THURSDAY MORNING, 1 DECEMBER 2016 LEHUA, 8:30 AM TO 11:30 AM Session 4aAA ...

123 Pages·2016·2.48 MB·English

THURSDAYMORNING,1DECEMBER2016 LEHUA,8:30A.M.TO11:30A.M.
Session4aAA
ArchitecturalAcoustics:AssortedTopicsinArchitecturalAcousticsI
ShinsukeNakanishi,Cochair
DepartmentofEngineering,HiroshimaInternationalUniversity,5-1-1,Hiro-koshingai,Kure737-0112,Japan
DavidS.Woolworth,Cochair
OxfordAcoustics,356CR102,Oxford,MS38655
ContributedPapers
8:30 soundstrengthGandthecentertimeTs,havebeenestimatedthroughana-
lyzingtheimpulseresponsesmeasuredineachauditorium.Theseparame-
4aAA1. Design, construction, and evaluation of an omni-directional
ters were spectrally averaged according to the most accepted criteria for
loudspeaker (Dodecahedron).Maryam Landi,VahidNaderyan(Dept.of
soundqualityevaluationinauditoriumsandwereexpressedasafunctionof
Phys. and Astronomy & National Ctr. for Phys. Acoust., Univ. of MS,
source-receiverdistance.Theexperimentalresultswerecomparedwithpre-
NCPA,145HillDr.,University,MS38677,[email protected]),and
dictions by classical and existing theoretical models proposed for concert
DavidS.Woolworth(Roland,Woolworth&Assoc.,Oxford,MS)
hallsandchurches.Asemi-empiricalmodelbasedonthemeasuredvalues
Dodecahedronloudspeaker(Dodec)isanomni-directionalsoundsource ofearlyandlatesoundlevelsisproposedinthiswork.Thegoodagreement
intheshapeofa12-sidedloudspeakerwitheachsidebeingapentagon.The betweenpredictedvaluesandexperimentaldataofclarity,definition,sound
omni-directionalityofthissoundsourcemakesitmainlyapplicableinroom strength, and center time in the auditoriums analyzed indicates that the
acousticalandsoundinsulationmeasurementsandresearchasitcanexcite newlyproposedmodelcanbeusedfordesignpredictionswithreasonable
andsaturatetheroomasmuchaspossible.Dodecisagoodapproximation accuracy.
of a point sound source. Commercially available omni-directional loud-
9:15
speakersarenoteconomicallyefficientforsomepurposes.Thispaperout-
lines a simple and inexpensive Dodec loudspeaker designed, constructed, 4aAA4. Elucidation of a mechanism of acoustic impedance technique
andevaluatedusingISO140andISO3382standardsasreferenceaspartof using two cardioid microphones and ensemble averaging method.
anindependentcoursework.TheDodecwasevaluatedinananechoiccham- Kazuma Hoshi and Toshiki Hanyu (Dept. of Architecture and Living
ber.ThemeasureddirectivityofthisDodecmeetsthestandardsforomni- Design, Nihon Univ., 7-24-1, Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 2748501,
directionalityatallfrequencies. Japan,[email protected])
8:45 Recently,thereisgrowingneedforin-situimpedancemeasurementof
severalmaterials.Weproposeusingtwocardioidmicrophones(calledC-C
4aAA2. Room acoustic measurement techniques for large venues
sensor)forit.C-Csensorhasmanyadvantagesagainsttwoomnidirectional
(greater than 10,000 cubic meters) in 2016. Jason R. Duty, Jeremy L.
microphones(calledP-Psensor)andoneomnidirectionalmicrophoneand
Decker,andPeterK.Holst(CharlesSalterAssoc.,130SutterSt.,Fl.5,San
soundvelocity(calledP-Usensor).IreportedthepossibilityofusingC-C
Francisco,CA94104,[email protected])
sensorformeasuringacousticimpedanceon12thWesternPacificAcoustics
From sine sweeps to maximum-length sequence (MLS) type signals, Conference2015(WESPAC2015)andInternationalCongressonAcoustics
balloonexplosionstotheyachtingcannon,optionstomeasureroomacous- 2016(ICA2016).Whenmeasuringsomeporousmaterials,C-Cmethodcan
ticsinlargevenueshaveincreasedoverthepastcoupleofdecades.There measureacousticimpedanceassameasusingP-Pmethod,andC-Cmethod
arenewdevelopmentsbyacademiaandequipmentmanufacturers,aswell candoitfrom100Hztoover10kHz.Next,wetriedtoelucidatethemecha-
as improvements on older methods. What are these new methods? What nismofusingC-CsensorandEnsembleAveraging(EA)methodusingnu-
acousticalcharacteristicscanonemeasurewitheachmethod?Thispresenta- mericalexperiments.Asaresult,therangeinapplicationofC-Csensorfor
tiondescribesthedifferentsourceoptionstomeasureroomacousticalchar- measuring acoustic impedance was clarified. In this presentation, we’ll
acteristicsinlargerspaces. introducethemeasuringtechniqueandmechanism.
9:00 9:30
4aAA3.Acousticalenergyrelationsinauditoriums.JianliangGao,Shiu- 4aAA5. Absorption coefficient: Dead or alive? Results of the “ASTM
KeungTang(Bldg.ServicesEng.,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniv.,Rm. C423 Inter Laboratory Study". Ronald Sauro (NWAA Labs, Inc., 90
ZS801,8/F,BlockZ,181ChathamRd.South,Hunghom,Kowloon999077, TowerBlvd.,Elma,WA98541,[email protected])
HongKong,[email protected]),andYuezheZhao(StateKey
In 2009 and 2011, papers were presented questioning the procedures
Lab.ofSubtropicalBldg.Sci.,SouthChinaUniv.ofTechnol.,Guangzhou,
used to measure absorption and the conversion to an “Absorption Coef-
Guangdong,China)
ficient.”Partoftheproblemwastheresultsoftheseconversionsresultedin
Extensive objective energy-based parameters have been measured in coefficientsabove1.0.Theseresultsindicatedaproblemwiththeprocessor
threeauditoriums(2scalemodelsand1sitesurvey)inthepresentstudy. withtheconversiontoan“AbsorptionCoefficient.”Sincethattimeenough
Mono-auralmeasurementsinthefrequencyrangefrom125Hzto4000Hz datahavebeenpresentedtotheASTMtoresultinanInterLaboratoryStudy
(octaveband)wereconductedinunoccupiedauditoriumsaccordingtothe (ILS)ontheefficacyofASTMC-423andothersimilarworldwidestand-
standardISO3382-1:2009.Acousticalparameters,namely,theclarityC , ards. Many corporate and independent laboratories tookpart in this study
80
the definition D , the early sound level Le, the late sound level Ll, the and the results of this ILS will be presented in this paper. These results
50
3236 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3236
helpedshowthattheprocessofmeasuringabsorptionandthecalculationof needed to calculate speech intelligibility indices for speech intelligibility
the“AbsorptionCoefficient”hashadabasicflawiniteversinceitwasfirst and speech privacy. In open offices, sound-level reductions per distance
proposedinthe1920s.Proposedchangesarediscussedaswellasproposed doubling(DL2)weremeasured.Noiseisolationsofinternalpartitionsofdif-
new calculations for use in calculating absorption in rooms. This should ferent designs (double-plasterboard construction, modular or built in-situ,
result in more accurate and consistent calculations of reverberation times risingtothesuspendedceilingortothefloor-ceilingslab,withoutandwith
for acousticconsultants.It ishopedthattheseresultswillresultina new doors,differentamountsofglass)weremeasured.Theacousticalcharacter-
standardforthesemeasurements. isticswerecomparedtodesigncriteriatoevaluatetheiracceptability.The
resultsarepresented,andarerelatedtoroomtypeandpartitiondesign.An
9:45 empirical model for predicting partition noise isolation, developed using
regressiontechniques,isdiscussed.Theknowledgegainedfromthisstudy
4aAA6. Sound absorption of Helmholtz resonators included a neck
informs the decision-making of designers and facilities management for
extensionbuiltinsurfacepanel.ShinsukeNakanishi(Dept.ofEng.,Hiro-
upgradesandfuturedesignprojects.
