Thrust Belts and Foreland Basins: From Fold Kinematics to Hydrocarbon Systems

498 Pages·2007·43.22 MB·English

by  Evgueni Burov (auth.), Olivier Lacombe, François Roure, Jérôme Lavé, Jaume Vergés (eds.)

Frontiers in Earth Sciences
Series Editors:
J.P. Brun · O. Oncken · H. Weissert · C. Dullo
Olivier Lacombe
Jérôme Lavé
François Roure
Jaume Vergés
(Editors)
Thrust Belts
and Foreland
Basins
From Fold Kinematics
to Hydrocarbon Systems
With 290 color fi gures
123
Olivier Lacombe Jérôme Lavé
Laboratoire de Tectonique Laboratoire de Géodynamique
Université Pierre et Marie Curie des Chaînes Alpines
Aile 45–46, Niveau 2, Case 129 Université J. Fourier
4 Place Jussieu Maison de Géosciences
75252 Paris 1381 rue de la piscine
France 38400 St-Martin-d‘Hères
France
François Roure
Institut Français du Pétrole Jaume Vergés
1–4 Avenue de Bois-Préau Institut Ciencies de la Tierra
92852 Rueil-Malmaison Jaume Almera
France Cons. Sup. Invest. Cientifi cas
Calle Lluís Solé i Sabarís s/n
08028 Barcelona
Spain
ISSN 1863-4621
ISBN-13 978-3-540-69425-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007923866
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Preface
Th rust belts and foreland basins record the main phases of orogenic evolution.
Th ey are shaped by the coupled infl uence of deep (fl exure, plate rheology and ki-
nematics) and surfi cial (erosion, sedimentation) geological processes, at diff erent
time scales. Th rust belts and foreland basins constitute important targets for scien-
tists interested in both fundamental and applied (fl uids, hydrocarbons) aspects.
In the framework of a new cycle of workshops of the ILP task force on “Sedimen-
tary Basins”, a three-day meeting on “Th rust Belts and Foreland Basins” was orga-
nized in December 2005 on behalf of the Société Géologique de France and the So-
ciedad Geológica de España, hosted by the Institut Français du Pétrole near Paris.
Th e main purpose of the meeting was to off er the opportunity for Earth scientists
from diff erent disciplines, i.e. geologists, geophysicists and geochemists, to present
and share their diff erent knowledge on the processes governing the evolution of
orogenic belts and adjacent forelands. A special emphasis had been given to make
a “bridge” between the most recent advances in surface processes, geochemistry,
provenance studies, fi eld studies, analogue and numerical modelling, high resolu-
tion seismicity, and hydrocarbon prospect in forelands basins. Th e conference was
successful in bringing together scientists from academia and industry from nearly
20 countries. New contributions using the geologic information recorded in thrust
belts and foreland basins as well as stimulating key notes provided fertile ground
for discussion, focusing on the orogenic evolution of adjacent mountain belts, on
the stratigraphic records resulting from the coupled infl uence of deep and surfi cial
geological processes, on exploration strategies for hydrocarbons in foothills areas,
and on recent methodological and technical advances that have renewed our view
on these important targets in both their fundamental and applied aspects.
Th e present volume addresses most of these topics. It comprises 25 key papers
presented at the conference. Th e content of the volume refl ects the diversity of the
presentations and the success of the workshop, and is likely to promote new con-
tacts between interdisciplinary Earth scientists. Volume architecture brings the
reader from geodynamic considerations to general and specifi c issues of thrust
belt description and hydrocarbon systems exploration through seismic imaging,
fl uid fl ow studies, and structural modelling. Given the focused attention that Za-
gros/Makran and Carpathian thrust belts received during the meeting and volume
elaboration, contributions specifi c to these two important areas were put separate-
ly. Th e varied methodologies implemented when studying these two thrust belts
examples, and the contrasted answers they bring, stress the importance of con-
fronting independant approaches. Th ese case studies also provide to any research-
er interested by thrust belts a synthetic view on the modern techniques and recent
advances developed for studying these major geological targets.
