Thucydidean Themes

216 Pages·2011·8.601 MB·English

by  Simon Hornblower

Thucydidean
Themes
SIMON HORNBLOWER
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Preface and Acknowledgements
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First published 2011
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, Rhodes in Martin Hammond’s World’s Classics Thucydides (Hammond
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, (2009), ix-lxiv). It seeks, rather, to fulhl the promise made in the
without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press,
or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate preface to the final volume of my commentary (CT III, viii), by
reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction
offering my own view of Thucydides, ‘as arrived at after the comple­
outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
Oxford University Press, at the address above tion of the... commentary, and of my other work on Thjucydides] ’, in
You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover particular by saying what I believe to be distinctive, and distinctively
and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer
admirable, about him.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available Many debts were incurred in the writing of these papers, but they
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were acknowledged individually at the time of first publication, and
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Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India those expressions of gratitude have usually been retained here at the
Printed in Great Britain beginning of each chapter, though sometimes in shortened form.
on acid-free paper by
MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn Where I have had help with the revised version of a chapter, I have
added appropriate thanks. I thank warmly Maria Fragoulaki for
ISBN 978-0-19-956233-6
compiling the Index of Thucydidean Passages; in the course of doing
13579 10 8642
so, she picked up many errors in the proofs, and omissions in the
General Index. For permissions to reprint, see below, xvii.
S. H.
Contents
List of Figures ix
Abbreviations x
Places of Original Publication xvi
Introduction 1
Annex: List of Thucydidean or Thucydides-Related Reviews 21
PARTI: GENERAL
1. The Religious Dimension to the Peloponnesian
War, Or, What Thucydides Does Not Tell Us 25
2. Thucydides and the Delphic Amphiktiony 54
3. Narratology and Narrative Techniques in Thucydides 59
4. Personal Names and the Study of the Ancient
Greek Historians 100
5. Thucydides on Boiotia and Boiotians 116
6. Thucydides and the Argives 139
PART II: MORE SPECIFIC-ARRANGED BY
MAIN RELEVANT THUCYDIDEAN BOOK
7. Thucydides and Plataian Perjury 155
8. Thucydides, the Panionian Festival, and
the Ephesia (3.104) 170
9. Thucydides and‘Chalkidic’Torone (4.110. 1) 182
10. Thucydides, Xenophon, and Lichas: Were
the Spartans Excluded from the Olympic
Games from 420 to 400 bc? 196
11. ΛΙΧΑΣ ΚΑΛ ΟΣ ΣΑΜΙΟΣ 213
12. ‘This Was Decided’ (e'8o|e ταΰτα): The Army as polis
in Xenophon’s Anabasis—and Elsewhere 226
viii Contents
13. Sticks, Stones and Spartans: The Sociology of
Spartan Violence 250
List of Figures
PARTIE: RECEPTION
14. Thucydides’Awareness of Herodotus, Or Herodotus’ 1. The Lichas Kalos Samios vase, J. H. Oakley,
The Achilles Painter (Mainz, 1997), plate 94 (= 137 no. 72,
Awareness of Thucydides? 277
discussed at 12) 215
15. The Fourth-Century and Hellenistic Reception of
Thucydides 286
16. The Old Oligarch (Pseudo-Xenophon’s Athenaion Politela)
and Thucydides: A Fourth-Century Date for the
Old Oligarch? 323
17. Thucydides and Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion 347
Bibliography 366
Index of Thucydidean Passages 396
General Index 403
Abbreviations XI
APF See Davies
Arch. Reps. Archaeological Reports
Abbreviations ATL B. D. Meritt, H. T. Wade-Gery, and M. F.