shimaInt.Univ.,5-1-1,Hiro-koshingai,Kure737-0112,Japan,s-nakani@
it.hirokoku-u.ac.jp) 10:45
AcousticresonantabsorberlikeaperforatedpaneloraHelmholtzreso- 4aAA9.Subjectiveacousticalqualityinhealthcareofficefacilities.Mur-
nator can be tunedat a low frequencybyextendingits neckor enlarging rayHodgson(UBC,2206EastMall,Vancouver,BCV6T1Z3,Canada,mur-
cavityvolume.However,atotalsizeoftheresonatorsisoftenquitelarge [email protected])
when the neck or the cavity is simply extended for tuning at a low fre-
quency.PreviousresearchershavestudiedHelmholtzresonatorshortenedin Health-carefacilitiesincludemanynon-clinicalofficespacesforadmin-
itssizebysubsidedneckintobackaircavity,andconfirmthatthisresonator istrativestaff;theroleofacousticsinthesespaceshasbeenunderexplored.
istunedatlowfrequencywithoutadeepcavity.Theauthorhasstudiedthe Thispaperdiscussestheacousticalpartofastudyofindoorenvironmental
effectsofa windingbuilt-inneckextensiontosoundabsorptionofperfo- quality(IEQ)in17healthcareofficefacilities.Asubjectivesurveyassessed
ratedpanels,whichshowssameeffectsasthesubsidedneckintobackcav- officeworkerperceptionsoftheirenvironmentsingeneral,andsatisfaction
ity. This study obtains sound absorption coefficient by measuring surface with the acoustics. Self-reported productivity, well-being, and health out-
acousticimpedanceatHelmholtzresonator,anddiscussessoundabsorption comeswerealsocaptured.Satisfactionwaslowerwithacousticsthanwith
oftheresonatorincludedvariousneckextensionsbuiltinasurfacepanel. other aspects of IEQ. Satisfaction results were related to room type (e.g.,
Discussionsinthispaperfocuseffectsofpathlength,patterns,ornumberof open plan vs. shared vs. private office) and the absence or presence of a
turnsofthewindingneckextensionandcavityvolumetothesoundabsorp- sound-maskingsystem.AcousticswasthemostimportantaspectofIEQin
tionoftheHelmholtzresonator. predicting occupant satisfaction and well-being. Regression models were
developedtopredictworkplacesatisfaction,well-being,andjobsatisfaction
10:00–10:15Break fromsurveyresponses.Resultsofphysicalacousticalmeasurementsshowed
very low correlations with subjective responses. The knowledge gained
fromthisstudyinformsthedecision-makingofdesignersandfacilitiesman-
10:15
agementforupgradesandfuturedesignprojects.
4aAA7. A case for modular partitions in healthcare facilities. Basel
11:00
Jurdy and Kathleen Gray (Acoust., Stantec, 4100 194th St. SW Ste. 400,
Lynnwood,WA98036,[email protected]) 4aAA10. Airport Cooperative Research Project 02-51: Evaluating
methodsfor determining interior aircraft noiselevels. Randy Waldeck
In healthcare, good acoustic separation between rooms is critical for
(CSDA Design Group, 475 Sansome St., Ste. 800, San Francisco, CA
speechprivacyandusercomfort.Whiletherearemultiplefactorsthatcon-
94111, [email protected]), Paul Schomer (Schomer &
tribute to acoustic separation, this is usually achieved by increasing the
Assoc.,Champaign,IL),andJohnFreytag(Freytag&Assoc.,LLC,New-
acousticalperformanceoftheseparatingarchitecturebetweenrooms.This
portBeach,CA)
isdonebyrunningawallofaspecificSoundTransmissionClass(STC)to
structuretominimizeflankingpaths.However,runningamodularwallup Thispaperdocumentstheresultsofastudyofacousticaltestingmeth-
toorslightlyabovetheceilingtilecanreducethecostofconstructionand odsusedtoquantifyfacadenoisereductionmeasurementsforairportsound
improveprogrammaticflexibility.Insituationswherethewallrunsonlyto insulationprograms.TheresearchwasperformedfortheNationalAcademy
theceiling,theacousticceilingtile(ACT)andplenumconditionbeginsto ofSciencesasAirportCooperativeResearchProject(ACRP)02-51.Field M
playalargeroleintheacousticperformanceoftheseparatingarchitecture. measurements, in combination with acoustical calculations, were used to A
Given a high-performing ACT, a high-STC modular wall, and partially determinewhichmethodsarebestsuitedforairportsoundinsulationpro- U.
open plenum, is there a condition where good speech privacy can be grams.Loudspeaker(i.e.,exteriorelevated,exteriorgroundlevel,andinte- H
achievedbetweenroomswithoutrunningwallstostructure?Thiswasexam- rior),flyover,andsoundintensitymeasurementswereconductedthroughout T
a
ined with a mock-up for EvergreenHealth in Kirkland, WA. The results theUnitedStates.Inaddition,airinfiltrationmeasurementsandnoisereduc- 4
showthatgivencertainplenumconditionsandaCAC-40tile,theseparating tioncalculationsweremade.Resultsfromeachmethodwereanalyzedand
architectureusingamodularpartitioncanperformattheminimumSTC-45 compared.Ananalysisofeachmethod’smarginoferrorispresented,along
separationbetweenpatientroomssetbythe2014FacilityGuidelinesInsti- withBestPracticesforeachmethod.Finally,adecisionmatrixforselecting
tute(FGI)forhealthcarefacilities. theappropriateacousticaltestingmethodisincluded.
10:30 11:15
4aAA8.Objectiveacousticalqualityinhealthcareofficefacilities.Mur- 4aAA11.Lowfrequencyanalysisofacousticalparametersofemotional
rayHodgson(UBC,2206EastMall,Vancouver,BCV6T1Z3,Canada,mur- speech for use with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Peter M.
[email protected]) Moriarty(Graduate PrograminAcoust.,PennStateUniv.,201 Appl.Sci.
Bldg.,UniversityPark,PA16802,[email protected]),MichelleC.Vigeant
Health-carefacilitiesincludemanynon-clinicalofficespacesforadmin-
(Graduate Program in Acoust., Penn State Univ., State College, PA), Pan
istrativestaff;theroleofacousticsinthesespaceshasbeenunderexplored.
Liu, Rick Gilmore, Rachel Wolf, and Pamela M. Cole (Psych., The Penn
Thispaperdiscussestheacousticalpartofastudyofindoorenvironmental
StateUniv.,StateCollege,PA)
quality(IEQ)in17healthcareofficefacilities.Physicalacousticalmeasure-
mentsweremadeinsixtypesofrooms,somewithsound-maskingsystems, Amother’svoiceplaysapivotalroleinthesocialdevelopmentofher
todeterminetheacousticalcharacteristics,assesstheirquality,relatethem child. Extremeexposure to vocalized anger in the home environment can
tothebuildingdesigns,anddeveloppredictionmodels.Background-noise weakenachild’sabilitytomanagetheiremotionsandpotentiallycompro-
levels were measured in the occupied buildings. In the unoccupied build- misebasicsocietalopportunities.Itisthereforecriticaltounderstandtheve-
ings,measurementsweremadeofreverberationtimes,and“speech”levels hicleoftheemotionalcontentinspeech,knownasprosody,andspecifically
3237 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3237
theneurologicalinteractionsofamother’svoicewithherchild.Functional utterance,usuallylastingmanysecondsorrepetitiontime(TR)multiples.In
magneticresonanceimaging(fMRI)wasusedtomeasurechildren’sbrain an effort to retain some of the time-varying prosodic information of the
activitywhilestimulatedbyrecordedsoundsofmothersspeakingwithan mothers’s speech, this study included utterance-level spectral analysis of
angry,happy,sad,andneutralaffect.Activitywasmeasuredinresponseto these acoustic features belowthe Nyquist frequency of the MRI. Prelimi-
prosodic (e.g., pitch period variations, speech rate) and voice quality fea- naryresultssupporttheutilityofsuchlow-frequencyanalysisasamethod
tures(e.g.,spectraldistribution,jitter).Block-stylefMRIanalysisoftenuses for generating affect-differentiable information. [Work supported by NIH
mean values of these acoustic features taken over the length of each R21104547.]
THURSDAYMORNING,1DECEMBER2016 CORAL2,8:30A.M.TO11:35A.M.