Olivier Lacombe, Jérôme Lavé, François Roure
and Jaume Vergés
Acknowledgments
Aft er the „Th rust belts and foreland basins“ conference held near Paris in Decem-
ber 2005, many manuscripts were submitted for consideration in this volume. Th e
following colleagues are sincerely thanked for their time and eff ort in increasing
the scientifi c value of the volume by thoroughly reviewing one or more manu-
scripts within sometimes very short delays.
Philippe Agard (France) Pierre Labaume (France)
Mehdi Alavi (USA) Olivier Lacombe (France)
Paul Andriessen (the Netherlands) Carolyn Lampe (Germany)
Patrice Baby (France) Jérôme Lavé (France)
Daniel Bernoulli (Switzerland) Jean Letouzey (France)
Giovanni Bertotti (the Netherlands) Jacques Malavieille (France)
Geneviève Bessereau (France) Liviu Matenco (the Netherlands)
Max Bordenave (France) Bertrand Meyer (France)
Jean-Pierre Burg (Switzerland) Claude Morin (Canada)
Evgenii Burov (France) Frédéric Mouthereau (France)
Ramon Carbonell (Spain) Jean-Louis Mugnier (France)
Piero Casero (Italy) Michal Nemčok (USA)
Daniel García-Castellanos (Spain) Lewis Owen (USA)
William Cavazza (Italy) Franck Picha (USA)
Nicolas Chamot-Rooke (France) Cai Puigdefàbregas (Spain)
Sierd Cloetingh (the Netherlands) Cécile Robin (France)
John Cosgrove (UK) Eduard Roca (Spain)
Eric Deville (France) François Roure (France)
Jean-Luc Epard (France) Mark Rowan (USA)
Michel Faure (France) Pere Santanach (Spain)
Manel Fernàndez (Spain) Carlos Sanz de Galdaneo (Spain)
Joan Flinch (Spain) Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth (Germany)
Dominique Frizon de Lamotte (France) Randell Stephenson (the Netherlands)
Roberto Gambini (Austria) Rudy Swennen (Belgium)
Jean-Pierre Gratier (France) Christopher Talbot (Sweden)
Marc-André Gutscher (France) François Th ouvenot (France)
Stuart Hardy (Spain) Jean van den Driessche (France)
Jean-Claude Hippolyte (France) Peter van der Beek (France)
Martin Jackson (USA) Roland von Huene (USA)
Marc Jolivet (France) Jaume Vergés (Spain)
Donna Kirkwood (Canada) Sean Willett (Switzerland)
Piotr Krzywiecz (Poland) Reini Zoetemeijer (the Netherlands)
Th e editors of the volume would fi nally like to gratefully acknowledge the support
of the Société Géologique de France (SGF), Sociedad Geológica de España (SGE)
and International Lithosphere Program (ILP), as well as of the Institut Français du
Pétrole (IFP), the Laboratoire de Tectonique of the University Pierre et Marie Curie
(Paris), the Laboratoire de Géologie des Chaînes Alpines (LGCA, Grenoble), Total,
ConocoPhillips and Shell.
Contents
Part I
Surfi cial and Deep Processes in Thrust Belts
E. Burov
1 Coupled Lithosphere-Surface Processes in Collision Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
F. Lenci · C. Doglioni
2 On Some Geometric Prism Asymmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Part II
Exploration of Thrust Belts (1) : Seismic Imaging and Traps
A. Jardin · R. Chaker · P. Krzywiec
3 Understanding Seismic Propagation Th rough Triangle Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
M. Bêche · D. Kirkwood · A. Jardin · E. Desaulniers · D. Saucier · F. Roure
4 2D Depth Seismic Imaging in the Gaspé Belt,
a Structurally Complex Fold Th rust Belt in the Northern Appalachians,
Québec, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Part III
Exploration of Thrust Belts (2) : Fluid Flow and Hydrocarbon Systems
A. Travé · P. Labaume · J. Vergés
5 Fluid Systems in Foreland Fold-and-Th rust Belts: An Overview from
the SouthernPyrenees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
V. Picotti · R. Capozzi · G. Bertozzi · F. Mosca · A.Sitta · M. Tornaghia
6 Th e Miocene Petroleum System of the Northern Apennines
in the Central Po Plain (Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Part IV