McGregor, The Athenian Tribute Lists, 4
vols. (Princeton, 1939-53)
Barrington’s Atlas R. Talbert (ed.) The Barrington Atlas of the
Aesch. Aeschylus
Greek and Roman World (2000), and
Ain. Tact. Aineias ‘the Tactician’
Map-by-map Directory (also 2000)
Aischin. Aischines
BE J. and L. Robert, Bullétin Épigraphique
Anab. Anabasis
Bechtel, HP E Bechtel, Die historischen Personennamen des
Ar. Aristophanes
Griechischen bis zur Kaiserzeit (1917)
Arist. Aristotle
Beloch K. J. Beloch, Griechische Geschichte, 4 vols. in
Arr. Arrian
8, 2nd edn. (1912-27)
Ath. Pol. Athenaion Politela (Athenian Constitution),
Bétant E.-A. Bétant, Lexicon Thucydideum, 2 vols.
attributed to Aristotle)
(Geneva, 1843)
B. Bacchylides
BMC Cyrenaica E. S. G. Robinson, A Catalogue of the Greek
bk. one of the eight books of Th.
Coins of Cyrenaica (London, 1927)
comm. commentary
BMJ III E. L. Hicks, Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the
Curt. Quintus Curtius Rufus
British Museum, Part III (Oxford, 1890)
Eur. Euripides
BNJ Brill’s New Jacoby (online resource, 2006-)
Dem. Demosthenes
Brill’s Companion A. Rengakos and A. Tsakmakis (eds.), Brill’s
Diod. Diodorus of Sicily
Companion to Thucydides (Leiden, 2006)
Hell. Hellenika
Buck and Petersen C. D. Buck and W. Petersen, Reverse Index of
Hdt. Herodotus
Greek Nouns and Adjectives: arranged by
I. Isthmian ode (of Pindar)
terminations with brief historical
Lys. Lysias
introduction (Chicago, 1945)
N. Nemean ode (of Pindar)
Burkert, GR W. Burkert, Greek Religion (Oxford, 1985)
O. Olympian ode (of Pindar)
Busolt G. Busolt, Griechische Geschichte 3.2 Der
o. o. The ‘Old Oligarch’ (Ps.-Xen., Athenaion
Peloponnesische Krieg (Gotha, 1904)
Politela)
CAH Cambridge Ancient History
Oxy. Hist. The Oxyrhynchos Historian
CEG P. A. Hansen (ed.) Carmina epigraphica
P. Pythian ode (of Pindar)
Graeca: saceulorum VIII-Va. Chr. (Berlin,
Paus. Pausanias
1983)
Plut. Plutarch
CID G. Rougemont and others, Corpus des
Pol. Polybius
Soph. Sophocles Inscriptions de Delphes (Paris, 1977-)
Steph. Byz. Stephanos of Byzantion Clarendon, History Edward, Earl of Clarendon (ed. W. Dunn
Strab. Strabo Macray). The History of the Rebellion and
Sud. Suda or Suidas Civil Wars in England, 6 vols. (Oxford, 1888)
Tac. Tacitus C/S Thukydides erklärt von J. Classen, bearbeitet
Th. Thucydides von J. Steup, 3rd to 5th edns. (Berlin,
Xen. Xenophon 1900-22)
xii Abbreviations Abbreviations xiii
CT S. Hornblower, A Commentary on Thucydides, IG Inscriptiones Graecae
3 vols. (Oxford, 1991,1996,2008). Cited as IJG R. Dareste, B. Haussoullier, Th. Reinach,
CTI, II, III. Recueil des inscriptions juridiques Grecques
Classen See C/S deuxième sèrie (Paris, 1898)
Davies, APF J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families IPriene F. Frhr. Hiller von Gaertringen, Inschriften von
600-300 BC (Oxford, 1971) Priene (Berlin, 1906)
De Ste Croix, OPW G. E. M. de Ste Croix, The Origins of the IvO W. Dittenberger and K. Purgold (eds.),
Peloponnesian War (London, 1972) Olympia, voi. 5, Die Inschriften (1896)
DGE E. Schwyzer, Dialectorum Graecarum exempla K/A R. Kassel and C. Austin (eds.), Poetae comici
epigraphicapotiora (Leipzig, 1923) graeci (Berlin, 1983-2001)
DK H. Diels and W. Kranz (eds.), Die Fragmente Kl. Pauly Der kleine Pauly, 5 vols. (Munich, 1964-75)
der Vorsokratiker, 6th edn. 4 vols. (Berlin, Kl. Sehr. Kleine Schriften
1952) Krüger K. W. Krüger (ed.), Thukydides, 2nd edn.