Session4aAB
AnimalBioacoustics,SignalProcessinginAcoustics,andSpeechCommunication:SequenceInformation
inMammalianVocalCallProductionI
MarieA.Roch,Cochair
Dept.ofComputerScience,SanDiegoStateUniv.,5500CampanileDr.,SanDiego,CA92182-7720
TadamichiMorisaka,Cochair
SchoolofMarineScienceandTechnology,TokaiUniversity,3-20-1,Orido,Shimizu-ku,Shizuoka4248610,Japan
Chair’sIntroduction—8:30
InvitedPapers
8:35
4aAB1. Examining the temporal structure and information entropy of leopard seal calling bouts. John R. Buck (ECE Dept.,
UMassDartmouth,285OldWestportRd.,Dartmouth,MA02747,[email protected])andTraceyL.Rogers(SchoolofBEES,Univ.
ofNewSouthWales,Sydney,NSW,Australia)
Leopardseals(Hydrurgaleptonyx)producesequencesofstereotypedsounds,orbouts,duringtheirbreedingseason.Thesealsshare
commonsoundsbutcombinetheminindividuallydistinctivesequences.Thisstudyexaminestheunderlyingstructureofthecalling
boutsbyestimatingtheinformationentropyofthesoundsequenceswiththreeentropyestimators.Theindependentidenticallydistrib-
uted(IID)modelestimatesentropyfromthesimplefrequenciesofeachsound.TheMarkovmodelestimatesentropyfromthefrequency
ofpairsofsounds.Finally,thenonparametricslidingwindowmatchlength(SWML)estimatorexploitsarelationshipbetweentheinfor-
mationentropyandtheaveragesubsequencematchlength.Abettermodelforagivensequenceachievesalowerentropyestimate.This
studyanalyzedthecallingboutsof35leopardsealsrecordedduringthe1992-1994and1997-1998Antarcticfieldseasons.Thedecrease
ofentropyestimatesbetweentheIIDandMarkovmodelsforallsealsanalyzedconfirmedthepresenceoftemporalstructuresinthe
bouts.Fortwenty-oneofthirty-fiveseals,theSWMLentropyestimatewasnotsignificantlylessthantheMarkovestimate,suggesting
thatafirst-orderMarkovmodelaccuratelyrepresentsthestructureoftheirbouts.[WorksupportedbytheAustralian-AmericanFulbright
CommissionandtheAustralianResearchCouncil.]
8:55
4aAB2.Sequentialcallsandassociatedbehavior incaptivebeardedseals(Erignathusbarbatus).DaisukeMizuguchi(Hokkaido
NationalFisheriesRes.Inst.,NationalRes.andDevelopmentAgency,JapanFisheriesRes.andEducationAgency,116Katsurakoi,
Kushiro, Hokkaido 085-0802, Japan, [email protected]), Masatoshi Tsunokawa, Mamoru Kawamoto (Otaru Aquarium, Otaru,
Hokkaido,Japan),andShiroKohshima(WildlifeRes.Ctr.,KyotoUniv.,Kyoto,Japan)
Beardedsealsproducecomplexunderwatersoundssuggestedtofunctionasterritorialand/orcourtshipsignals.However,littleis
knownaboutbehavioralcontextofthevocalization,mainlybecausedirectobservationisdifficultinthewild.Inthisstudy,werecorded
underwater sounds and behaviors of three captive bearded seals (an adult male and two adult females) in Otaru aquarium, Japan,
betweenMarch2012andApril2016,inordertoidentifythecallerandtorecordassociationbetweenvocalizationandbehaviors.The
malecontinuouslyvocalizedfromDecemberuntilAprilwithapeakinMarch,equivalenttobreedingseasoninthewild.Incontrast,the
femalesvocalizedonly1-2weeksinMarchorApril.Themaleandthefemalesproduced3and5calltypes,respectively,sharing2call
types.The3calltypesofthemaleoccurredinaregularlyorderedsequencethatwasstableduringthisstudy.Thefemalesrespondedto
themalesequentialcallsbynuzzlingagainstthethroatofvocalizingmaleduringthebreedingseason,whenthefemalesalsoactively
vocalized. Our results suggest that underwater vocalization of bearded seals might be used as a courtship signal between male and
femalepossiblytoadvertisetheirreproductivestatus.
3238 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3238
9:15
4aAB3.Temporalpatterningdifferencesincontactcallsamongodontocetes’species.TadamichiMorisaka(SchoolofMarineSci.
andTechnol.,TokaiUniv.,3-20-1,Orido,Shimizu-ku,Shizuoka4248610,Japan,[email protected])
Contactcallsinodontocetes(toothedwhales)haveinformationofindividualidentityorgroupidentity.Soundtypesusedforcontact
calls,however,differamongspecies.Signaturewhistlesinbottlenosedolphins,whicharethoughttofunctionas“names”inhuman,are
tonalsounds,whereasPS1callsinbelugawhalesarepulsedsounds.BothsignaturewhistlesandPS1callshaveusuallyexchangepattern
thatcallsarefollowedbycallsbyotherindividualswithinaround1second.Dolphinstendtoproducenextcallwhennoindividualscall
back.Contactcallsareusuallyproducedrepeatedlyinabout.Moreover,signaturewhistlesoftenincludemultipleloops,sometimes
withbreaksbetweenloops.ThedurationofbreaksbetweenloopsisdifferentbetweenbottlenosedolphinsandIndo-Pacificbottlenose
dolphins.Theseresultssuggestthattemporalpatterningincontactcallsinodontocetesisimportantforspeciesidentity.
ContributedPapers
9:35 9:50
4aAB4. Intra-click time-frequency patterns across the echolocation 4aAB5. Nonlinearities in the vocalizations of Stenella species in the
beam of a beluga whale. Josefin Starkhammar (Biomedical Eng., Lund SouthwestAtlanticOcean.JulianaR.Moron,FrancieleR.deCastro,and
Univ.,FacultyofEng.,Hoby371,LUND22591,Sweden,josefin.starkham- Artur Andriolo (Laborat(cid:2)orio de Ecologia Comportamental e Bioac(cid:2)ustica -
[email protected]),IsabellaReinhold(MathematicalStatistics,Ctr.forMath- LABEC,UniversidadeFederaldeJuizdeFora,RuaJos(cid:2)eLourenc¸oKelmer,
ematicalSci.,LundUniv.,FacultyofEng.,Lund,Sweden),PatrickMoore, JuizdeFora,MinasGerais,Brazil,[email protected])
DorianHouser(NationalMarineMammalFoundation,SanDiego,CA),and
Some complex features foundin tonal emissions may be the result of
MariaSandsten(MathematicalStatistics,Ctr.forMathematicalSci.,Lund
nonlinear phenomena in sound production systems, which may result in
Univ.,FacultyofEng.,Lund,Sweden)
individuallyacousticsignalshighlyvariableandcomplex.Fromtheanalysis
Theecholocationbeamoftoothedwhaleshasbeenstudiedeversinceit of five opportunistic acoustic records of distinct groups, two of spinner
wasfirstdiscoveredin1960.Recentstudieshavefocusedonthefrequency (Stenellalongirostris)andthreeofAtlanticspotteddolphins(Stenellafron-
distributions across the cross sections of the beams. Other studies have talis), we registered the emission of six different types of nonlinearities.
focussedondescribingtheentireacousticfieldaroundtheanimal.However, Spinnerdolphinshadlesseventspresentingmostlybiphonationintheform
no one has yet described the timing of each frequency component in the ofnonparallelbandsandsubharmonics.Atlanticspotteddolphinspresented
mainlobebeaminrelationtotheotherfrequencycomponents.Eventhough a higherrate ofthesefeaturespresentingmostlybiphonationandscreams
the echolocation clicks of broadband click species like the beluga whales ontheirvocalizations.Althoughtheexactfunctionoftheseprocessesisstill
(Delphinapterusleucas) areshortintime(around70ls),previousresults being investigated, recent documentation in several species suggests that
haveshownindicationsonafrequencydependencewithtime,withineach they may play a communicative role. Describing the occurrence of these
click.Littleisknownaboutthedetailsofhowthesignalisgeneratedand characteristicscanindicatetheirlevelofimportance,aswellasitsstructure
transmitted into the water. Investigations of when in time the frequency maybeindicativeofitsfunction.Thisisthefirstrecordoftheseeventsin
components occur within each click would give us further knowledge to StenellaspeciesintheSouthwestAtlanticOcean.Futurestudiesthatallow
howthesignalsaregenerated.Thisstudytakesacloserlookattheseintra- toassociatethebehaviorofthesespecieswhileemittingthesesignalswould
click time-frequency patterns across the echolocation beam of a beluga greatlyincreasetheunderstandingoftheseevents.Thisstudywasfunded
whale. This is done by analyzing echolocation clicks with a novel reas- byChevron.
signedspectrogrammethod,developedespeciallyforseparatinganddeter-
miningtimeandfrequencylocationsofmulti-componenttransientsignals.
