Table Of Content

Ticks This page intentionally left blank Ticks Biology, Ecology, and Diseases Nicholas Johnson Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, United Kingdom AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyany means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformation storageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailson howtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspolicies andourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandthe CopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyright bythePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professional practices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafety andthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,or editors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasa matterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofany methods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-91148-1 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublicationsvisitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:NikkiP.Levy AcquisitionsEditor:KelseyConnors EditorialProjectManager:KyleGravel ProductionProjectManager:KiruthikaGovindaraju CoverDesigner: TypesetbyTNQTechnologies This book is dedicated to my sons, Jack and Harry. This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface................................................................................................xiii CHAPTER 1 A brief introduction to ticks.....................................1 Why study ticks? (Andwritea book about them)....................1 Anote onnamingof ticks...................................................3 The structure ofthe book....................................................4 Conclusions......................................................................5 References........................................................................6 CHAPTER 2 Tick classification and diversity..............................9 Introduction......................................................................9 Tick taxonomy.................................................................10 The families....................................................................11 The Ixodidae:the hard ticks...............................................12 The Argasidae: the soft ticks..............................................13 The Nuttalliellidae: Nuttalliella namaqua the odd oneout!......13 Tick morphology..............................................................14 Identification ofticks using morphology...............................17 Identification ofticks using genetic sequence........................18 Identification ofticks using proteomics................................20 Conclusions.....................................................................20 References.......................................................................21 CHAPTER 3 The tick life cycle..................................................25 Introduction.....................................................................25 Hard ticks........................................................................27 Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus,1758)da questingtick...............27 Ixodes uriae (White,1852)da nest dweller.......................29 Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus, 1758)davector on the rise...................................................................31 Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius,1794)dan ornamented tick............................................................31 Hyalomma marginatum (Koch, 1844)dahunting tick.........33 Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrina, 1888)daone host tick......................................................................34 Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806)da tick adapted toman’s best friend...........................................35 vii viii Contents Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann,1901)dthe invader..36 Soft ticks.........................................................................37 Ornithodorosmoubata(Murray, 1877)dinto the burrows....37 Argas vespertilionis (Latreille, 1802)dlife onthewing.......38 Conclusions.....................................................................39 References.......................................................................40 CHAPTER 4 Blood feeding as a life choice and the multiple functions of tick saliva...........................................45 Introduction.....................................................................45 Finding ahost..................................................................46 Attachment......................................................................48 Engorgement....................................................................49 Detachment.....................................................................49 Problemsassociated with blood feeding................................50 Thermoregulation.............................................................50 Water balance..................................................................51 Interruptedfeeding............................................................51 Hyperparasitism...............................................................51 The exception tothe blood-feeding rule................................52 Tick saliva.......................................................................52 Structure ofthe tick salivary gland......................................53 The functions oftick salivary glands andsaliva.....................54 The effect on skin at the bite site.........................................56 The roleof ticksaliva inpathogen transmission.....................57 Antitick vaccination usingcomponents oftick saliva..............58 Conclusions.....................................................................59 References.......................................................................59 CHAPTER 5 An introduction to tick-borne disease.....................65 Africa.............................................................................67 Asia...............................................................................68 Australia and New Zealand................................................68 Europe............................................................................69 North America.................................................................70 South and Central America.................................................71 Summary.........................................................................71 References.......................................................................72 CHAPTER 6 Tick-borne diseases of humans..............................75 Introduction.....................................................................75 Tick-borne disease caused by viruses...................................77 Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever..........................................77 Contents ix Coloradotick fever.......................................................78 Crimeanecongo hemorrhagic fever..................................78 Eyach virus.................................................................80 KyasanurForestdisease.................................................80 Omsk hemorrhagic fever................................................81 Powassan encephalitis anddeer tick virus.........................84 Tick-borneencephalitis..................................................85 Tick-bornediseases caused by bacteria.................................87 Human granulocytic anaplasmosis...................................87 Lyme borreliosis...........................................................87 Ehrlichiosis..................................................................89 Rickettsiosis................................................................90 Tularemia....................................................................90 CoxiellaburnetiidQfever.............................................92 Tick-bornediseases caused by protozoa................................93 Babesiosis...................................................................93 Nonpathogen-associated disease..........................................95 Conclusions.....................................................................96 References.......................................................................97 CHAPTER 7 Tick-borne diseases of animals............................107 Introduction...................................................................107 Tick-bornediseasesdviruses............................................109 African swine fever.....................................................109 Ovine encephalitis (louping ill).....................................110 Nairobisheep disease..................................................112 Thogotovirus.............................................................112 Tick-bornediseasesdprotozoa..........................................113 Babesiosis.................................................................113 Theileriosis................................................................115 Bovinetheileriosis......................................................117 Tick-bornediseasesdbacteria...........................................118 Tick-bornefever(anaplasmosis inanimals).....................118 Heartwater/cowdriosis.................................................119 Canine ehrlichiosis......................................................121 Hepatozoonosis..........................................................121 Conclusions...................................................................122 References.....................................................................123