Tilburg University Altruism and fairness in a public pension system van der Heijden, Eline

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Tilburg University
Altruism and fairness in a public pension system
van der Heijden, E.C.M.; Nelissen, J.H.M.; Verbon, H.A.A.
Published in:
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization
Publication date:
1997
Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal
Citation for published version (APA):
van der Heijden, E. C. M., Nelissen, J. H. M., & Verbon, H. A. A. (1997). Altruism and fairness in a public
pension system. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 32(4), 505-518.
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Download date: 14. mrt.. 2023
Fo.LANRJaJ
lanruoJ fo cimonocE roivaheB & noitazinagrO mtitiinagIo&
REIVESLE .loV 32 (1997) 505-518
msiurtlA and ssenriaf in a cilbup pension ’metsys
enilE C.M. nav red ,”nedjieH naJ H.M. ,bnessileN
eirraH .A.A *,b9anobreV
a Department of scimonocE and CentER, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
’ Department of Social Security Studies and WORC, lilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherland19 s devieceR rebmeceD 1994; deviecer ni desiver mrof 26 rebmetpeS 1996
Abstract
sihT repap yllaciripme senimaxe rehtehw sgnileef fo msiurtla dna ssenriaf sdrawot srebmem fo
rehto snoitareneg tceffa s’elpoep noitaulave fo eht cilbup noisnep .metsys ehT data emoc morf a
elacs-egral yevrus deirrac tuo gnoma a evitatneserper elpmas fo eht hctuD noitalupop ni yraunaJ
1994. ehT eriannoitseuq asked stnednopser ot etaulave segnahc ni the noisnep metsys hcihw dluow
evah tnereffid emocni stceffe rof .snoitarene gtnereffid eW dnif that gnuoy dna dega-elddim ,elpoep
,deedni mees ot eb detceffa yb sgnileef fo msiurtla dna ,ssenriaf saerehw eht ylredle raeppa ot eb
ssel .citsiurtla
JEL classijication: H55; D63
Keywords: cilbuP ;snoisnep tceriD ytilitu gnieg A;tnemerusaem
1. Introduction
ehT drop ni noitalupop growth rates ni tnecer decades has del ot gnisaercni
noitubirtnoc rates of decnanif-oG-uoY-sA-yaP )GYAP( cilbup noisnep .semehcs sihT
dnert si expected ot eunitnoc ni the txen two or three decades. egna hechT ni the
noitalupop growth rates sesiar emos rojam ycilop .snoitseuq ,tsriF lliw the gnuoy elpoep
troppus gniniatniam the metsys-GYAP neve hguoht the lanoitarenegretni snoitubirtsider
* gnidnopserroC .rohtua eirraH ,nobreV grubliT ,ytisrevinU tnemtrapeD fo ,scimonocE .O.P xoB 0005
EL ,grubliT ehT .sdnalrehteN :liam-E [email protected]
’ nA reilrae noisrev fo siht repap saw detneserp ta eht ht8 ESPE ,ecnerefnoc yluJ ,4-2 ,4991 grubliT
.ytisrevinU
00.71$/79/1862-7610 0 7991 reiveslE ecneicS .V.B llA sthgir devreser
5-80000)79(1862-761OSIIP
605 E.&U. van der Heijden et al./J. of Economic Behavior & Org. 32 (1997) 505-518
derednegne yb the metsys lliw hsinimid rieht emitefil ?semocni ,dnoceS lliw the ylredle
tnesnoc ot gnisaerced rieht noisnep stifeneb ni order ot protect the regnuoy noitareneg
tsniaga the denoitnem-evoba evitagen effect no rieht emitefil ?emocni tnaveleR ot the
eussi are osla other, yratenom-non .snoitaredisnoc Do ,ytiradilos msiurtla dna ssenriaf
yalp a elor ni the gninoitcnuf of a cilbup noisnep ?metsys How do elpoep etaulave rieht
noitautis fi the erutcurts of the emehcs segnahc ,dna ,yltneuqesnoc the tnetxe of ssenriaf
dna )deriuqer( ytiradilos ?segnahc tahW si a riaf rate of nruter for suoirav ?snoitareneg
laciripmE srewsna ot these snoitseuq nac eb deniatbo yb ylticilpxe gnicudortni
snoitaredisnoc of msiurtla dna ssenriaf ni cimonoce .gnilledom suoremuN lacigolohcysp
dna cimonoce latnemirepxe seiduts evah ydaerla dehsilbatse that smron of ssenriaf nac
affect tekram .semoctuo De seirV (1991) for ,ecnatsni deugra that ynam elpoep eveileb
that niatrec smron of laicos ecitsuj enimreted the seiradnuob for elbarelot .ruoivaheb
,revoeroM he demialc that elpoep ezimixam rieht nwo gnieb-llew nihtiw these seiradnuob
(see De ,seirV 1991, p. 58). nI latnemirepxe sgnittes lareves other srohtua (e.g. rheF et ,.la
1993, namenhaK et ,.la 1986a dna sworruB dna ,semooL 1994) evah dedulcnoc that
elpoep eulav .ssenriaf namenhaK et .la ,)b6891( noriP dna zednameF (1995), dna yerF
dna enheremmoP (1993) no the other ,dnah evah desu seriannoitseuq ot enimaxe snoiton
of .ssenriaf
evitatitnauQ stluser no the tcapmi of msiurtla dna ssenriaf are ,revewoh scarce.
