society for ecological restoration TheScienceandPracticeofEcologicalRestoration EditorialBoard JamesAronson,editor KarenD.Holl,associateeditor DonaldA.Falk,RichardJ.Hobbs,MargaretA.Palmer Acompletelistoftitlesinthisseriescanbefoundinthebackofthisbook. The Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) is an international nonprofit orga- nizationwhosemissionistopromoteecologicalrestorationasameanstosustain- ing the diversity of life on Earth and reestablishing an ecologically healthy rela- tionshipbetweennatureandculture.Sinceitsfoundationin1988,SERhasbeen promoting the science and practice of ecological restoration around the world throughitspublications,conferences,andchapters. SER is a rapidly growing community of restoration ecologists and ecological restoration practitioners dedicated to developing science-based restoration prac- ticesaroundtheglobe.Withmembersinmorethanforty-eightcountriesandall fifty US states, SER is the world’s leading restoration organization. For more in- formationortobecomeamember,[email protected],orvisitourwebsite atwww.ser.org. tidal marsh restoration Tidal Marsh Restoration A Synthesis of Science and Management Edited by Charles T. Roman and David M. Burdick Washington|Covelo|London Copyright©2012IslandPress AllrightsreservedunderInternationalandPan-AmericanCopyrightConventions.Nopartofthisbookmaybe reproducedinanyformorbyanymeanswithoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher:IslandPress,1718 ConnecticutAvenueNW,Suite300,Washington,DC20009 IslandPressisatrademarkofTheCenterforResourceEconomics. NocopyrightclaimismadeintheworksofSusanC.Adamowicz,KathleenO’Brien,RussellGreenberg, LawrenceR.Oliver,JohnW.Portnoy,EdwardL.Reiner,CharlesT.Roman,StephenM.Smith,andCathleen Wigand,employeesofthefederalgovernment.Theviewsandconclusionspresentedinthechaptersofthis bookarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftherespectiveagenciesofthefederal employees(NationalParkService,SmithsonianInstitution,USArmyCorpsofEngineers,USEnvironmental ProtectionAgency,USFishandWildlifeService)ortheUnitedStates.Mentionoftradenamesorcommercial productsdoesnotconstituteendorsementorrecommendationforusebytheabove-citedfederalagencies. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Tidalmarshrestoration:asynthesisofscienceandmanagement/editedbyCharlesT.Roman, DavidM.Burdick. p.cm.— (Thescienceandpracticeofecologicalrestorationseries) ISBN978-1-59726-575-1(hardback)—ISBN1-59726-575-6(cloth)—ISBN978-1-59726-576-8(paper) 1. Saltmarshrestoration.2. Saltmarshecology. I.Roman,CharlesT.(CharlesTrue)II.Burdick,DavidM. QH541.5.S24T532012 578.769—dc23 2012014219 Printedonrecycled,acid-freepaper ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Keywords:IslandPress,tidalmarsh,tidalrestoration,restorationecology,ecologicalrestoration,saltmarsh, tidalwetlands,ecosystemservices,coastalwetlands,adaptivemanagement,ecologicalmonitoring contents foreword xiii W.GregoryHoodandCharlesA.Simenstad acknowledgments xvii PARTI.Introduction 1 Chapter1. ASynthesisofResearchandPracticeonRestoringTides toSaltMarshes 3 CharlesT.RomanandDavidM.Burdick PARTII.SynthesisofTidalRestorationScience 11 Chapter2. PredictingtheHydrologicResponseofSaltMarshestoTidal Restoration:TheScienceandPracticeofHydraulicModeling 13 JamesG.MacBroomandRoySchiff Chapter3. BiogeochemicalResponsestoTidalRestoration 39 ShimonC.Anisfeld Chapter4. VegetationResponsestoTidalRestoration 59 StephenM.SmithandR.ScottWarren Chapter5. EcologyofPhragmitesaustralisandResponsesto TidalRestoration 81 RandolphM.Chambers,LauraA.Meyerson,andKimberlyL.Dibble Chapter6. AMeta-analysisofNektonResponsestoRestorationof Tide-RestrictedNewEnglandSaltMarshes 97 KennethB.RaposaandDrewM.Talley Chapter7. AvianCommunityResponsestoTidalRestorationalongthe NorthAtlanticCoastofNorthAmerica 119 W.GregoryShriverandRussellGreenberg PARTIII.ThePracticeofRestoringTide-RestrictedMarshes 145 Chapter8. RestorationofTidalFlowtoDegradedTidalWetlands inConnecticut 147 RonRozsa Chapter9. SaltMarshRestorationinRhodeIsland 157 CaitlinChaffee,WenleyFerguson,andMarciColeEkberg Chapter10. RestorationofTidalFlowtoSaltMarshes: TheMassachusettsExperience 165 HuntDurey,TimothySmith,andMarcCarullo Chapter11. RestorationofTidalFlowtoSaltMarshes: TheNewHampshireExperience 173 TedDiersandFrankD.Richardson Chapter12. RestorationofTidalFlowtoSaltMarshes: TheMaineExperience 183 JonKachmarandElizabethHertz Chapter13. SaltMarshTidalRestorationinCanada’s MaritimeProvinces 191 TonyM.Bowron,NancyNeatt,DanikavanProosdij, andJeremyLundholm PARTIV.IntegratingScienceandPractice 211 Chapter14. AdaptiveManagementandMonitoringasFundamental ToolstoEffectiveSaltMarshRestoration 213 RobertN.BuchsbaumandCathleenWigand Chapter15. RecoveringSaltMarshEcosystemServicesthrough TidalRestoration 233 GailL.Chmura,DavidM.Burdick,andGreggE.Moore Chapter16. RoleofSimulationModelsinUnderstandingtheSalt MarshRestorationProcess 253 RaymondA.Konisky Chapter17. IncorporatingInnovativeEngineeringSolutionsintoTidal RestorationStudies 277 WilliamC.Glamore