Structural Modeling / Restoration
E. Mercier · S. Rafi ni · R. Ahmadi
7 Folds Kinematics in “Fold and Th rust Belts”.
Th e “Hinge Migration” Question, a Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
I. Moretti · V. Delos · J. Letouzey · A. Otero · J.C. Calvo
8 Th e Use of Surface Restoration in Foothills Exploration:
Th eory and Application to the Sub-Andean Zone of Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
X Contents
S. Lingrey
9 Plate Tectonic Setting and Cenozoic Deformation of Trinidad:
Foldbelt Restoration in a Region of Signifi cant Strike-Slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
N.J. Hardebol · J.P. Callot · J.L. Faure · G. · Bertotti · F. Roure
10 Kinematics of the SE Canadian Foreland Fold-and-Th rust Belt:
Implications for the Th ermal and Organic Maturation History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Part V
Zagros/Makran Thrust Belts
F. Ahmadhadi · O. Lacombe · J.M. Daniel
11 Early Reactivation of Basement Faults in Central Zagros (SW Iran):
Evidence from Pre-Folding Fracture Patterns in Asmari Formation
and Lower Tertiary Paleogeography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
J.L. Rudkiewicz · S. Sherkati · J. Letouzey
12 Evolution of Maturity in Northern Fars and Izeh Zone (Iranian Zagros)
and Link with Hydrocarbon Prospectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
F. Mouthereau · O. Lacombe · J. Tensi · N. Bellahsen · S. Kargar · K. Amrouch
13 Mechanical Constraints on the Development
of Th e Zagros Folded Belt (Fars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
B.Oveisi · J. Lavé · P. van der Beek
14 Rates and Processes of Active Folding Evidenced
by Pleistocene Terraces at the Central Zagros Front (Iran) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
S. Jahani · J.P. Callot · D. Frizon de Lamotte · J. Letouzey · P. Leturmy
15 Th e Salt Diapirs of the Eastern Fars Province (Zagros, Iran):
A Brief Outline of Th eir Past and Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
J.-P. Callot · S. Jahani · J. Letouzey
16 Th e Role of Pre-Existing Diapirs in Fold and Th rust Belt Development . . . . . . . . . . . 309
N. Ellouz-Zimmermann · E. Deville · C. Müller · S. Lallemant · A. Subhani · A. Tabreez
17 Impact of Sedimentation on Convergent Margin Tectonics:
Example of the Makran Accretionary Prism (Pakistan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
N. Ellouz-Zimmermann · S. Lallemant · P. Leturmy · A. Battani · C. Buret
R. Castilla · L. Chérel · G. Desaubliaux · E. Deville · J. Ferrand · A. Lügcke
G. Mahieux · G. Mascle · N. Mouchot · P. Mühr · A.-C. Pierson-Wickmann
P. Robion · J. Schmitz · M. Danish · S. Hasany · A. Shahzad
18 Off shore Frontal Part of the Makran Accretionary Prism:
Th e Chamak Survey (Pakistan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Part VI
Carpathian Thrust Belt
M. Tarapoanca · D. Tambrea · V. Avram · B. Popescu
19 Th e Geometry of the Southleading Carpathian Th rust Line
and the Moesia Boundary: Th e Role of Inherited Structures
in Establishing a Transcurrent Contact on the Concave Side
of the Carpathians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Contents XI
P. Krzywiec · J. Vergés
20 Role of the Foredeep Evaporites in Wedge Tectonics
and Formation of Triangle Zones:
Comparison of the Carpathian and Pyrenean Th rust Fronts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
G. Leśniak · P. Such · P. Dziadzio
21 Reservoir Properties of Miocene Sandstones
in Rzeszow Area (Carpathian Foredeep, Poland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
I. Matyasik · M. Myśliwiec · G. Leśniak · P. Such
22 Relationship between Hydrocarbon Generation and Reservoir Development
in the Carpathian Foreland (Poland) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

Part VII
Tectonics, Sedimentation and Denudation in Thrust Belts