,eromrehtruF the denoitnemerofa syevrus deredisnoc effects of ssenriaf ni a detaler-mrif
,txetnoc whereas we sucof no the elor of ssenriaf ni the cilbup sector. Here, the
s’laudividni ytilitu si demussa ot eb affected yb the emocni of other snoitareneg )msiurtla(
dna yb the oitar of noisnep stifeneb ot snoitubirtnoc .)ssenriaf( ehT lacitsitats ledom
stimrep gnitset whether the stneiciffeoc of msiurtla dna ssenriaf are yltnacifingis tnereffid
morf zero. tI osla selbane su ot asses the evitatitnauq ecnatropmi of msiurtla susrev
.ssenriaf sA tsom noisnep snalp are ,yrotadnam hcihw seilpmi that slaudividni tonnac
yltcerid esolcsid rieht secnereferp gnidrager these noisnep ,snalp we tonnac esu dradnats
delaever ecnereferp sdohtem ni ruo laciripme .sisylana ,eroferehT we evah opted for
stated ecnereferp sdohtem (see, e.g. seorK dna ,nodlehS 1988). eW asked slaudividni ot
etaulave suoirav snoitautis ni hcihw rieht nwo emocni ,noitisop the emocni noitisop of
others, dna the oitar of noisnep stifeneb ot snoitubirtnoc .degnahc stnednopseR were suht
ton asked ot etaulave ssenriaf or msiurtla ,yltcerid tub had ot etaulave the semoctuo of the
noisnep metsys rednu suoirav .soiranecs ehT elbissop tcapmi of sgnileef of msiurtla dna
ssenriaf nac neht eb derrefni morf the lacitsitats .ledom ehT stluser show that htob
msiurtla dna ssenriaf yalp a tnacifingis .elor
eW won tneserp the lacitsitats ledom ni noitceS 2. noitceS 3 shows the noitamitse
,stluser whereas noitceS 4 sedulcnoc the .noissucsid
2. Specification and data
2.1. noita@cepS
slaudividnI are depuorg otni eno of three ,snoitareneg ,yleman the gnuoy (25
44 years ,)dlo the dega-elddim 46-54( )sraey dna the dlo noitareneg redlo( naht
E.C.M. van der Heijden et al. /J. of Economic Behavior & Org. 32 (1997) 505-518 507
65 *.)sraey msiurtlA si nekat otni noitaredisnoc yb gnitaroprocni the ,emocni or erom
yllareneg the ,gnieb-llew of other slaudividni ni na s’laudividni ytilitu .noitcnuf ssenriaF
si nekat otni noitaredisnoc yb gnitaroprocni the rates of nruter no noisnep snoitubirtnoc ni
siht ytilitu .noitcnuf ehT rate of nruter si nevig yb the oitar of noisnep stifeneb ot
.snoitubirtnoc tI dluohs eb deton that msiurtla dna ssenriaf nac dael ot elbarapmoc effects,
tub siht deen ton eb the case. roF ,elpmaxe na esaercni ni the noisnep stifeneb of a
noitareneg gnivah wol semocni dna wol rates of nruter thgim eb detroppus yb other
snoitareneg for htob citsiurtla dna ssenriaf .snoitaredisnoc fI ,revewoh the noitareneg
sneppah ot evah a ylevitaler hgih ,emocni msiurtla dna ssenriaf thgim tniop ni etisoppo
.snoitcerid
ehT ytilitu for na laudividni of noitareneg k ,y=k( m, o) ni noisnep metsys oiranecs s si
detneserper yb the gniwollof cimhtiragol :noitcnuf
nI k,U = & + iYky_( + pk( Yt + )iY + c (%& + &$ + rentrapS,& + redneg&
ww=g
ww4+ ;o,m,y=k,i,h,g k#i#h (1)
where ”,U setoned the ytilitu ni oiranecs s of na laudividni gnignoleb ot noitareneg :Y
k,
setoned the detnuocsid emitefil emocni of the tnednopser ni oiranecs s dna Y,” + iY
setoned the mus of detnuocsid emitefil semocni of the evitatneserper slaudividni of the
other two snoitareneg ni oiranecs ~.s ehT emitefil emocni for a gnuoy laudividni ni
oiranecs s reads yY = nI ;y s + nl‘-R ,’y s + nl*-R yy os htiw R a tnuocsid factor revo 20
sraey dna $,, ,y the emocni ni soiranecs i nehw ,gnuoy dega-elddim dna ,dlo
(k = m, o)
,ylevitcepser yY dna ;Y are denifed .ylsuogolana Note that ti si demussa here that the
effects of the laudividni dnuorgkcab ,scitsiretcarahc rentrap ,on=O( ,)sey=l redneg
,elamef=O( 1 )elam= dna age, dneped no the ralucitrap oiranecs the tcejbus si gnitaulave
(see .)woleb
ehT effect of msiurtla si detacidni yb the retemarap pk.” ehT tsrif erutcejnoc neht :sdaer
erutcejnoC :1 slaudividnI are citsiurtla htiw respect ot srebmem of other ,snoitareneg that
,si kB > 0.
