrsmfatiionan ns­
thropologicsaulca hsmt ohdee lisn,c oropfdo iraacthirtoonhnf eyo ,cou ns pro­
AJterngat toAil nterity
cesosefss u bjectiafincadac reirotrnae,ii nn corpoofhr uamtaicnor ne aatcitvie on.
Howeveoru,rg l obpaols itiisoo nneo fc autainodnc ritdiicsatla nce. We feAe blo oakb otuitm aen cdh anigse aabl osooak b oiudte tnytfu.i CarolBiynneu m
uncomforwtiattbhhl feeac ilwiittwyhh icahn thropology ahdaasip ttcs oemlef to suggetshtqesu ,e stoifco hna nigse "the ootfth heqeru essitodifieo d ne ntIift y.
tot hmea jor idetorleonogdftis hc peao ls t-wesltfaIatfriee ti. st ruteh aatn thro­ chanigste h ree placoemfe onentne t ibtyay n otohret rhg er owotfah n e ntoituyr
polohgayfs oc usperdi maornit lhnyeo rmatainsvdte r ucatsupreaoclfst osc liiafle ofa notehnetrii tnwy h icihit is m pliwcemi uts,t a bblteeo s ay wheok wn owwe
duritnhghe e ydaoyfts h nea tiona-nSdt[ h3petl ea nneecdo noimyti,s a lsnoo t have enatni itnty h fier sptl ac(e2"0 01:l1d9e)n.it sai lrysa od eceptsiivmepllye
byc hantcheai tht a rse cengtlloyr iflfieexdi bihliisttayon,rdi y n,d iviadguenacly wordi,nt hat,c hlainkigecte o ,Rn a tdeisv etrhsiena gnsdp erspecIttii asvt te hse.
alownigt h ntehoel imboemreanlt iunmt hgel obeaclo noWmey .d noo wta ntto heaorft ocuorn tempeoxrpaerryi aesin ncdei,v iadsu amlesm,b ceorlsl eocft ivities
imphleyr teh atth eirsae n o veertderminoaftt hireoe nea lc ono(mayni dti sm ag­ (reaanldi maginaendda) sa, n thropowlhooarg eia sctcsu sttoo mseede koiuntg
inerde aliotvieterhs e)o retthiicnakbliu ntg ,S imrpelmyi tnthdoaw th aste emtso thied enotfiot tyh eTrhsse.o csicaile tnecnetdsor citffh seo cwioarllb dyc reating
bet hlea psotl itciocrarlmelocyot dm a yp rovlea tteobr e u ltimarteealcyt ionary boundaarsicersi,b inga ndln oacmaesli,id zeinntgWi ittiheosu.t wlhiaimtasi ll t s,
(seSea hl2i0n°s4 :(I4n9d)e.te hdi,ws i liln eviotcacbiulwrfye f alit or eReocnt entiWtiyt?h oaunet m itwyh,oo rw hapto ssesisdeesn taIintit ns y e?ai rm possible
threi sokfps r ojenOinntngoa tipveeo polueorsw nm oscth ericsuhletdnu roa­l TOc oncepitzauer a ellationmaald uewp oo nrlloydfh ybriindc soa n stsatnatt e of
tiotnhso,ts heap to sitdievfeiolnuyec r o ntempsourbajreyec xtpievrei seuncche , traonrsmfatoinoein n,w hicahst, h Hee raditpeuiatntw s,ec anne vsetret pw ice
ash istocroincsacli oaunsdin nedsisv iadgeunacly .3 inttohe sraimvBeeu rwr.h ialr ei vmearyb ed efinbeydi tcso ntinfulooruwas t her
Asa w ayo fa voidtihnpegr ojecotfo iuoornw nn otioofhn iss taonrday g ency thabny i ts shhuomraecnso ,l lectciavnintFoirteo.sam h umapno ionftv iew,
ontAom erindpieaonp( laeissft heyn eetdh ensoet itoonb sec onsidered moreq uestoifio dnesn itmiptalyk y i nodft emportahlaiirnt vyo lbvoetmshe morayn d
thapna sssiuvbej oefcct osl oannidna alt iopnroacle stsheeets h)n,o grsarpuhdiice s forgettWihnagla. m I n owi [fc annroetm emberI w wahsaam to menbte fore?
presehmeerde adbdarsqeiusces s tsiuocnahss H :o wi sc hancgoen ceptualized?A m [s tmiylsle olrsf o metheilnsge ?
Howi ste mporianlsictryi bed in dainsdrc iotupurrasalec ,t Wishcpaeatascr ?ee , 111eqsuee stiwointsh , dreoeopt S exbtaecntkdo Gi rnegep kh ilosaonpdh y
thdei fferent ofmp ordoedsu ctirnagn sforamnadwt hiaoatnr teh ree giomefs Judeo-Chtrhiesotlifoarmgnaey t, h wea yw eh avceo me tthoia nbko uitd entity,
historciocnisttyib tyut theedps rea ctRiecpseosn?d itnotg h eqsuee stiisaon n s chanagnedt, e mporTahleiu tnye.a sionfce uslst aunrtahlr opwoiltpohrg oyc esses
essensttieiapnbl e ianbgl teo" imbhuies toriogreatphhnyo gwriiantpShhi igch t" of" acculru"rmaettiiosnas,na"dg e,""s yncpraertailWslemes"tl espr hni losophy's
(Salo1m9o9n9 :a1sw9 e)la lse ngaegteh nogrwaiptthhey m porOaulri tyai.ist m o uneasiwnietshs personaal t hiemdaeesc n etnitttryoa,m l o derpnh ilosophy
stuhdoyw s ocmieamlo riyps r oduacnedmd o bilihzoewcd h,a nagnedi tasg ents (Schnee1w9i9nC8d.;T aylo(r9 8a9s)i twa st om edieCvharli sti(aBnyintuym
arcco nceihvoewnd a,r raotfit vhepesa sste rtov ceo nsttrhupecr te senbtr.i eIf,n 1995T)h.ec lasssioclaultto iporne serivdienng(t a.is�te yl f-sawmaesnt eops oss)­
wew isthoc omprehseonmodeft hdei vehrusmea mno deosfi nhabittiimaneng d tulatrhceeo ntinoufsi ormyie n nperri nc(itphsleoe uo lre ssenicnoe p)p osition
prodUCtirnaongrs mfation. tot he boorad pyp earBaunwtch ei.tl hewi assn e vaes ri mpqluee stiinto enr omfs
The auotfht ohfreols l oweisnsgar yaske et hnoalsoa cg ryi ttiocotalhl as te eks persoindaeln ttihtceay s,oe fc olleicdteinvpteri otvyte obd e jupsrto basl ematic,
nootn ltyoe xpl"ouronelf disnogc rieaall iintt eyr mosfc hang(eS"a loamnodn if mnoortse o w:h at dVooklesesgi mseta wni thaod uits tinlcatnigvumeay gteh,s ,
Schwa1r9t9J:9 b:u4at)l stoor eveapa lla onfec ontinbueittwieteehsnpe a satn d ritaensdt, h e like?