10:05–10:20Break M
A
U.
InvitedPapers
H
T
a
4
10:20
4aAB6.Musicinthebrain:Theneuronalcontrolofbirdsong.MichaleFee(BCS,MIT,77MassachusettsAve.,46-5133,Cam-
bridge,MA02139,[email protected])
Whether we are speaking, swimming, or playing the piano, we are crucially dependent on our brain’s capacity to reliably step
throughalearnedsequenceofstates.Songbirdsprovideamarvelousanimalmodelinwhichtostudythisphenomenon.Usingnewly
developedtechnologiesformonitoringandmanipulatingtheactivityofneuronsinthebrainofsingingbird,wehaveidentifiedcircuits
inthesongbirdbrainthatperformkeyfunctionsofvocalproductionandlearning.Oneofthesecircuitsproducesahighlypreciserepre-
sentationoftimeinthebrain—essentiallyaclock.Anothercircuitproduceshighlyvariableoutputthatdriveslargefluctuationsinthe
songsofjuvenilebirds,allowingthemtocreativelyexploredifferentvocalpatternsduringlearning.Iwillcombinetheseobservationsto
proposeasimpletheoryofhowbrainslearnandperformsuchsophisticatedbehaviorsasspeechandmusic.
3239 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3239
10:40
4aAB7.Neural-inspiredsegmentationofaudiostreamsintophone-likeunits.MarieA.Roch(Dept.ofComput.Sci.,SanDiego
StateUniv.,5500CampanileDr.,SanDiego,CA92182-7720,[email protected])
Recentworkhasshownthatthehumanpreauditoryand/orauditorycortexislikelytoplayaroleinacousticlandmarkprocessing,
suchastherecognitionofsyllableandphonemeboundaries.Neuronsappeartotrackacousticenvelopeswithneuralactivitycorrespond-
ingwellwithacousticlandmarks.Thesestructureshavealsobeenobservedinnon-humanprimates,suggestingthatacousticlandmark
processingcouldbepresentinnon-humanprimatesandhaveanevolutionaryrole.Shouldlandmarkprocessingoccurinnon-humans,it
couldprovidenewmethodsforapproachinganimalcommunication.Inthiswork,weuseasimplifiedcomputermodeltoexamineenve-
lopesofacousticsignalsthatwerefilteredthroughaseriesofoctavespacedband-passfilters.Peaksaredetectedinthesignalenvelopes
withcloselyspacedpeakssuppressedforaperiodoftimeafterthefirstdetection.Preliminaryworkshowsanabilitytodetecthuman
phonemeboundarieswitharecallof45%andaprecisionof72%ontheTIMITspeechcorpus.TheTIMITcorpuscontainsphoneme-
leveltranscriptionsandsuccessfulmatchesweredefinedasdetectinglandmarkswithin20msoftheoverquartermillionTIMITpho-
nemeboundaries.Wealsoshowqualitativeresultsofthesystemforsegmentingnon-humanprimatecallsintophone-likeunits.
11:00
4aAB8.Callconcatenationinnon-primatemammals.MartaB.Manser(AnimalBehaviour,Univ.ofZurich,Winterthurerstr.190,
Zurich,Zurich8057,Switzerland,[email protected])
Animalsproduceavarietyofcallsequences,fromsimplerepetitionsofthesameacousticunittothecombinationofdifferent,mean-
ingfulacousticunitsresultinginanewmeaning.Ontheexampleofseveralhighlyvocalmongoosespecies,includingmeerkats(Suricata
suricatta),andbandedmongoose(Mungosmungo)Iidentifythecompositionofdifferentacousticcombinationsandrelatethemtotheir
functionandmeaning.Idiscussthisinregardstotheunderlyingcognitivemechanismsandthedifferencesandsimilaritiesinrelationto
othercombinatorialcommunicationsystemsinbirds,butparticularlyshownforprimates,andalsotohumanlanguage.
ContributedPaper
11:20 stereotypedandvariablecomponents.RecordingsofeastAustralianmales
(2004:8,2011:9)wereusedtoinvestigatethishypothesis.Songcomprises
4aAB9. Stereotypy and variability differ between humpback whale
“units” arranged into sequences (“phrases”) that are repeated (“themes”).
(Megapteranovaeangliae) phrase types offering structural support for
Themes are characterized by different phrase types. Variation among
thehypothesisthatsongismulti-messagedisplay.AnitaMurray,Rebecca
phrasesrepeatedwithinatheme(“phrasevariants”)ismostlyoverlookedby
A.Dunlop(CetaceanEcologyandAcoust.Lab.,TheUniv.ofQueensland,
otherstudies.Whethersomephrasetypesaremorevariablethanstereotyped
Gatton,QLD4343,Australia,[email protected]),AnneW.
isunknown.Toassessthis,repertoiresize(numberofunittypesandphrase
Goldizen (Behavioural EcologyRes. Group,The Univ.of Queensland, St
variants) was determined per phrase type. Whether phrase variants were
Lucia, QLD, Australia), and Michael J. Noad (Cetacean Ecology and
unique to individuals or shared were also determined. Unit types were
Acoust.Lab.,TheUniv.ofQueensland,Gatton,QLD,Australia)
defined by self-organizing maps. Levenshtein distances between phrases
Humpback whale studies support inter- and/or intrasexual song func- withclusteranalysesdeterminedphrasetypesandphrasevariantsillustrat-
tions, suggestingdualfunctionality.Someanimalsproducemulti-message inganovelapplicationofthesemethods.Stereotypicphrasetypescontained
displayswithdualfunctionality.Stereotypedcomponents,formateattrac- shared phrase variants and limited repertoire. Variable phrase types con-
tion and/or male-male interactions, convey species/group membership. taineduniquephrasevariantsandlargerepertoire.Theseresultssupportthe
Variable components, for courtship, convey male quality. If humpback hypothesisthatsongisamulti-messagedisplay.
whale song is a multi-message display, then song should include both
3240 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3240
THURSDAYMORNING,1DECEMBER2016 KAHILI,8:15A.M.TO12:00NOON
Session4aAO
AcousticalOceanography,AnimalBioacoustics,andSignalProcessinginAcoustics:AcousticScattering
byAquaticOrganismsI
KellyJ.Benoit-Bird,Cochair
CollegeofEarth,Ocean,andAtmosphericSciences,OregonStateUniversity,104COEASAdminBldg.,Corvallis,OR97331
KouichiSawada,Cochair
FisheriesTechnology,NationalResearchInstituteofFisheriesEngineering,FRA,7620-7,Hasaki,
Kamisu3140408,Japan
TimothyK.Stanton,Cochair
WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution,Dept.Appl.Ocean.Phys.&Eng.,WoodsHoleOceanographicInstitution,
WoodsHole,MA02543
Chair’sIntroduction—8:15
InvitedPapers
8:20
4aAO1.Emergentpatternandunderlyingprocess:Thewhat,why,andhowoffishschooling.JuliaK.Parrish(SchoolofAquatic
andFisheriesSci.,Univ.ofWashington,1492NEBoatSt.,Seattle,WA98195,[email protected])
Overhalfoftheworld’sfishaggregateatsomepointintheirlives.Aslarvae,juvenilesand/oradults,fishassembleintodensethree-
dimensionalgroupsthatlasthourstolifetimes.Thelargestsinglestockfisheriesintheworld—anchovetainPeruandpollockinthe
BeringSea—areschoolingfish.Atseveraltimestheentireworld’sfishcatch,themyctophidaggregationsmakingupthedeepscattering
layerformtheworld’slargestschool.Butareallschoolsalike?Arethe“rulesoffishschooling”atthescaleoftheindividualthesame
acrossallspecies?Dodifferentrulesproducesimilaremergentpatternscaleduptothegroup,population,andecosystem?Coulddiffer-
encesacrossthesescalesfromindividualbehaviortopopulationresponsebedeterminedacoustically,allowingtechnologytoinform
behavior,ecology,andconservation?Thistalkexploresthediversityofwaysthatfishassemble,fissandfuse,anddisaggregateona
daily,seasonal,andannualbasisthroughthreerelatedlens:thepatternsofschooling,reasonswhyfishschool,andanalysisofhowfish
maintainthephysicalstructureoftheschool.