’ A noitcnitsid otni eerht daetsni fo owt snoitareneg ,gnuoy( ohw dluow neht eb 46-52 sraey fo ,ega dna eht
)ylredle si detavitom yb eht tcaf taht eht dega-elddim erahs scitsiretcarahc fo eht owt rehto .spuorg ekiL eht
,gnuoy yeht yap a noitubirtnoc ot eht cilbup noisnep .emehcs tsuJ ekil eht ,ylredle ,revewoh yeht lliw yllausu
referp a metsys-GYAP ot a latipaC evreseR (CR) ,metsys sa ni eht rettal metsys eht emit tfel ot etareneg hgih
snruter no rieht snoitubirtnoc si )oot( .trohs nI ,lareneg ,erofereht gnuoy dna dega-elddim slaudividni lliw ton
etaulave evitanretla soiranecs .ylralimis
3 A evitatneserper laudividni si na laudividni fo eht emas redneg dna htiw eht emas latiram sutats sa eht
.tnednopser evitatneserpeR slaudividni rof eht ,gnuoy eht dega-elddim dna eht dlo noitareneg era ,53 ,55 dna 07
sraey ,dlo .ylevitcepser
4 It swollof morf E$. (1) taht ew evah ylticilpmi demussa taht eht semocni fo eht rehto owt snoitareneg era
dethgiew .yllauqe sihT noitpmussa si ton .suoivbo It ,dluoc rof ,ecnatsni eb eht esac taht regnuoy elpoep leef
etanoitceffa sdrawot eht dlo noitareneg tub ton sdrawot eht dega-elddim .noitareneg ,revewoH eht noitamitse fo a
ledom htiw etarapes emocni selbairav saw derepmah yb ytiraenillocitlum .smelborp
508 .M.C.E van der Heijden et al/J. of Economic Behavior & Org. 32 (1997) 505-5I8
ehT elbairav $,, si the lautca rate of nruter of the metsys-GYAP for noitareneg g ni oiranecs
~.s sA we lliw see ni elbaT 5, these rates of nruter are yllaitnatsbus tnereffid across
.snoitareneg gnidrageR the rates of nruter we erutcejnoc that slaudividni adhere ot a noiton
of na lamitpo rate of nruter for ,sevlesmeht as llew as for other .slaudividni :eroferehT
erutcejnoC :II slaudividnI prefer na ’lamitpo‘ rate of nruter *< dna ekilsid rates of nruter
that are too hgih or too wol derapmoc htiw siht lamitpo rate. tahT ,si :6 < 0 dna :7 > 0.6
ehT ’lamitpo‘ rate of nruter for noitareneg g as deviecrep yb noitareneg k (4’) nac eb
detaluclac morf the detamitse sretemarap as .:62/$- Note that we wolla for the
ytilibissop that na laudividni serised a rate of nruter for -mih or flesreh that si tnereffid
morf the rate of nruter he or she serised for other .snoitareneg nI ,ralucitrap citsiurtla
stcejbus thgim regard a ylevitaler wol rate of nruter for sevlesmeht as .riaf nO the other
,dnah hsifles elpoep thgim redisnoc rieht nwo rate of nruter reven ot eb too .hgih nI
,ralucitrap yeht thgim regard the rate 4’ as a muminim daetsni of as na .mumitpo
,yllacipyT siht dluow tluser ni :7 > 0 dna :6 = 0.