FGE D. L. Page, Further Greek Epigrams (1858-1860)
(Cambridge, 1980) LGPN P. M. Fraser and E. Matthews (eds.), A Lexicon
FGrHist F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen of Greek Personal Names (so far: I, II, IIIA,
Historiker, 15 vols. (Berlin, 1923-58) IIIB, IV, VA), (Oxford, 1987-2010)
Fornara (followed by ‘no.’) C. W. Fornara, Translated Documents of Greece LIMC Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae
and Rome 1 Archaic Times to the End of the (Zurich, 1981-97)
Peloponnesian War, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, LSAG2 L. H. Jeffery rev. A. W. Johnston, The Local
1983) Scripts of Archaic Greece2 (Oxford, 1990)
Greek Historiography S. Hornblower (ed.), Greek Historiography LSJ9 H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, rev. H. Stuart Jones
(Oxford, 1994) and R. McKenzie, A Greek-English Lexicon,
Greek Personal Names S. Hornblower and E. Matthews (eds.), Greek 9th edn. (1940), with P. G. W. Glare, Revised
Personal Names: Their Value as Evidence Supplement (Oxford, 1996)
(Oxford, 2000) LSCG F. Sokolowski, Lois sacrées des cités Grecques
Greek World S. Hornblower, The Greek World 479-323 bc, (Paris, 1969)
3rd edn. (London, 2002) LSS F. Sokolowski, Lois sacrées des cités Grecques,
Harding P. Harding, Translated Documents of Greece Supplément (Paris 1962)
and Rome. Voi. 2: From the End of the Macan R. W. Macan, Herodotus, 5 vols. (London,
Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus 1895-1908)
(Cambridge, 1985) Marchant E. C. Marchant, Thucydides Book VI (London,
HCP F. W. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on 1897) and Thucydides Book VII (London,
Polybius, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1957-79) 1893)
HCT A. W. Gomme, A. Andrewes, and K. J Dover, A Maurer K. Maurer, Interpolation in Thucydides
Historical Commentary on Thucydides, 5 (Leiden, 1985)
vols. (Oxford, 1945-81) ML R. Meiggs and D. Lewis, A Selection of Greek
IACP M. H. Hansen and T. H. Nielsen (eds.) An Historical Inscriptions to the End of the
Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis Fifth Century, rev. edn. 1988, pbk. 1989
(Oxford, 2004) (Oxford)
IEG2 M. L. West, Iambi et elegi graeci, 2 vols., 2nd NGSL E. Lupu, Greek Sacred Law: A Collection of
edn. (Oxford, 1992) New Documents (Leiden, 2005)
xiv Abbreviations Abbreviations XV
OCDi S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth (eds.), The RFP R. Osborne and S. Hornblower (eds.), Ritual,
Oxford Classical Dictionary 3rd edn. Finance, Politics: Athenian Democratic
(Oxford, 1996) Accounts Presented to David Lewis (Oxford,
OCT Oxford Classical Text 1996)
OGIS W. Dittenberger (ed.), Orientis graecae Rhodes, Ath. Pol. Comm. P. J. Rhodes, A Commentary on the Aristotelian
inscriptiones selectae (Leipzig, 1903-05) Athenaion Politela (Oxford, 1981; repr. with
OMS See Robert, OMS Addenda, 1993)
Parker, ARH R. Parker, Athenian Religion: A History R/O P. J. Rhodes and R. Osborne (eds.), Greek
(Oxford, 1996) Historical Inscriptions 404—323 bc (Oxford,
Parker, Miasma R. Parker, Miasma: Pollution and Purification 2003)
in Early Greek Religion (Oxford, 1983) Robert, OMS L. Robert, Opera minora selecta, 7 vols.
