Through the Lens of Anthropology: An Introduction to Human Evolution and Culture

405 Pages·2015·135.456 MB·English

by  Robert J. Muckle, Laura Tubelle de González

ROBERT J. MUCKLE AND
LAURA TUBELLE DE GONZALEZ

THROUTGHH[l [ NS
OfA NTHROPOlOGY
An Introduction to Human
Evolution and Culture
Robert Muckle
and
Laura T ubelle de Gonzalez
UNIVERSITOYF TORONTOP RESS
Copyright© University of Toronto Press 2016
Higher Education Division
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Muckle, Robert James, author
Through the lens of anthropology : an introduction to human evolution and culture I Robert J.M uckle and
Laura Tubelle de Gonzalez.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-4426-0864-1 (bound).-ISBN 978-1-4426-0863-4 (paperback).-ISBN 978-1-4426-0865-8 (pdf).
-ISBN 978-1-4426-0866-5 (html).
r. Anthropology-Textbooks. I. Gonzalez, Laura Tubelle de, 1969-, author IL Title.
GN25.M82 20153 01 C2015-903721-2
C2015-903722-o
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Chapter 1
1 Afghanistan
2 Cahokia Mounds, Illinois,
USA
3 Germany
4 Island of Flores, Indonesia
5 Kalahari Desert, Botswana
6 New York, New York, USA
s
Chapter 2
7 Belgium
8 Congo River
9 Costa Rica
10 Madagascar
Chapter 3
North
11 Amazon River Valley
12 Czech Republic Pacific
13 Galapagos Islands Ocea 11
14 Indonesia
15 London, England
North
Chapter 4
Atlantic
16 Gibraltar
17 Neander Valley, Germany Ocean
18 Republic of Georgia
19 Shanidar Cave, Iraq
20 Siberia
21 South Africa (D (?r
22 Vietnam
23 Zhoukoudian, China Chapter 9 Chapter 12 CY
Chapter 5 48 El Salvador 73 Guyana 0 ,(_ ~
24 Australia 49 Georgia, USA 74 Indus River
25 Lomekwi, Kenya 50 Hokkaido, Japan 75 Nile River
26 Olorgesailie, Kenya 51 Nunavut Territory, 76 Philippines e A f e
Canada
77 Rio Grande River
Chapter 6 52 Papua New Guinea 78 Rwanda (!)Sr
27 Kenya 53 Quebec, Canada 79 Samoa G G
28 San Miguel Island, 54 Tasmania, Australia 80 Swaziland G~
California, USA 55 Vancouver, Canada 81 Uganda
29 Yukon Territory, Canada 56 Zambia 82 Yellow River vr- e
Chapter 7 Chapter 10
Chapter13 G
30 China 57 Amazon rainforest 83 Cambodia \
31 Crete, Greece 58 Andes Mountains 84 Four Corners,
32 Egypt 59 British Columbia, American Southwest ~
33 Hawaii, USA Canada 85 France
34 Machu Picchu, Peru 60 Kalahari Desert 86 Japan So11th
35 New Zealand 61 Mexico City, Mexico 87 btztal Alps
36 Rapa Nui (Easter Island) 62 Peru 88 Russia Pacific
37 Stonehenge, England 63 Iran 89 Thailand Ocea 11
Chapter 8 Chapter 11 90 Vanuatu
38 Brazil 64 Myanmar (Burma) Chapter14
39 Djibouti 65 Ethiopia 91 Chiapas, Mexico a,
40 Ghana 66 Finland 92 Isla Grande de Tierra
41 Guinea 67 Greece del Fuego
42 India 68 Nepal 93 Ivory Coast (Cote
43 Italy 69 Pakistan d'Ivoire)
44 lturi Forest, DRC 70 Saudi Arabia 94 Neah Bay,
45 Somalia 71 Sudan Washington, USA
46 Tanzania 72 Tibet 95 New Guinea
47 Venezuela 96 Paraguay
Arctic
Ocean
Pacific
Ocean
'
Indian
Ocean
South
A t!antic
Ocean
Locations
Mentioned in
the Book
So11thern
Ocean
Brief Contents
List of Illustrations XlV
List of Boxes XVlll
Acknowledgments xx
About the Authors XXl
Preface XXll
Note to Instructors XXlV