emoS lanoitidda skramer dluohs eb edam htiw respect ot the noitacificeps dna the
noitamitse of the ytilitu .noitcnuf ,yllausU ti si demussa that ytilitu si denimreted yb
noitpmusnoc .seitilibissop ,revewoH data no noitpmusnoc are ton .elbaliava ,eroferehT
emitefil emocni si desu as a .yxorp ,eromrehtruF tnerruc emocni si desoppus ot eb lauqe
ot elbasopsid ,emocni hcihw si denifed as gross emocni sunim taxes dna .sgnivas sA the
tnempoleved of a s’nosrep emocni si ton ,derusaem erutuf emocni dna suht erutuf
noitpmusnoc of the regnuoy elpoep are .nwonknu eW evah demussa that erutuf emocni si
affected tsuj yb segnahc ni cilbup noisnep stifeneb dna .snoitubirtnoc roF gnuoy
stnednopser siht seilpmi that rieht xat-erofeb dlohesuoh emocni ni elddim age ),’yc slauqe
rieht tnerruc dlohesuoh emocni .);y( rehtonA melborp was the ’stnednopser emocni ni dlo
age. ,yllacipyT tnemeriter emocni stsisnoc of a cilbup noisnep tnemyap detnemelppus
htiw a yratnemelpmoc noisnep tnemyap morf a detaler-mrif noisnep .nalp ,revewoH the
data delaever that tsom stnednopser (except the ylredle )elpoep had on aedi tuoba the ezis
of rieht nwo or rieht s’rentrap yratnemelpmoc .noisnep Based no siht ,noitavresbo we
dediced ot esu ylno the cilbup noisnep tifeneb as na noitacidni for tnemeriter emocni of
the gnuoy dna ega-elddim ,stnednopser ly dna ~.;Y
s ehT lautca etar fo nruter fo eht metsys-GYAP si denifed sa eht detnuocsid noisnep stifeneb dedivid yb eht
detnuocsid noisnep snoitubirtnoc edam gnirud eht eritne .efil ehT lautca setar fo nruter era detaluclac morf
nessileN .)4991( gnimussa a laer tnuocsid etar fo %2 dna a laer htworg etar fo eht ymonoce fo %2 a .raey eW
evah dedivid eht sega ni seirogetac fo evif ,sraey taht ,si 03-52 ,sraey 53-03 sraey .cte ehT lautca etar fo nruter
rof eht tnednopser si detamixorppa yb eht egareva etar fo nruter rof eht ega yrogetac eh/s sgnoleb ,ot saerehw
eht lautca setar fo nruter rof eht rehto owt snoitareneg era nevig yb eht egareva setar fo nruter rof eht
evitatneserper srebmem fo esoht .snoitareneg
’ eroM ,yllacificeps ti si demussa tah$ eht snoiton fo ssenriaf era denimreted yb eht cilobarap noitacificeps
($,$ - < ) yB gnidulcni & dna & yletarapes ni eht noisserger ,snoitauqe ew nac etaluclac eht ’lamitpo‘ etar
o nruter .f ehT cilobarap noitacificeps fo eht ssenriaf noitcnuf si detroppus yb eht atad (see osla noitceS .)3
oN snoitpmussa fo eht eulav fo eht lamitpo etar ’$ era edam .dnaherofeb
7 nI eseht ,soiranecs ticilpmi segnahc ni etavirp noisnep semehcs erew nekat otni tnuocca yb gniwolla a
noitutitsbus fo eseht semehcs rof eht cilbup noisnep .emehcs nI ,ralucitrap eht stnuoma fo ega-dlo sgnivas erew
detsujda ni eht evitanretla .soiranecs ehT tcelgen fo etavirp noisnep semehcs seod ton tceffa eht laciripme stluser
sa tsrif secnereffid era used ni eht noisserger noitauqe sa( lliw eb denialpxe .)retal
E.C.M. van der Heijden et al/J. of Economic Behavior & Org. 32 (1997) 505-518 509
sA stnednopser had ot etaulave ruof noisnep ,soiranecs for each laudividni we evah
ruof snoitavresbo of the tnedneped dna tnednepedni .selbairav ,oS ni gnitamitse Eq. (1)
for each ,noitareneg the latot rebmun of snoitavresbo slauqe ruof semit the rebmun of
stnednopser ni that .noitareneg oT correct for cificeps-laudividni effects, secnereffid of
the tnaveler selbairav lliw eb .desu tahT si ot ,yas the ecnereffid neewteb the evitanretla
oiranecs dna the cisab oiranecs was detaluclac for each *.elbairav Note, ,revewoh that as
we demussa that the effect of dnuorgkcab selbairav si ,cificeps-oiranecs these selbairav
tonnac eb deppiks after gnikat the .secnereffid
2.2. The questionnaire
nI order ot etamitse Eq. (1) we dleh a yevrus gnoma a evitatneserper elpmas of the
hctuD noitalupop ni yraunaJ 1994. ehT eriannoitseuq asked stnednopser ot etaulave the
tnerruc dna erutuf cilbup noisnep metsys rednu suoirav evitanretla snoitpmussa gnidrager
