Thyroid and Parathyroid Ultrasound and Ultrasound-Guided FNA PDF
Preview Thyroid and Parathyroid Ultrasound and Ultrasound-Guided FNA
Daniel S. Duick Robert A. Levine Mark A. Lupo Editors Thyroid and Parathyroid Ultrasound and Ultrasound-Guided FNA Fourth Edition 123 Thyroid and Parathyroid Ultrasound and Ultrasound- Guided FNA Daniel S. Duick • Robert A. Levine Mark A. Lupo Editors Thyroid and Parathyroid Ultrasound and Ultrasound-Guided FNA Fourth Edition Editors Daniel S. Duick Robert A. Levine University of Arizona, College Geisel School of Medicine at of Medicine Dartmouth, Thyroid Center of Phoenix, AZ, USA New Hampshire, St. Joseph Hospital, Endocrinology Associates, P. A. Nashua, NH, USA Scottsdale, AZ, USA Mark A. Lupo Florida State University, College of Medicine Tallahassee, FL, USA Thyroid & Endocrine Center of Florida Sarasota, FL, USA ISBN 978-3-319-67237-3 ISBN 978-3-319-67238-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67238-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017960819 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018, 2013, 2008, 2000 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduc- tion on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of pub- lication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword Fourth Edition of the “Thyroid and Parathyroid Ultrasound and Ultrasound-Guided FNA” When I began my career in endocrinology in 1971, and spe- cifically in thyroidology, evaluation of the thyroid nodule simply involved a careful history and physical examination, as well as, in some cases, nuclear scanning. Ultrasound and, for that matter, other imaging techniques were not available. Despite what seems crude by today’s standards, we thought we did pretty well. Then, years later, thyroid ultrasound became available, and that revolutionized our approach to patient evaluation and management and especially, with the additional advent of fine needle aspiration, to cytologic evaluation of nodules. Indeed, thyroid ultrasound has become standard practice in the evaluation of patients with thyroid nodules; it is an indispensable extension of our eyes and fingers. In this fourth edition of the “Thyroid and Parathyroid Ultrasound and Ultrasound-Guided FNA” by Duick, Levine, and Lupo, the authors manage to synthesize the essentials of their prior three editions and provide a comprehensive and expanded review on the latest in the diagnosis and manage- ment of thyroid nodules, as well as focusing on parathyroid disease and non-endocrine lesions of the neck. They rely not only on their extensive collective clinical experience but on reviews of prior and current peer-reviewed publications. The authors, all experts in thyroid and p arathyroid disease, cover not only thyroid and parathyroid disease but also have a vi Foreword chapter on imaging of the salivary glands and other non- endocrine lesions of the neck, mindful of the fact that those of us who perform (and evaluate) neck ultrasound also detect non-thyroid and parathyroid lesions. In this edition, the authors expand the chapters on both surgical and nonsurgical management. Since the publication of the third edition of this book, the use of molecular markers in thyroid evaluation has become both more sensitive and specific, and an excellent chapter addresses this issue. Finally, as more endocrinologists and surgeons perform ultrasounds in their office practices, it is essential that detailed reports are available to referring physicians and that they also include adequate information for billing purposes. The authors recognize this and include a chapter on author- ing ultrasound reports. In summary, this fourth edition brings together the collec- tive wisdom of specialists who treat patients with thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, and parathyroid disease and should serve as the “go-to” source for surgeons, endocrinologists, fellows, and residents. Peter A. Singer, MD Clinical Endocrinology, Thyroid Diagnostic Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC Los Angeles, CA, USA Preface Fourth Edition of the Thyroid Ultrasound and Ultrasound-Guided FNA Textbook Ultrasound has become ingrained as the classical utilization of applied technology for both diagnostic and interventional therapeutic approaches to the management of thyroid and parathyroid conditions. It is an invaluable tool for the prac- tice of thyroidology and is most beneficial when performed in real time by a physician or a practitioner who is skilled and knowledgeable in the anatomy of the neck. The recognition of imagery patterns suggestive of a gener- alized disease state, the presence and evaluation of thyroid nodules, the search for a parathyroid tumor when there is biochemical evidence of hyperparathyroidism, and the assess- ment for residual tissue and lymphadenopathy of the postop- erative thyroid cancer neck are all related issues that ultrasound is capable of optimally imaging. There continues to be technologic advances in demon- strating ultrasound images on the visual screen which enhance gray scale and employ both color flow Doppler and power Doppler which add additional information to the analysis of the thyroid gland, parathyroid tumors, and lymph nodes as well as other structures in the neck. Ultrasound remains the number one invaluable tool for assessing the endocrine neck, and the performance of real- time ultrasound is unquestionably the optimum methodology for utilization. Scottsdale, AZ, USA Daniel S. Duick, MD, MACE Contents 1 History of Thyroid Ultrasound ................... 1 Robert A. Levine and J. Woody Sistrunk 2 Thyroid Ultrasound Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Robert A. Levine 3 Doppler Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Robert A. Levine 4 Normal Neck Anatomy and Method of Performing Ultrasound Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Vijaya Chockalingam, Sarah Smith, and Mira Milas 5 Pediatric Ultrasound of the Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Hank Baskin 6 Diffuse Thyroid Disease (DTD) and Thyroiditis . . . . 141 Stephanie L. Lee 7 Ultrasound of Thyroid Nodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Susan J. Mandel and Jill E. Langer 8 Ultrasound and Mapping of Neck Lymph Nodes . . . 225 Catherine F. Sinclair, Dipti Kamani, Gregory W. Randolph, Barry Sacks, and H. Jack Baskin Sr. 9 Ultrasonography of the Parathyroid Glands . . . . . . . 263 Dev Abraham 10 Surgical Trends in Ultrasound Applications for the Treatment of Thyroid Nodules, Thyroid Cancer, and Parathyroid Disease ........................ 293 Stacey Klyn and Mira Milas x Contents 11 Ultrasound of Salivary Glands and the Non- endocrine Neck ........................... 313 Vinay T. Fernandes and Lisa A. Orloff 12 Ultrasound-Guided Fine- Needle Biopsy of Thyroid Nodules ............................ 359 Mark A. Lupo and Daniel S. Duick 13 Laser and Radiofrequency Ablation Procedures .... 389 Petros Tsamatropoulos and Roberto Valcavi 14 Percutaneous Ethanol Injection (PEI) for Thyroid Cysts and Other Neck Lesions . . . . . . . . 429 Andrea Frasoldati, Petros Tsamatropoulos, and Daniel S. Duick 15 Utilization of Molecular Markers in the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Susan J. Hsiao and Yuri E. Nikiforov 16 Ultrasound Elastography of Thyroid Nodules . . . . . . 489 Ghobad Azizi and Carl D. Malchoff 17 Authoring Quality Ultrasound Reports . . . . . . . . . . . 517 J. Woody Sistrunk Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535 Contributors Dev Abraham, MBBS, MRCP(UK) Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Ghobad Azizi, MD Endocrinology, Wilmington Endocrinology, Wilmington, NC, USA H. Jack Baskin Sr., MD, MACE University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA Hank Baskin, MD, DABR Pediatric Section, Intermountain Healthcare Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Medical Imaging, Primary Children’s Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Vijaya Chockalingam, MD Endocrinology, Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA Daniel S. Duick, MD, MACE University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA Endocrinology Associates, PA, Scottsdale, AZ, USA Vinay T. Fernandes, MD, FRCSC Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Andrea Frasoldati, MD, PhD Endocrinology Unit, Medical Specialities Department, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova – IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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