Parker, Polytheism and R. Parker, Polytheism and Society at Athens (Amsterdam, 1969-90)
Society (Oxford, 2005) SEG Supplementum epigraphicum graecum
PECS R. Stillwell (ed.), Princeton Encyclopedia of SGDI H. Collitz, F. Bechtel, and O. Hoffmann (eds.),
Classical Sites (Princeton, 1976) Sammlung der griechischen Dialektin­
Pf. R. Pfeiffer, Callimachus, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1949 schriften (Göttingen, 1884-1915)
and 1953) SylV W. Dittenberger (ed.) Sylloge inscriptionum
Pindar’s Poetry S. Hornblower and C. Morgan (eds.), Pindar’s graecarum, 3rd edn. (Leipzig, 1915-24)
Poetry, Patron and Festivals from Archaic Th. and Pi. S. Hornblower, Thucydides and Pindar:
Greece to the Roman Empire (Oxford, 2007) Historical Narrative and the World of
PMG D. L. Page, Poetae Melici Graecae (Oxford, Epinikian Poetry (Oxford, 2004)
1962) ThesCRA Thesaurus cultus et rituum antiquorum, 6 vols.
Popp H. Popp, Die Einwirkung von Vorzeichen, (Basle and Los Angeles, 2005)
Opfern und Festen auf die Kriegführung der Thucydides S. Hornblower, Thucydides (1987; repr. with
Griechen im 5. und 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. corrections 1994)
Diss. Erlangen, 1957 Tod M. N. Tod, Greek Historical Inscriptions, 2 vols.
Poppo-Stahl E. F. Poppo, rev. J. M. Stahl, Thucydidis (Oxford, 1946 and 1948)
historiae (1876-85) Torone I A. Cambitoglou, J. K. Papadopoulos and
Pritchett, GSW W. K. Pritchett, The Greek State at War, 5 vols. others, Torone I: The Excavations of 1975,
(Berkeley, 1971-91) 1976, and 1978. Text: Parti (Athens, 2001)
Purposes of History H. Verdin, G. Schepens, and E. de Keyser TrGF B. Snell, S. Radt, and R. Kannicht (eds.),
(eds.), Purposes of History: Studies in Greek Tragicorum graecorum fragmenta
Historiography from the 4th to the 2nd ■ (Göttingen, 1971- )
Centuries bc (Louvain, 1990) = Studia Wade-Gery, EGH H. T. Wade-Gery, Essays in Greek History
hellenistica 30 (Oxford, 1958)
Rawlings H. R. Rawlings III, The Structure of Thucy­ Walbank, HCP See HCP
dides’ History (Princeton, 1981)
RE A. Pauly and G. Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie
der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, 83
vols. (Stuttgart, 1894-1980)
Places of Original Publication xvn
Ch. 16. P. Flensted-Jensen, T. H. Nielsen and L. Rubinstein (eds.),
Polis and Politics: Studies in Ancient Greek History Pres.
Places of Original Publication M. H. Hansen (Copenhagen, 2000), 363-84
Ch. 17. A. Moreno (ed.), Epitedeumata (forthcoming)
Ch. 1. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 94 (1992), 179-97
Acknowledgement for permission to reproduce or quote is made as
Ch. 2. Mediterranean Historical Review 22 (2007) [= I. Malkin, follows:
C. Constantakopoulou and K. Panagopoulou (eds.). Greek
and Roman Networks in the Mediterranean (London, Introduction. The Provost and Fellows of King’s College Cambridge
2009)], 49-51 for permission to quote from the college’s privately
printed obituary memoir of Bernard Williams (below, 6f.)