the ezis of the noisnep tifeneb dna the detaicossa noitubirtnoc rates. ylnO eno laudividni
of each dlohesuoh was ,denoitseuq who was ton ylirassecen the head of the .dlohesuoh
See naV der nedjieH (1996) for rehtruf .sliated
ehT niam part of the yevrus detsisnoc of evil ,tnereffid yltrap lacitehtopyh .soiranecs
llA snoitautis were deziretcarahc yb cificeps seulav for the tnaveler :selbairav the cilbup
noisnep ,tifeneb cilbup noisnep ,snoitubirtnoc rates of nruter no noisnep snoitubirtnoc dna
no .sgnivas stnednopseR saw the secneuqesnoc of a ,egnahc ton ylno for rieht nwo
,dlohesuoh tub osla for the evitatneserper srebmem of the other two .snoitareneg roF
,elpmaxe a elgnis dega-elddim tnednopser deviecer noitamrofni tuoba the noitubirtnoc
rate, the cilbup noisnep ,tifeneb sih or her nwo noitubirtnoc dna the egareva noitubirtnoc
of the evitatneserper .gnuoy retfA gninialpxe a ,oiranecs elpoep were asked ot ngissa a
grade neewteb 1.00 dna 10.00, htiw 1.00 the tsewol elbissop grade dna 10.00 the tsehgih
elbissop grade. sihT elacs sdnopserroc ot the skram desu ni the hctuD loohcs .metsys sA
we referred ot siht metsys ni the ,eriannoitseuq noitpecrepsim or gniyrav snoitpecrep
gnoma stnednopser si .ylekilnu
ehT tsrif oiranecs devlovni the tneserp ,noitautis hcihw was dellac the cisab noitautis
(BS). nI the cisab ,noitautis stnednopser were nevig noitamrofni no the tnerruc slevel of
the cilbup noisnep ,tifeneb the noitubirtnoc rate dna the egareva .noitubirtnoc tI was
demussa that the tneserp metsys dluow ton egnahc revo .emit nI other words, the tnerruc
noitautis was desoppus ot eb the etats-ydaets ;noitautis the secneuqesnoc of the gniega
process were .derongi
ehT txen oiranecs osla derongi the effects of .gniega nI siht lacitehtopyh ,noitautis
snoitaretla ni the etats-ydaets noitautis derrucco yb gnicudortni a lla-rof-dna-ecno
ylmodnar denimreted noitcuder (LC) or esaercni (HC) ni the noitubirtnoc rate dna ,suht
esuaceb of the ,metsys-GYAP ni the cilbup noisnep .tifeneb llA stnednopser were
’ gnikaT secnereffid sevloser a rebmun fo ,smelborp gnidulcni eht gniwollof tsom tnatropmi .eno enO fo eht
snoitpmussa fo SLO si taht eht rorre smret era ton detalerroc htiw eht ,srosserger taht ,si eht noitautis .selbairav
,revewoH ti si elbissop taht eht rorre mret si tnedneped-laudividni dna detalerroc htiw eht noitautis selbairav eud
ot eht ecneserp fo laudividni .stceffe yB gnittilps eht rorre mret ni na cificeps-laudividni trap tnednepedni( fo eht
)oiranecs dna a laer modnar mret hcihw( tsuj sdneped no eht ,)oiranecs dna neht gnikat secnereffid neewteb eht
evitanretla soiranecs dna eht cisab ,oiranecs eht cificeps-laudividni mret sraeppasid dna htiw taht eht elbissop
noitalerroc htiw eht rosserger (see, .g.e ,igatlaB .)5991
015 .M.C.E van der Heijden et al./J. of Economic Behavior & Org. 32 (1997) W-518
demrofni tuoba the effect no the egareva .noitubirtnoc ehT tsegnuoy snoitareneg were
osla demrofni tuoba the stluser for rieht nwo .noitubirtnoc
nI LC, stnednopser were dlot that the ecnereffid neewteb the snoitubirtnoc diap ni SB
dna CL dluow eb .devas esehT sgnivas sulp the tseretni denrae were neht desu as a
tnemelppus ot the rewol cilbup noisnep tifeneb elpoep dluow eviecer nehw .denoisnep
roF the rehcir gnuoy dna dega-elddim slaudividni siht seilpmi na esaercni ni emitefil
emocni esuaceb of rieht hgih snoitubirtnoc ni .SB ehT noitpmussa of a lla-rof-dna-ecno
shock osla seilpmi that the emocni noitisop of the tnerruc dlo syawla detaroireted ni LC.
gnuoY dna dega-elddim slaudividni were suht asked ot trade off rieht nwo emitefil
emocni noitisop tsniaga the denesrow emocni noitisop of the .ylredle xidneppA A
stneserp na elpmaxe ot etartsulli how the noitamrofni was nwohs ot the .stnednopser ehT
secneuqesnoc of oiranecs HC were tsuj the other yaw .dnuor Here, stnednopser were dlot