M
A
8:40
U.
4aAO2. Coastal observation systems to monitor physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Hidekatsu Yamazaki (Dept. of H
T
OceanSci.,TokyoUniv.ofMarineSci.andTechnol.,4-5-7Konan,Minato,Tokyo108-8477,Japan,[email protected]),EijiMasu-
a
naga(IbarakiUniv.,Ibaraki,Japan),ScottGallager(WoodsHoleOceanogr.Institution,WoodsHole,MA),MamoruTanaka,Marika 4
Takeuchi,KazuoAmakasu(Dept.ofOceanSci.,TokyoUniv.ofMarineSci.andTechnol.,Tokyo,Japan),andHayatoKondo(Dept.of
MaritimeSystemEng.,TokyoUniv.ofMarineSci.andTechnol.,Tokyo,Japan)
Wehavedevelopedafree-fallmulti-parameterprofiler(YODAProfiler)tomeasurevariousphysicalandbiologicalparametersin
coastalocean.Wefoundinternalborescreateastrongmixingevent.Sedimentresuspensionisassociatedwiththemixingeventandalso
AZFPdetectedfishschoolatthefrontofbore.Wehavedeployedacableobservatorysystem(OshimaCoastalEnvironmentdataAcqui-
sitionNetworkSystem,OCEANS)inacoastalareatomonitorcoastalecosystemcontinuously.OCEANScanmeasurevariousphysical,
chemicalandbiologicalparameterssimultaneously,andoperatesaplanktonimagingsystem(ContinuousPlanktonImagingandClassifi-
cationSystem,CPICS).Basedonacquiredimagesofphytoplanktonandzooplankton,weareinvestigatinghowplanktonicbiodiversity
isaffectedbymulti-scalephysicalprocesses,suchasKuroshioandinternalwaves.Wearedevelopingatechniquetopredictthebiodi-
versity of plankton from three-dimensional hydrodynamic model using a newly developed plankton ecosystem model. We are also
developingaAUV(MEMO-pen)thatcarriesCPICSaswellasmicrostructureprofiler(TurboMAP)inordertosimultaneouslyobserve
turbulenceandplankton.Wewillintroducethemostrecentresultsfromtheseobservationsystems.
3241 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3241
ContributedPapers
9:00 The quantitative echo-sounder that is mainly used for this survey is the
EK60systemconsistingofGPT+ER60softwaremadebySimrad.Onthe
4aAO3.Seasonalandinterannualchangesinthesoundscatteringlayer
otherhand,EK80systemusingtheWBThasbeenreleasedin2015,andthe
atdeep-seafloorintheAmundsenSea,Antarctica.HyoungSulLa,Key-
acousticsurveywillbeconductedbyEK80systemfromnow.Therefore,it
hongPark(KoreaPolarRes.Inst.,Songdo-miraero26,Yeonsu-gu,Incheon
is necessarytoexaminewhethertheacousticdatameasuredbytheEK60
406-840,SouthKorea,[email protected]),AnnaWa˚hlin(Univ.ofGothen-
andEK80systemsareidentical.Inthisstudy,intheareawheresoundscat-
burg, Gothenburg, Sweden), Ho Kyung Ha (Inha Univ., Incheon, South
teringlayerwasseen,thesetwosystemswereusedalternatelyonthesame
Korea),AngusAtkinson(PlymouthMarineLab.,Plymouth,UnitedKing-
tracklinetoexaminewhethertherearedifferencesintheacousticdatatobe
dom),SophieFielding(Br.AntarcticSurvey,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom),
measured.SystemsusedinthisstudywereGPTinfrequency38,120,and
Dong Sun Kim (Korea Inst. of Ocean Sci. and Technol., Ansan, South
200 kHz, controlled by ER60 (Ver.2.4.3) and WBT in CW mode at 120,
Korea), Eun Jin Yang, Tae Wan Kim, SangHoon Lee (Korea Polar Res.
200kHzcontrolledbyEK80(Ver.1.8.3).Theacousticdataofthesametran-
Inst.,Incheon,SouthKorea),JungHoIm(UlsanNationalInst.ofSci.and
sectwerecollectedbybothsystems.ThedifferenceofSVbetweenbothsys-
Technol., Ulsan, SouthKorea), and HyoungChul Shin (Korea Polar Res.
temswillbediscussed.
Inst.,Incheon,SouthKorea)
9:45
Vertical migration of zooplankton is ubiquitous behavior in marine
planktoncommunity;however,seasonalandinterannualbehaviorarelittle 4aAO6.Sizeestimationofwalleyepollack(Theragrachalcogramma)by
observedinthedeepseaunderseasonalvaryingseaice.Here,thefirstevi- using a broadband split-beam system. Tomohito Imaizumi (National
dence that sound scattering layers of zooplankton can support the knowl- Research Inst. of Fisheries Eng., Japan Fisheries Res. and Education
edgeforunderstandingtheeffectofclimatechangeispresented,basedon Agency, 7620-7 Hasaki, Kamisu-shi 314-0408, Japan, [email protected]),
four-yearsacousticbackscatteringstrengthsintheAmundsenSea,Antarc- Kazuhiro Sadayasu (Marine Fisheries Res. and Development Ctr., Japan
tica. Amundsen Sea is a biological hotspot region with the rapid oceanic FisheriesRes.andEducationAgency,Yokohama-shi,Japan),andTomonari
meltingoftheiceshelfaswellasthemostproductive(perunitarea)inthe Akamatsu (National Res. Inst. of Fisheries Sci., Japan Fisheries Res. and
Antarctic. High-temporal resolution profiles of acoustic backscattering EducationAgency,Yokohama-shi,Japan)
strengthcollectedfromabottom-moored,upwardlookingAcousticDoppler
Recently, broadband quantitative echo sounders have been developed.
CurrentProfilerwereexaminedtodescribethetemporalvariationofsound
Thesesystemscanmeasuresingleechotracesfromindividualfishwithhigh
scatteringlayers.Ourobservationsshowthatsoundscatteringlayersexhib-
range resolution. They can be used for the accurate size distribution by
itedcleardiel,seasonal,andinterannualpatternassociatedwithsolarradia-
measuringthetargetstrength.Ontheotherhand,walleyepollackisoneof
tion, sea ice concentration, and phytoplankton biomass. The timing of
theimportantspeciesforstuckmanagementinJapan.Theyformaschoolat
seasonal variation is also closely related with climate index for Southern
juvenilestage.Wecomparedthecapturedfishsizeusingbottomtrawlnet
Annular Mode and El Ni~no Southern Oscillation. This observation points
with the acoustically estimated values. We conducted the survey in July
outthatacousticsignalsfromsoundscatteringlayerscouldbea proxyto
2015ineastsideofoffHokkaido,Japan,usingthefisheriesresearchvessel
understandzooplanktonecosystemresponsetoclimateshifts.
Kaiyo-maru No. 5 (495 tons), which is equipped with narrowband echo
9:15 sounder transducers (EK-60, Kongsberg, 38, 70, 120, and 200 kHz). The
broadband split-beam transducer (FSS-SBX, Furuno) was deployed at the
4aAO4.Developmentandfieldapplicationofearlywarningsystemfor
shipsideboard.Alloftheclockofthesystemweresynchronizedforcom-
harmfulalgalblooms(red-tide) earlywarningusingultrasoundwave,
parisonofdata.Moresingleechotracescouldbemeasuredusingthebroad-
Korea. Donhyug Kang, Hansoo Kim, Seungwon Jung, Mira Kim (Korea
bandsystemthanthosemeasuredbythenarrowbandsystem.Forklengths
Inst. ofOceanSci.&Technol.,787Haeanro,Ansan,Seoul15627, South
were estimated at 3~70 cm based on the maximum normalized target
Korea,[email protected]),andByoung-KweonKim(SyscoreInc.,Seoul,
strengthvalue:-60dB.Weconfirmedthatgoodagreementofsizedistribu-
SouthKorea)
tionbetweencatchandacousticestimation.Thebroadbandsystemsmaybe
Theharmfulalgalblooms(HABs)areaffectingtheecosystems,coastal helpfultoolforestimatingbodysizeoffish.