Ch. 3. S. Hornblower (ed.) Greek Historiography (Oxford, 1994),
131-66 Ch. 1. Harvard University Press; President and Fellows of Harvard
College
Ch. 4. S. Hornblower and E. Matthews (eds.) Greek Personal
Names: Their Value as Evidence (Oxford, 2000), 129-43 Ch. 2. Routledge (Taylor and Francis)
Ch. 5. A. Ch. Christopoulou (ed.) Proceedings, 2nd Int. Conference Ch. 3. Oxford University Press
ofBoiotian Studies, Levadia, Sept. 1992 (Athens, 1995) Ch. 4. Oxford University Press and the British Academy
voi. 2,667-78 (much shorter version)
Ch. 5. [organizers, the 2nd international conference of Boiotian
Ch. 6. A. Rengakos and A. Tsakmakis (eds.) Brill’s Companion to studies]
Thucydides (Leiden, 2006), 615-28
Ch. 6. Brill, Leiden
Ch. 7. A. Sommerstein and J. Fletcher (eds.) HORKOS: The Oath in
Ch. 7. Bristol Phoenix Press
Greek Society (Bristol, 2007), 138-47
Ch. 8. Franz Steiner Verlag
Ch. 8. Historia 31 (1982), 241-5
Ch. 9. Blackwell Publishers
Ch. 9. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16 (1997), 177-86
Ch. 10. Trinity College University of Toronto
Ch. 10. Phoenix 54 (2000), 212-25
Ch. 11. Verlag CH Beck; John Oakley again for permission to
Ch. 11. Chiron 32 (2002), 237-47
reproduce the ‘Lichas’ vase (below, 215)
Ch. 12. R. Lane Fox (ed.) The Long March: Studies in Xenophons
Ch. 12. Yale University Press.
Anabasis (New Haven, 2004), 243-63
Ch. 13. Duckworth and Classical Press of Wales
Ch. 13. H. van Wees (ed.), War and Violence in Ancient Greece
Ch. 14. Ausonius Editions, Bordeaux
(London, 2000), 57-82
Ch. 15. Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
Ch. 14. V. Fromentin, S. Gotteland and P. Payen (eds.) Ombres de
Thucydide: la réception de l’historien depuis l’Antiquité Ch. 16. Museum Tusculanum Press, Copenhagen
jusquau début du XXe siècle (Paris, 2010), 27-33 Ch. 17. A. Moreno
Ch. 15. Journal of Hellenic Studies 115 (1995), 47-65
Introduction
Looking back, I cannot think of a better preparation for writing
about Hitler and Stalin than the familiarity I acquired at Oxford
in the 1930s with Thucydides, Tacitus, and those sections of
Aristotle’s Politics that deal with the Greek experience of
tyranny.
(Bullock (1993), xix)
some readers have found his political speculations of interest
(extract from the anonymous entry on ‘Thucydides’ in
M. Drabble (ed.), The Oxford Companion to English
Literature (Oxford, 1985), 981)
I. DISTINCTIVENESS?
I wish, in this Introduction, to ask how Thucydides is distinctive—and
distinctively admirable, if he is, as I believe he is. (Not everyone
thinks so: contrast the two politically-angled epigraphs printed above,
the one enthusiastic, the other condescending towards and tepidly
dismissive of both Thucydides and his admirers.) In 2009, we think
and hope that we understand, a little better than did earlier
generations,1 Thucydides’ relationship to other authors, both his
predecessors and his contemporaries; the range of the authors who
1 This no doubt sounds arrogant and condescending. In fifty years from now, it will
no doubt sound merely quaint and erroneous.