that the ecnereffid neewteb the rehgih snoitubirtnoc ni siht noitautis dna the snoitubirtnoc
ni SB dluow ecuder the tnuoma of ega-dlo sgnivas ni rieht sgnivas ,tnuocca or, nehw
elpoep did ton evah hcus na ,tnuocca dluohs eb .deworrob
ehT tsal two soiranecs devlovni snoitautis that did edulcni the secneuqesnoc of the
gniega process. owT )emertxe( lacitehtopyh snoitautis were detneserp ot the ’.stcejbus
ehT htruof ,oiranecs rewol stifeneb (LB), debircsed a noitautis ni hcihw noisnep
noitubirtnoc rates did ton egnahc tub ni hcihw gniega effects detluser ni rewol cilbup
noisnep .stifeneb ehT tsal ,oiranecs lauqe stifeneb (EB), debircsed the etisoppo case. nI
EB, the cilbup noisnep tifeneb was lauqe ot the tnerruc ,noisnep tub the noitubirtnoc rate
desaercni revo emit esuaceb of the gniega effects. sA a ,tluser the emocni noitisop of the
tnerruc ylredle did ton ,egnahc whereas the emitefil emocni noitisop of the gnikrow
noitalupop detaroireted esuaceb of the rehgih .snoitubirtnoc
3. laciripmE stluser
3. .I Estimation results
nI ,latot the elpmas deniatnoc 1103 .stnednopser retfA gninaelc the data, 944
stnednopser were :tfel 225 ,dlo 314 dega-elddim dna 405 .gnuoy ehT llarevo esnopser
rate gnidulcni lacinhcet esnopser-non esnopser-non( gniwo ot lacinhcet smelborp or
)syadiloh was 70%. ehT llarevo esnopser rate corrected for siht lacinhcet esnopser-non
was 83%. euD ot stniartsnoc of emit stnednopser had ot etaulave ruof :soiranecs two of
these did ton take the gniega process otni tnuocca SB( dna CL or SB dna HC), dna two
did (LB dna EB). morF the egareva grades dengissa ot each oiranecs ti appeared that lla
snoitareneg preferred the ouq-sutats .noitautis
yB gniylppa OLS noisserger no ,secnereffid we detamitse the tcapmi of msiurtla dna
ssenriaf no the snoitaulave of the cilbup noisnep .metsys eW show ruof :snoitacificeps a
noitacificeps ni hcihw the rates of nruter evah ton neeb dedulcni tnairav( 1 ni selbaT ,)3-l
a tnairav ni hcihw the rates of nruter htiw respect ot s’eno nwo noitareneg evah neeb
dedulcni tnairav( 2), a noitacificeps ni hcihw lla tnaveler selbairav evah neeb dedulcni
9 ehT seulav fo eht tnaveler selbairav ni eseht soiranecs erew detaluclac morf nav nelaD .)1991(
E.C.M. van der Heijden et al. /J. of Economic Behavior & Org. 32 (1997) 505-518 511
elbaT 1
noitamitsE stluser rof eht regnuoy noitareneg a
tnairav 1 2 3 4
P 35.1 )15.5( 01.1 )25.3( 34.1 )25.4( 62.1 )30.4(
mY + OY 42.0 )54.5( 62.0 )55.3( 35.0- )99.0-( 74.0 )97.2(
yr 49.0 )76.5( 80.0 )61.0( 89.0 )43.2(
r!’ 53.0- )19.4-( 40.0- )82.0-( 03.0- )94.2-(
,: 51.3- )46.0-( 61.1 )04.1(
r; 96.0 )16.0( 13.0- 1.2-( I)
,Y 76.1 )40.1(
$ 02.0- )88.0-(
rentLp 80.0- (-2.86) 70.0- )65.2-( 90.0- )01.3-( 80.0- )27.2-(
redneg 10.0- )83.0-( 10.0- )74.0-( 10.0- )74.0-( 10.0- )43.0-(
ega 00.0- -( )64.1 10.0- )08.2-( 10.0- )93.1-( 10.0- )04.1-(
tnatsnoc 40.0- )24.0-( 12.0 )07.1( 80.0 )65.0( 21.0 )68.0(
-2 R 50.0 80.0 01.0 90.0
CIA 8351 6051 1841 7841
a seulav-t neewteb .sesehtnerap
elbaT 2
noitamitsE stluser rof eht dega-elddim noitareneg
tnairav 1 2 3 4
Ym 1 OO. )03.3( 66.0 )69.1( 21.0- )73.0-( 80.0 )72.0(
YY + Y” 82.0 )93.2( 53.0 )40.3( 84.0- )83.0-( 97.0 )47.6(
c 63.5 )98.0( 93.9 )28.8(
2T 90.3- )80.1-( 27.4- )23.8-(
G 26.0 )71.5( 11.0 )97.0(
2c 21.0- )87.4-( 00.0- )70.0-(
$ 98.0 )99.0(
2c 70.0- )09.0-(
rentrap 10.0- )32.0-( 00.0- )70.0( 00.0- )50.0-( 00.0 )40.0(
redneg 00.0- )41.0-( 10.0 )74.0( 10.0 )71.0( 10.0 )62.0(
ega 00.0 )52.0( 00.0- -( )16.1 00.0 )91.0( 00.0 )92.0(
tnatsnoc 22.0- )86.1-( 01.0 )86.0( 91.0- )53.1-( 02.0- )26.1-(
-2 R 11.0 41.0 32.0 32.0
CIA 8101 599 398 988
tnairav( 3), ,dna ,yllanif a tnairav gnieb the tsom yrotcafsitas eno morf htob na cimonoce
tnacifingis( stneiciffeoc dna correct )sngis dna lacitsitats desab( no the ekiakA
noitamrofnI noiretirC ))CIA( ”.tniopweiv hguohtlA tnairav 3 si deugalp yb -itlum