A. Artoni · F. Rizzini · M. Roveri · R. Gennari · V. Manzi · G. Papani · M. Bernini
23 Tectonic and Climatic Controls on Sedimentation in Late Miocene
Cortemaggiore Wedge-Top Basin (Northwestern Appennines, Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
J. De Grave · M. Buslov · P. van den Haute · B. Dehandschutter · D. Delvaux
24 Meso-Cenozoic Evolution of Mountain Range - Intramontane Basin
Systems in the Southern Siberian Altai Mountains by Apatite
Fission-Track Th ermochronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
D. Scrocca · E. Carminati · C. Doglioni · D. Marcantoni
25 Slab Retreat and Active Shortening Along the Central-Northern Apennines . . . . . . 471
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
The Editors
Dr. Olivier Lacombe is professor of tectonics at the Pierre et Marie Curie Univer-
sity (Paris, France) since 2002. He obtained his PhD in Earth Sciences from this
university in 1992.
Olivier is an expert in brittle tectonics, especially in the study of fracture popu-
lations and reconstruction of paleostress orientations and magnitudes using anal-
ysis of faults and calcite twins. His main interest relates to the understanding of
the structure and the kinematic evolution of fold-thrust belt - foreland basin sys-
tems, with special emphasis on the style of deformation (basement-involved tec-
tonics and inversion), timing of deformation and tectonic history. Olivier also re-
cently focused on the characterization of the ductile to brittle transition during late
stage exhumation of HP metamorphic rocks in orogen hinterlands. He has worked
in various regions worldwide, i.e., in the Alps and Pyrenees-Provence, Taiwan, Za-
gros, and more recently in the Cyclades-Aegean.
Dr. Jérôme Lavé is research scientist at the CNRS (Centre National de la Recher-
che Scientifi que) in the LGCA (Laboratoire de Géologie des Chaînes Alpines) in
Grenoble (France) since 1999. He obtained his PhD in geophysics from the Denis
Diderot University (Paris, France) in 1997.
Jérôme is an expert in seismotectonics and morphotectonics. He has been work-
ing on terrace deformation in relation to active folding in thrust belts, on erosion
and river incision processes and on quantifi cation of pebble and bedrock abrasion
processes during fl uvial transport. He recently developed a new paleo-altimetric
method based on the cosmogenic nuclides. His general fi elds of interest are the
coupling and feedback loops between tectonic, erosion and climate, the dating and
modelling of fl uvial and glacial landscapes in relation with paleoclimate, and the
numerical modelling of landscape evolution. He has mostly worked in the Himala-
yas, Tibet, Zagros and Altiplano.
Dr. François Roure is currently professor at IFP (Institut Français du Pétrole) and
VU-Amsterdam. He joined the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scienti-
fi que) in 1980. Aft er a PhD aiming at the study of the Mesozoic geodynamic evo-
lution of the North American Cordillera in N California and Oregon, he moved to
IFP in 1984, studying fi rst the crustal architecture of the Alps, Pyrenees and Apen-
nines, then the petroleum systems in foothills and foreland domains in the Car-
pathians, Albanides, Sicily, Alaska and Colombia.
More recently, François has focused his interest on the evolution of sub-thrust
reservoirs in the Himalayan foothills in Pakistan, as well as in the sub-Andean ba-
sins, and the North American Cordillera again, i.e., in Mexico and in the Canadi-
an Rockies. His last projects aimed at the study of the crustal architecture and pe-
troleum evaluation of the United Arab Emirates and North Algeria.
Dr. Jaume Vergés is researcher at the Institute of Earth Sciences “Jaume Almera”
of the CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científi cas) in Barcelona (Spain).
He has been working on many fold-and-thrust belts, i.e., the Pyrenees, Zagros, An-