Introduction 3
are now thought to be relevant to Thucydides is, as Jeffrey Rüsten has dimension to Thucydides is not a new thought; Hermann Strasburger
rightly observed, wider than it once was.2 And that covers only drew some basic parallels (such as the choice of a great war as a theme)
‘respectable’ authors and types of writing. There is also the influence half a century ago.9 What is new is the working out of the influence at
of genres of writing not thought of as obviously literary at all. The the level of detail. A simple example: it has been noticed10 * that when
Marxist David Craig’s ‘third law of literary development’ ordains that Thucydides makes one of his agents say or think that some course of
‘a new genre is likely to piece itself together out of motifs, styles, action or result will be ‘easy’, ράδιον, βαδίως, or ßäov, that will often
means of circulation that had belonged to some medium not thought turn to be ironic, a warning signal that the enterprise will fail. Rood
of as art proper’; he adds that such an emergence is likely to take place accepts this, but takes it further, acutely noting that ‘only the gods do
at a time of social upheaval or rapid change.3 Does this work for things with ease’, and citing appropriate Homeric passages.11 Occa­
ancient Greek historiography (which certainly emerged in a period sionally one of the Thucydidean scholia points us intelligently to a
of rapid change)? For Herodotus, one might think in this connection Homeric parallel. A good example is the remarkable chiastic and
of oracular modes of speech; for Thucydides, there is the influence of asyndetic four-word sequence from the great Syracusan sea-battle
law-court speeches,4 informal philosophical discourse,5 and of real- (‘lamentation, shouting, “we’re winning”, “we’re beaten”’); a scho­
life written military reports to the home authorities by generals in the liast aptly sends us to some lines of the Iliad which seem to have been
field.6 But how does Thucydides differ from these other authors and specially popular in antiquity and are clearly illuminating here,
influences, and how (if at all) does he rise above them? though there is no actual lexical overlap.12 Much more often, we have
to detect the presence of Homer for ourselves (for an example see
below, 139, prefatory remarks to Ch. 6). Spectacular progress has
been made in this area (the publication of the ‘New Simonides’ in
II. THE CONNECTING THREADS 1991 arguably provided the missing link between epic and
historiography);13 but we still need a study of Thucydides and
First it will be necessary to review some of the authors who have Homer14 to match that recently and perceptively carried out by
been fruitfully compared to Thucydides—the connecting threads.7 Pelling for Herodotus’ creative adaptation (not merely echoing) of
Above all, there is Homer and epic.8 That there is a generally Homeric Homer.15
2 Rüsten (20096), 14. published a separate full-length study (nearly 80 pages) specifically devoted to ‘the
3 See Craig (19756), 160. I owe my knowledge of this to Michael Silk’s keynote Aristeia of Brasidas’: Howie (2005).
paper (‘The Greek dramatic genres: theoretical perspectives’) at the Comic Interac­ 9 Strasburger (1982) [1951].
tions conference held at UCL on 17-18 July 2009, organized by Emmanuela Bakola, 10 Connor (1984), 112 n. 9; CT I. 241, first n. on 2. 3. 2; Rood (1998), 34 n. 30;
Lucia Prauscello, and Mario Telo. Pelling (2007), 180 n. 3.
4 An under-studied topic; but see Plant (1999). 11 Rood (1998), 34 n. 30; Iliad 15.361-6 and 20.444; Odyssey 14. 358.
5 Shanske (2007), with the reservations of Rood (2008). ForTh. and Protagoras, see 12 Th. 7. 71.4 (ολοφυρμός βοή, νίκώντες κρατούμενοί) with CT III, 700; the scholiast
Farrar (1988). cites Iliad 4. 450—1, ένθα δ’ αμ οίμωγή τε καί εύχωλή πελεν άνδρών | ολλύντων τε καί
6 Thucydides himself, in his capacity as strategos, must surely havè written such όλλυμενων... Popularity: see further below η. 18. No lexical overlap: the point (lexical
reports. See Thucydides 39 f. for the possible influence of such writing, but my sugges­ similarity is not the only sort) is important. See e.g. Morrison (2007), 10, and I am
tion has not been taken up. indebted to a paper by Ralph Rosen at the Comic Interactions conference (above,
7 See also my‘additional note’ at Rüsten (2009α), 86-8, a selective update of Thucy­ n. 3).
dides 110-35 (repr. in Rüsten). On Th.’s relation to other writers, there are perceptive 13 Boedeker and Sider (2001). For the point made in the text, see Hornblower
remarks throughout Greenwood (2006), ch. 1. (2001), one of the chapters in that collection. But nothing comes of nothing, and for
“ I take the opportunity of noting that J. Gordon Howie, whose article about even earlier poetic precursors of historiography, such as Mimnermos, see E. Bowie
Homeric aristeia in modern Greek was summarized by me at CT II 39 n. 99, has now (2001). 14 See however R. Williams (1993). 15 Pelling (2006).