” eW detamitse noitacificeps (l), ni hcihw eht stneiciffeoc fo eht dnuorgkcab selbairav yam reffid ssorca
.soiranecs ,revewoH rof lla snoitareneg stset-F wohs taht ta eht level-%5 enon fo eht stneiciffeoc fo eht
dnuorgkcab selbairav ,3.i4( i, s = )3,2,1 era yltnacifingis tnereffid ssorca eht secnereffid( )neewteb .soiranecs
roF ,ecnatsni rof eht elbairav rentrap fo eht dlo noitareneg eht sisehtopyh ~,14 = ~,14 = 3.14 tonnac eb .detcejer
,eroferehT dna rof snosaer fo ,noitatneserp ew evah nesohc ot tneserp eht stluser fo eht sledom ni hcihw eht
stneiciffeoc fo eht dnuorgkcab scitsiretcarahc era lauqe ssorca eht .soiranecs
215 E.C.M. van der Heijden et nl./J. ofE conomic Behavior & Org. 32 (1997) S-518
elbaT 3
noitamitsE stluser rof eht redlo noitareneg
tnairav I 2 3 4
P 85.0 )97.3( 96.0 )25.4( 24.0 )45.2( 64.0 )61.3(
P + Ym 80.0 )94.1( 14.0 )13.4( 26.0 )83.1( 67.0 )26.3(
71.31 )70.3( 67.21 )55.6(
?G’ 51.7- )35.3-( 22.7- )32.6-(
,”I 20.4- )36.0-(
2G 09.0 )56.0(
2g 64.0 )59.1( 42.1 )87.0(
90.OP )70.3-( 91.0- )77.0-(
rentrap 50.0 )34.1( 70.0 ( )49.1 80.0 )50.2( 80.0 )02.2(
redneg 70.0 )10.2( 70.0 )51.2( 80.0 )52.2( 80.0 )23.2(
ega 10.0- )04.1-( 10.0- p( )34.1 10.0- -( )75.1 10.0- )85.1-(
tnatsnoc 60.0 )22.0( 61.0 )46.0( 01.0 )14.0( 50.0 )12.0(
-2 R 60.0 11.0 31.0 31.0
CIA 827 596 686 086
ytiraenilloc ,smelborp )tceridni( snoitacidni of the effects of msiurtla dna ssenriaf nac eb
deniatbo yb gnitamitse the other stnairav dna yb gnirapmoc meht htiw tnairav 3.
elbaT 1 stneserp the detamitse stneiciffeoc for the regnuoy .noitareneg ,ylsuoivbO
emitefil emocni of the gnuoy stnednopser sevlesmeht )yY( syalp a yek elor ni the
noitaulave of the noisnep .metsys stI tneiciffeoc si tnacifingis dna evitisop ni lla the
stnairav .deredisnoc ,rehtruF ti si rather tsubor revo the ;snoitacificeps sti egareva eulav
gnieb 1.34. ehT noitcudortni of ,msiurtla derusaem aiv the emocni of others, dna ,ssenriaf
derusaem aiv the rates of ,nruter sevorpmi the yrotanalpxe power of the noitauqe dna the
eulav of the KA rewol( CIA seulav are .)retteb ehT detamitse tneiciffeoc of msiurtla .e.i(
)@, si rewol naht that of the s’noitareneg nwo emocni tub yltnacifingis evitisop dna tsubor
nehw at tsom the rates of nruter for the gnuoy sevlesmeht are dedulcni stnairav( 1 dna 2).
dedis-enO stset-r show that klf > 0 at the 5% ,level hcihw stroppus erutcejnoC .I gniddA
the rates of nruter of the dlo noitareneg (rz dna r$) ni noitidda ot msiurtla sdael ot
smelborp gnidrager the lacitsitats ecnacifingis of the selbairav dna rieht ;sngis see tnairav
3. ,revewoH lanoitidda snoitamitse ton reported here (see naV der ,nedjieH 1996) show
that esicerp dna lufgninaem setamitse for rz dna 2ir nac eb deniatbo nehw msiurtla si ton
.dedulcni nI that case, dedis-owt stset-F laever that the sisehtopyh that the stneiciffeoc of
the rates of nruter of the ylredle are lauqe ot zero nac eb detcejer at the 5% .level nI
,noitidda dedis-eno stset-t show that the separate stneiciffeoc evah the expected ngis dna
that yeht are tnacifingis at the 5% .level rehtegoT these stluser are ni ruovaf of erutcejnoC
II that y > 0 dna 6 < 0 . morF stnairav 1 dna 4, dna morf lanoitidda setamitse ton
reported here, ti appears that the noitamitse stluser for the rates of nruter of the gnuoy dna
dega-elddim noitareneg neve erom ylgnorts troppus erutcejnoC :II on rettam whether or
ton msiurtla si ,dedulcni the seulav of the detamitse stneiciffeoc yfsitas the desoppus
cilobarap .noitacificeps tahT ,si dedis-owt stset-F that y = 0 dna S = 0 dna dedis-eno -t
tests that y 5 0 dna S > 0 nac eb detcejer at the 5% .level sihT seilpmi that regnuoy
stcejbus evah emos aedi gnidrager ’riaf‘ rates of nruter htob for rieht nwo dna for other
E.C.M. van der Heijden et al./J. of Economic Behavior & Org. 32 (1997) 505-518 513
.snoitareneg eW lliw emoc kcab ot that .retal tnairaV 4 si the ledom htiw a good, that ,si