fisheries,andsocialeconomicsinKorea.Inthecaseof2013summersea-
10:00
son, massivedamage due to HABs (species: Cochlodiniumpolykrikoides)
wasreachedto$23millionduringAugust,2013inKorea.Themostimpor- 4aAO7.Potentialforbroadbandacousticstoimprovestockassessment
tant thingsfor minimizing of HABsdamageis rapidlydetectionin initial surveysofmidwaterfishes.ChristopherBassett(NOAAFisheries,Alaska
stage.Forthispurpose,wehavedevelopedareal-timeHABsdetectionsys- FisheriesSci.Ctr.,NationalMarineFisheriesService,AlaskaFisheriesSci.
temusingultrasound.Theintegratedsystemiscomposedbyseveralsensors Ctr., Resource Assessment and Conservation Eng., 7600 Sand Point Way
(3.5MHzfrequency,temperatureandsalinity,Chlorophyll,Dissolvedoxy- NE,Seattle,WA98115,[email protected]),ThomasC.Weber(Ctr.
gen),powersupply,networkcommunication,andremotecontrolmodules. forCoastalandOceanMapping,Univ.ofNewHampshire,Durham,NH),
For evaluating performance of the developed system, several experiments Chris Wilson, and Alex De Robertis (NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries
were intensively implemented in the laboratory and in-situ environments Sci.Ctr.,Seattle,WA)
during summer seasons, 2013-2016. As a result, both of the performance
Acoustic-trawlsurveysrelyona combinationofbackscattermeasured
tests are confirming the acoustic backscattering signal increases with the
with echosounders and species composition data from trawls to apportion
numberofC.polykrikoides.Furthermore,theintegratedsystemshowssuc-
thebackscattertodifferentspeciesandsizeclasses.Narrowbandechosound-
cessfully in-situ performance for real-time red-tide detection and corre-
ershavebeenwidelyusedinthiscontextfordecades.Multi-frequencyanal-
spondingenvironmentaldata.
ysis of narrowband echosounder data has been shown to be effective for
9:30 discriminating between diverse taxa (e.g., euphausiids vs. swimbladdered
fishes)butdistinguishingmorphologicallysimilarspecies(e.g.,swimblad-
4aAO5. Comparison of the volume backscattering strength measured
deredfishes)remainsamajorchallenge.Previousworkindicatesthatbroad-
by EK60 and EK80. Tohru Mukai (Faculty of Fisheries Sci., Hokkaido
band backscatter techniques have the potential to improve such acoustic
Univ., 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan, mukai@fish.
targetcharacterizationsbyexploitingnearlycontinuousfrequencyspectra,
hokudai.ac.jp)andKazuoAmakasu(TokyoUniv.ofMarineSci.andTech-
but these methods have not beenwidely appliedin fisheries surveys. The
nol.,Tokyo,Japan)
recentcommercialavailabilityofbroadbandtransceiversisacceleratingthe
Walleyepollack(Gaduschalcogrammus)resourcesareabundantaround evaluationofthistechnology.Wepresentoperationaldatafromtwobroad-
Hokkaido in Japan. The acoustic survey of the walleye pollack using the band acoustic scattering systems: (1) 14-160 kHz and (2) 3-10 kHz used
quantitativeecho-sounderhasbeenperformedaroundHokkaidosince1995. duringsurveysofwalleyepollock(Gaduschalcogrammus)intheGulfof
3242 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3242
Alaska andEastern BeringSea. The presentation focuses on thepotential examinedthedifferencesinmesopelagicecosystempotentiallydrivingthe
for:1)discriminationamongcommonspeciesintheareaand2)utilization whales’preyhabitatthroughbottom-upcontrol.Usingship-basedmultifre-
ofswimbladderresonancetoestimatethedominantsizeclassinsingle-spe- quencyechosoundersanddirectnetsampling,weidentifiedcommonlayer
cies fish aggregations. The implications for fish stock assessment surveys structurescharacterizedbythediffuse,broadlayers(>100minthickness)
areconsidered. observedacrossthestudysite.Withinthosediffuselayers,weoccasionally
observeddistinctivelyboundedintenselayers(~20minthickness)located
10:15–10:30Break
attheupperedges.Insteadofaspecificlayerstructuredominatingthehabi-
tatcharacteristics,wefoundthatheterogeneityofthelayerstructuresshaped
10:30 thepreferredhabitatofbeakedwhales.Frequentlyusedhabitatwascharac-
terizedbyevenlydistributeddiffuselayersalone,orcombinedwithpatchy
4aAO8.Broadbandacoustics:Aviabletoolforquantificationofcodegg
thinlayers.Less-usedhabitatshoweddiversecharacteristicssuchasdiffuse
densityanddistribution?GavinMacaulay,EgilOna,RokasKubilius,and
layerscombinedwithhighlyvariablepatchinessofthethinlayers.Thelayer
Olav Rune God(cid:2) (Marine Ecosystem Acoust., Inst. of Marine Res., C
depth,itsthickness,andfrequencyresponsewerenotrelatedtotheprefer-
SundtsGate64,Bergen5817,Norway,[email protected])
enceofthehabitats.Heterogeneityofthelayerstructuresrevealsthedynam-
Fisheggsareichthyoplanktonwithasimilarbehaviorinthewatercol- ics of the mesopelagic ecosystem, potentially impacting higher trophic
umnassmallzooplankton.Theirspecificdensityrelativetoseawaterdeter- levels.
mines their vertical distribution and spread; horizontal transport of the
11:15
layers will then determine their fate and geographical position during the
hatchingofthelarvae.Acoustictechniquesareroutinelyusedtoassessthe 4aAO11. Comparison of zooplankton density estimated by acoustic
quantitiesanddistribution offish populations. Incomparisontofish, zoo- inversionmethodandnetsampling.KouichiSawada(FisheriesTechnol.,
plankton and ichthyoplankton are very weak acoustic reflectors and this NationalRes.Inst.ofFisheriesEng.,FRA,7620-7,Hasaki,Kamisu,Ibaraki
makestheapplicationofacoustictechniqueschallenging.Weassessedthe 3140408,Japan, [email protected]), TohruMukai(FacultyofFish-
potentialfeasibilityofusingbroadbandacousticstodetectcodeggsinatwo eriesSci.,HokkaidoUniv.,Hakodate,Hokkaido,Japan),YoshiakiFukuda
stageprocess:first,wecarriedoutsmall-scaletankexperimentstomeasure (Bluefin Tuna Resources, National Res. Inst. of Far Seas Fisheries, FRA,
theacousticreflectivityofindividualandgroupedcodeggsoverthe170to Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan), and Tomohiko Matsuura (Fisheries Technol.,
360kHzfrequencyrange.Theseexperimentsshowedthatnaturaldensities NationalRes.Inst.ofFisheriesEng.,FRA,Kamisu,Ibaraki,Japan)
ofcodeggscouldbedetectedabovethebackgroundacousticnoiselevel.
Thisleadtothesecondstagewherebyweconductedafieldtestinanarea Amulti-frequencyacousticzooplanktonfishprofiler(AZFP,ASLEnvi-
withknownconcentrationsofcodeggs,usingacombinedacoustic-optical ronmentalSciences)withtemperature-salinityanddepthsensorwasmoored
towedandmooredsystem.Wepostulatethatthehighspatialresolution,yet at10mfromthebottom(ca.30m)atthemouthofYamadaBayinIwate
rapid wide area coverage possible with acoustics will lead to a better Prefecture,Japan,from14Januaryto16June2015inordertomeasurevol-
descriptionofeggdistributionsandsubsequentlarvaldistributionsandhelp umebackscatteringstrengthprofilesfromthetransducersurfacetothewater
tounderstandtheextremelyvariablerecruitmentsuccessinsub-arcticand surfaceatfourfrequencies(125,200,455,and769kHz).Zooplanktonden-
arcticecosystems. sity by size was estimated from the measured volume backscattering
strengthatfourfrequenciesbytheinversionmethod.Monitoringperiodwas
10:45 selected to cover the period when juvenile salmon stay in the bay before
leavingforoceans.Zooplanktonsamplingwasconductedperiodically(once
4aAO9.Mid-frequencyclutterandreverberationcharacteristicsoffish
aweekortwoweeks,dayandnight)usingaKitaharaNet(30cmdia.,335
in a shallow ocean waveguide. Wu-Jung Lee, Dajun Tang, and Eric I.