Note to Students xxv
CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Viewing the World through the Lens of Anthropology I
CHAPTER 2 We Are Primates: The Primate Background 25
CHAPTER 3 Evolutionary Thought and Theory 49
CHAPTER 4 Human Biological Evolution 67
CHAPTER 5 Human Cultural Evolution from 2.5 Million to 20,000 Years Ago 91
CHAPTER 6 Cultural Evolution from 20,000 to 5,000 Years Ago 113
CHAPTER 7 Archaeology of the Last 5,000 Years 13 7
CHAPTER 8 Studying Culture 159
CHAPTER 9 Language and Culture 185
CHAPTER 10 Food-Getting and Economics 2II
CHAPTER 11 Marriage, Family, and Gender 241
CHAPTER 12 Politics: Keeping Order 267
CHAPTER 13 Supernaturalism 293
CHAPTER 14 Anthropology and Sustainability 317
Glossary 343
References 364
Index 371
- Contents
Contents
List of Illustrations XIV
List of Boxes xviii
Acknowledgments xx
About the Authors XXl
Preface XXll
Note to Instructors XXlV
Note to Students xxv
CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Viewing the World through the Lens of Anthropology
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Introduction r
Defining Anthropology, Defining Human, and Defining Culture 5
The Four Fields and Applied Anthropo logy 7
The Anthropological Perspective r r
Histor y of Anthropology, Mostly in North America r 3
Situating Anthropology r 8
The Importance of Anthropology in an Increasingly Connected World 19
SUMMARY 21
REVIEW QUESTIONS 23
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 23
CHAPTER 2 We Are Primates: The Primate Background 25
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 25
Introduction 25
Primate Taxonomy 27
Primate Evolution 35
Primate Behavior 38
Primate s in Crisis: Ecological Stability and Critical Thinking
45
SUMMARY 46
REVIEW QUESTIONS 47
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 47
CHAPTER 3 Evolutionary Thought and Theory 49
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 49
Introduction 49
The Nature of Science 5
I
History of Evolutionar y Thought and Theory
54
Modern Evolutionary Theory 60
Contents
SUMMARY
REVIEWQ UESTIONS
DISCUSSIQOUNE STIONS
CHAPTE4R HumaBni oloEgvioclault ion
LEARNINOGB JECTIVES
Introduction
PalaeoanthropoCloongcyea-pnIMtdess ts,hu oedss ,
DefiHnoimnign ins
BecomBiinpge dal
ThFei rHsotm inins
ThGee nHuosm o
SummaorfTy r enidnHs u man Biological Evolution
ThCeo ncoefRp atc e
SUMMARY
REVIEWQ UESTIONS
DISCUSSIQOUNE STIONS
CHAPTEsR HumaCnu ltuErvaollu ftrioo2m.5n M illtio2o 0n, 0Y0e0a Argso 91
LEARNINOGB JECTIVES 91
Introduction 91
1hAer chaeoRleocgoircda l 92
TheP robloefAm rsc haeoVliosgiiabcniBadlil ia tsy 94
OvervoifCe uwl tEuvroallut to2i0 ,o0n0Y0 e aArgso 96
ExpanTdeirnrgi tories 108
SUMMARY 109
REVIEWQ UESTIONS 110
DISCUSSIQOUNE STIONS 110
CHAPTE6R CultuErvaollu ftrioo2mn0 ,0t0o05 ,00Y0e aArgso 113
LEARNINOGB JECTIVES 113
Introduction 113
PrinCcuilptaPuler railo ds IIS
ArchaeoofNl oorgAtymh e rfirco2am0 , 00t0o5 , oYoeoa Argso II6
1hTer anstioFt oioPodrn o duction 123
SettlaenmTdee ncth nology 130
ChanignSe osc ainaPdlo liStyisctaelm s 132
CiviliWzraittiaionnAndgrs ,t, 133
SUMMARY 134
REVIEWQ UESTIONS I3 5
DISCUSSIQOUNE STIONS 135
Contents