,wol CIA eulav dna correct seulav for lla selbairav ;dedulcni desab no a tset-2x we nac
edulcnoc that the CIA eulav of tnairav 4 si ton yltnacifingis tnereffid morf that of tnairav
3. ,yllaniF stset-F mrifnoc that tnairav 4 si a tsubor .noitacificeps tahT ,si on selbairav nac
eb dedulcxe elihw the rates of nruter of the ylredle tonnac eb .dedulcni
nI lla ,snoitacificeps the stneiciffeoc of the dnuorgkcab scitsiretcarahc are rather .tsubor
ehT tneiciffeoc for the ecneserp of a rentrap si yltnacifingis .evitagen ehT ecneserp of a
rentrap yam eb na rotacidni for the ecneserp of nerdlihc dna suht for the ezis of the
.dlohesuoh sihT thgim nialpxe yhw segnahc ni the metsys dael ot yltnacifingis regral
sessol dna rellams sniag nehw a rentrap si .tneserp egA dna redneg evah a llams ,tsubor
tub yltsom ,tnacifingisni evitagen effect. enO nosaer for siht age effect dluoc eb that redlo
stnednopser evah fewer sevitanretla ot the cilbup noisnep emehcs naht do regnuoy
.slaudividni ,yllaniF the tpecretni mret si llams dna tsom of the emit .tnacifingisni
elbaT 2 stneserp the noisserger stluser for the dega-elddim .noitareneg tahW sdnats tuo
etiuq ylbakramer si the ssel tsubor effect of rieht nwo emitefil emocni .)mY( gniddA
,msiurtla ni ralucitrap ,ssenriaf sevorpmi the yrotanalpxe power dna secuder the .CIA ehT
rates of nruter of the ylredle (5 dna c’) appear ot erefretni htiw msiurtla ,niaga tub osla
htiw the emitefil semocni of the dega-elddim erapmoc( stnairav 1 dna 2 htiw stnairav 3
dna 4). nehW c dna c2 are ton ,dedulcni the detamitse tneiciffeoc of msiurtla si
yltnacifingis ;evitisop siht stroppus erutcejnoC .I ,eromrehtruF dedis-owt stset-F dna -eno
dedis stset-t at the 5% level edivorp ecnedive for erutcejnoC II gninrecnoc the rates of
nruter of lla .snoitareneg ,revewoH for the rates of nruter htiw respect ot the redlo
,noitareneg siht ylno sdloh nehw msiurtla si ton dedulcni noitacificeps( ton detneserp
here). hguohtlA the tneiciffeoc of s’eno nwo emocni si ton yltnacifingis ,evitisop tnairav 4
sevig the tseb ledom ni smret of ;CIA the CIA eulav si yltnacifingis rewol naht that of
tnairav 3, hcihw si ni sti nrut yltnacifingis rewol naht those of stnairav 1 dna 2.
,eromrehtruF tnairav 4 si tsubor nehw gniylppa .stset-F
yrartnoC ot what was dnuof for the gnuoy ,noitareneg dnuorgkcab scitsiretcarahc
yldrah affect the ytilitu of the dega-elddim .noitareneg sihT stseggus that the snoitaulave
of the noisnep metsys do ton dneped no the cificeps oiranecs yeht are detnorfnoc .htiw
elbaT 3 shows that for the ylredle rieht nwo lautca emocni has a yltnacifingis evitisop
effect no the noitaulave of the noisnep .metsys ehT detamitse stneiciffeoc of rieht nwo
emocni are tsubor tub ylbaredisnoc rellams derapmoc htiw those of the other .snoitarene
5-
noitcudortnI of msiurtla dna ssenriaf niaga stluser ni a ylbaredisnoc rehgih R dna rewol
.KA nI ruovaf of erutcejnoC ,I the detamitse tneiciffeoc of msiurtla si evitisop ni lla
stnairav ,deredisnoc hguoht ton syawla tnacifingis at the 5% level dedis-eno( .)stset-?
,revoeroM the ezis of siht tneiciffeoc ni tnairav 1, that ,si tuohtiw yna rates of ,nruter si
hcum rewol naht for the other two .snoitareneg eW osla dnif ecnedive for erutcejnoC ;II
lla yltnacifingis detamitse stneiciffeoc for the rates of nruter syawla yfsitas y > 0 dna
S < 0 dna the tnioj sisehtopyh y = 0 dna 6 = 0 nac eb detcejer at the 5% level gnidulcni(
lanoitidda .)setamitse ,yllaicepsE the rates of nruter of the gnuoy noitareneg appear ot
evah a tsubor dna tnacifingis effect across lla snoitacificeps for the .ylredle ,niagA
noitamitse of the lluf ledom tnairav( 3) sdael ot lacitsitats dna noitaterpretni .smelborp sA
for the dega-elddim ,noitareneg tnairav 4 sevig a good dna lufgninaem ledom for the dlo
.noitareneg sihT ,noitacificeps hcihw sedulcni msiurtla dna the rates of nruter of the