c¸mmesh)andaNorpacNet(45cmdia.,335c¸mmesh)atnearthemoored
Thorsos(Appl.Phys.Lab.,Univ.ofWashington,1013NE40thSt.,Seattle,
position.Theseobservationsrevealedthatlargezooplankton,whichjuvenile
WA98105,[email protected])
salmonprefers,arrivedwiththeOyashioCurrent,andthezooplanktonden-
Horizontal-looking,mid-frequencysonarsystemsallowsynopticunder- sityincreasedfromlateApriltothemiddleofMay.Acousticallyestimated
waterobservationoverkilometerscalesandareusefulforawiderangeof variation pattern in zooplankton density over time was similar to that
applications. However, quantitative assessment of fish aggregations using obtainedbynetsampling.[ThisworkwassupportedbyAFFRC,Japan.]
suchsystemsinashallowwaterenvironmentischallengingduetothecom-
11:30
plexityofsoundinteractionswiththesurfaceandseafloor.Basedondata
M
collectedduringTREX13(TargetandReverberationExperiment2013),this 4aAO12. Effects of target strength variability on estimates of abun-
A
study investigates methods to reliably distinguish fish echoes from back- dance:ThecaseofAtlanticmackerel(Scomberscombrus).BenScould-
groundcontributionstoreverberation.Thedatawerecollectedonafixed, ing (Echoview, GPO Box 1387, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia, ben. U.
H
horizontalreceivinglinearrayfromasourcetransmittinglinearfrequency- [email protected]),SvenGastauer(Ctr.forMarineSci.andTech- T
modulatedsignalsinthebandbetween1.8and3.6kHz.Theexperimental nology,CurtinUniv.,Perth,WA,Australia),DavidMacLennan(Inst.ofBi- a
sitewasnearlyisodepth(approximately20m)andcharacterizedbyawell- ological and Environ. Sci., Aberdeen Univ., Aberdeen, United Kingdom), 4
mixed, isothermal water column. Fish echoes were ubiquitously found in SaschaF€assler(IMARES,IJmuiden,Netherlands),PhillipCopland(Marine
thedata,withnoticeabledifferencesbetweendayandnight.Inaparticularly Scotland Sci., Aberdeen, United Kingdom), and Paul Fernandes (Inst. of
interestingcase,alargeaggregationoffishwasobservedemergingfroma Biological and Environ. Sci., Aberdeen Univ., Aberdeen, United
shipwreck,evolvinginspace,obscuringthewreckechoestemporarily,and Kingdom)
eventuallydispersinganddisappearingintotheoverallreverberationback-
ground.Usingaphysics-basedapproach,thescatteringlevel,statisticalfea- Atlanticmackerelisasmallpelagic,migratoryfishwhichsupportsvalu-
tures, and spatial characteristics of both the fish echoes and background ablecommercialfisheries.Despitethefactthatthesefishschoolinmassive
reverberationinthisdatasetwereanalyzedandmodeled.[Worksupported numbers,andarereadilydetectedusingechosounders,fishery-independent
bytheAPLpostdoctoralfellowshipandONR.] estimatesoftheabundanceofmackerelintheNortheastAtlanticdonotyet
consideracousticdata.Echo-integrationsurveyscouldprovideannualesti-
11:00 matesofabundance,withadditionalscopeforstudyingmackereldistribu-
tionsthroughouttheyear.However,asinallacousticsurveys,thisrequires
4aAO10. Heterogeneity of deep scattering layer shapes the Bahamian
accurateestimatesoftargetstrength(TS).Thepresentstudyprovidesinsitu
mesopelagicecosystem.MeiSatoandKellyJ.Benoit-Bird(OregonState
TSestimatesformackerelfrommeasurementsmadeatseawithamulti-fre-
Univ., 104 CEOAS Admin Bldg., Corvallis, OR 97331, [email protected]
quency split-beam echosounder. Empirical results suggest mean TS of -
gonstate.edu)
51.22dBat18kHz,-59.83dBat38kHz,-55.51dBat120kHz,and-53.43
WeexploreddeepscatteringlayersofftheBahamaswherethebeaked dBat200kHz,forameanfishlengthof33.3cm.Thesediffersignificantly
whales have been historically observed. By comparing the habitats fre- fromthevaluescurrentlyusedinacousticsurveys.Thesensitivityofmack-
quently used by the beaked whales with the ones rarely utilized, we erel abundance estimates to variations in TS estimates was investigated
3243 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3243
usingdatafromadedicatedmackerelacousticsurvey.Totalstockbiomass scombrus)inthenortheastAtlanticOcean.Twokeyaimsofthisworkwere
estimatesat38and200kHzwereinverygoodagreementwitheachother (1)toobtainagoodknowledgeoftheinsitutargetstrengthoftheseweak
(towithin2.2%)andwereintherangeofvaluesfromanindependent(i.e., scatterers,and(2)tosettleonarobustandefficientworkflowfortheproc-
non-acoustic) mackerel stock assessment. It is recommended that future essingofmackerelacousticsurveydata.Toachievetheseaims,dedicated
acousticestimatesofmackerelarebasedonintegrationat200kHz. mackerel acoustic surveys were carried out in 2012 and 2014 around the
Shetland Islands, Scotland, and the data were processed using Echoview
11:45 software.Inthissoftware-focusedpresentation,weprovidedetailsonhow
themultifrequencysingle-beamechosounderdatawereprocessed,andwe
4aAO13.Usingechoviewsoftwaretocharacteriseacousticscatteringby
discussthisinthecontextofageneralworkflowforacousticdataprocessing
aquaticorganisms:ThecaseofAtlanticmackerel(Scomberscombrus).
thatcanbeconsideredforanytypeofechosounderandapplication.Theaim
TobyJarvisandBenScoulding(Echoview,GPOBox1387,Hobart,TAS
istoprovidespecificusageexamplesofsomeofthepowerfulfeaturesof
7001,Australia,[email protected])
Echoview and to provide general guidance for those who use or who are
In a separate presentation, Scoulding et al. describe the rationale and considering using Echoview to characterise acoustic scattering by aquatic
foundation for regular acoustic surveys of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber organisms.
THURSDAYMORNING,1DECEMBER2016 CORAL1,7:30A.M.TO11:00A.M.
Session4aBAa
BiomedicalAcoustics:SessioninHonorofFloydDunn
W.D.O’Brien,Jr.,Cochair
UniversityofIllinois,405N.Mathews,Urbana,IL61801
YoshifumiSaijo,Cochair
TohokuUniversity,4-1Seiryomachi,Aoba-ku,Sendai980-8575,Japan
Chair’sIntroduction—7:30
InvitedPapers
7:35
4aBAa1.CelebrationofFloydDunn:Someremarksabouthislife,career,andaccomplishments.W.D.O’Brien,Jr.(Univ.ofIlli-
nois,405N.Mathews,Urbana,IL61801,[email protected])
NoCelebrationofFloydDunnwouldbecompletewithoutsomeremarksaboutthelife,career,andaccomplishmentsofthisremark-
ablescientist/engineer.1946isakeyyearinthehistorywhenFloydarrivedattheUniversityofIllinoisasanundergraduatestudent,
havingservedintheEuropeanTheaterduringWorldWarII.Thesameyear,WilliamJ.(Bill)FryandFrancisJ.(Frank)Frywerehired
bytheUniversityofIllinois,andtheBioacousticsResearchLaboratorywasestablished(70yearsago!).Floydhadmadesignificant
scholarlycontributionsinsixgeneralthemes.Thesixultrasonicbiophysicsthemesinclude:absorptiveprocesses,nonlinearphenomena,
applicationinlivingsystems,toxicity,measurementtechniques,andultrasonicmicroscopy.Floydhasbeenrecognizedforhisaccom-
plishmentsbybeingtherecipientofmosttheimportantnationalandinternationalawardsincluding:NationalAcademyofSciences,
NationalAcademyofEngineering,ASA’sGoldMedalandSilverMedalinBioresponsetoVibration,AcousticalSocietyofJapan’s
MedalofSpecialMerit,IEEE’sEdisonMedal,andelectiontoFellowshipinsixprofessionalsocieties.
7:55
4aBAa2.HistoryofbiomedicalultrasoundmicroscopeinJapan.YoshifumiSaijo(TohokuUniv.,4-1Seiryomachi,Aoba-ku,Sendai
980-8575,Japan,[email protected])
FloydDunngreatlycontributedtothehistoryofbiomedicalultrasoundmicroscope(USM)inJapan.Tenyearsaftertheconceptof
ultrasoundmicroscopewasproposedbySokolovofSovietUnion,herealizedtheultrasoundabsorptionmicroscopein1959.Duringthe
timehedirectedtheBioacousticsResearchLaboratoryattheUniversityofIllinois,manyJapaneseresearchesstayedinhislaboratory.
Especially,theresearchersfromTohokuUniversitylearnedbothtechnologyandphilosophyofUSMandtheystarteddevelopmentof
scanningacousticmicroscopyformedicineandbiologyin1982.TheUSMsystemhadbeenusedfornearly30yearsuntiltheGreat
EastJapanEarthquakedestroyedthesystem.NotonlyUSM,otherhighfrequencyultrasoundimagingwasalsodevelopedin1990s.
Especially,clinicalapplicationofintravascularultrasoundfilledagapbetweenseveralMHzultrasoundusedinconventionalB-mode
and100MHzusedinUSM.HighfrequencytechnologyandcomputersciencehelpeddevelopingnewgenerationUSMsuchasultra-
soundimpedancemicroscopeand3Dultrasoundmicroscope.NowtheapplicationareaisspreadandBiomedicalUltrasoundMicroscope
ConferenceisbiannuallyheldinJapan.Now,wethankFloydagainforthefruitfulactivityofUSMinJapan.
3244 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3244
8:15
4aBAa3.Non-invasivein-situquantitativeobservationofbiologicalcellsbyacousticmicroscopy.NaohiroHozumi,KyoichiTaka-
nashi,MamoruWashiya,SachikoYoshida(ToyohashiUniv.ofTechnol.,1-1Hibarigaoka,Tenpaku,Toyohashi,Aichi441-8580,Japan,
[email protected]), Kazuto Kobayashi (Honda Electronics, Tohohashi, Japan), and Yoshifumi Saijo (Tohoku Univ., Sendai,
Japan)
Severalwaysofquantitativelyobservingbiologicalcellswillbeexhibited.Cellsareculturedonathinplasticfilminordertomake
ispossibletoaccessbyhigh-frequencyacousticbeamfocusedontothecell.Reflectionwaveformhasaspectrumbrieflyspreadingfrom
100to400MHz.Mechanicalscanmakesitpossibletoacquirea2-Dprofile.Cellsincontactwiththesubstratecanbecharacterizedby
meansofcharacteristicacousticimpedance.Inmostofobservations,bufferliquidthatissimultaneouslyobservedwithcellsmaybe
employedasthereferencematerialforcalibration.Intheprocessofcellculture,someofthecellsmaybedelaminatedfromthesub-
strate.Insuchacasesignificanterrorinacousticimpedancemeasurementmaytakeplace.Inordertoavoidsuchanerrorwaveformsep-
aration is performed. As a result of such a waveform analysis, delamination distance may be calculated as well as the acoustic
impedance of the cell that is slightly distant from the substrate. As an example C2C12 cells that develop into muscle tissue were
observedafterdifferentiation-inducing.Finally,feasibilityofcross-sectionalobservationofcellswillbediscussedbyshowingsome
examples.
8:35
4aBAa4. Evolution of acoustic microscopy in the commercial marketplace. Lawrence W. Kessler (Sonoscan Inc., 2149 E. Pratt
Blvd.,ElkGroveVillage,IL60007,[email protected])
ThepromiseofAcousticMicroscopyfromthe1970s,—toimagefeaturesandstructuresofsamplesfroma micromechanicalas-
pect—hasfoundafewnichemarketsinindustry,and,inparticular,defectdetectioninmanufacturedproducts.Thehopeforitswide-
spreadapplicationinmedicineandpathologyhasnotyetbeenreachedinthecommercialmarket,thoughthereareseveralpocketsof
significantbiomedicalresearchthatemployacousticmicroscopymethods.Thispaperwillgivethisauthor’sperspectiveonthefield
fromhis40yearsofexperienceatSonoscan,Inc.,acompanyoriginallyfoundedtoexplorecommercialapplications,andwhoseprimary
activities have found to be serving the semiconductor and microelectronics industries. Based on the original Ultrasonic Absorption
MicroscopepaperbyDunnandFryin1959,theearlycommercialtechniquesubstitutedascanninglaserasanacousticdetectorfortheir
thermocoupleprobetoproducetwodimensionalacousticimages.
8:55
4aBAa5.AttheIntersection:Science,fatherhood,andhistoricalevents.UnscientificremarksaboutFloydDunnthroughthelens
ofhiscareeratthemeetingpointofhistoricalevents,fatherhood,andpossibility.RooDunn(None,57GreenSt.,Bath,ME04530,
[email protected])
Floyd’s60yearsofscientificcontributionstoultrasonicbiophysicsandhislifeexperiencescreated,andcrossedwith,manyofthe
thrillingandtumultuouseventsofthe20thandearly21stcenturies.Wewillconsidernationalandglobaleventsineconomics,war,geo-
politics,cosmology,andblackholes.Thispaperwilllookatthesetopicsthroughconversationsspanningsome40years.Wewillexam-
inehowtheymeshedwithhislife,familyandthehypotheticalsthatwerefrequentlydiscussedwhichmighthavedrasticallyalteredthe
outcome.Thematerialisbasedoninformaltalksbetweenfather,son,andyoungestgrandson.
9:15
4aBAa6.Applicationof scanningacousticandphotoacoustic microscopesinorthopedicsurgery.YoshihiroHagiwara(Dept.of
OrthopaedicSurgery,TohokuUniv.SchoolofMedicine,2-1Seiryo-machi,Aoba-ku,Sendai980-8574,Japan,[email protected])
andYoshifumiSaijo(Dept.ofBiomedicalImaging,GraduateSchoolofBiomedicalEngineering,TohokuUniv.,Sendai,Japan) M
A
Demandsfororthopedicsurgery,decreasingpainanddisabilities,areincreasingindevelopedcountrieswitholdernations.Together
U.
withincreasingnumberofpatients,itscostisnowrising.Amongmodalitiesfornoninvasivediagnosingtechniques,suchasplainX-
H
rays,computedtomography,magneticresonanceimaging(MRI),andultrasonography(US),MRIisapowerfultoolforevaluatingana- T
tomicalabnormalities.However,locationandeconomiclimitationsforroutineuseremain.USisquickandinexpensivewithahigherre- a
4
solution than MRI. US plays an important role in assessing musculoskeletal soft tissues. A scanning acoustic microscope (SAM)
characterizesbiologicaltissuesbyestimatingtheelasticparametersbasedonsoundspeed.Biomedicalphotoacoustic(PA)imaginghas
theuniquecapabilityofcombininghighopticalcontrastandhighultrasoundresolutioninasinglemodality.Osteoarthritisandfrozen
shoulderarethemajorproblemsinmusculoskeletaldiseases.Osteoarthritisisadegenerativejointdisordercharacterizedbytheprogres-
sivedegenerationofarticularcartilage,osteophyteformation,andsubsequentjointspacenarrowing.Further,frozenshoulderischarac-
terizedwithseverepainandadecreaseinshouldermotion,whichiscausedbyjointcapsularstiffness.WeappliedSAMandPAto
animalmodelsforassessing.
9:35–9:50Break
9:50
4aBAa7.Low-energyextracorporealshockwavetherapy,preclinicalandclinicalstudies.JamesF.Greenleaf,CarolinaA.Carra-
scal,MatthewW.Urban,RandyKinnick,AmirLerman,andlilachLerman(BiomedicalEng.,Mayo,200,FirstSTSW,Rochester,MN
55901,[email protected])
FloydDunn’sextensiveresearchcareercontributedsignificantlytosafetyandefficacyofdiagnosticandtherapeuticultrasound.Pos-
itiveeffectsoflow-energyshockwavetherapy(SWT)showpreclinicalpromiseinrenaldiseaseinpigsandincardiovasculardiseasein
humans.Preclinical:asetof26pigsweredividedintofourgroups,normal+SWT,atheroscleroticrenalarterystenosis(ARAS)+SWT,
3245 J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.140,No.4,Pt.2,October2016 5thJointMeetingASA/ASJ 3245