Thrombosis and Hemostasis in Cancer

211 Pages·2019·3.871 MB·English

by  Gerald Soff

Cancer Treatment and Research
Series Editor: Steven T. Rosen
Gerald Soff Editor
Thrombosis
and
Hemostasis
in Cancer
Indexed in
PubMed/Medline
Cancer Treatment and Research
Volume 179
Series Editor
Steven T. Rosen, Duarte, CA, USA
Thisbookseriesprovidesdetailedupdatesonthestateoftheartinthetreatmentof
different forms of cancer and also covers a wide spectrum of topics of current
research interest. Clinicians will benefit from expert analysis of both standard
treatmentoptionsandthelatesttherapeuticinnovationsandfromprovisionofclear
guidance on the management of clinical challenges in daily practice. The
research-orientedvolumesfocusonaspectsrangingfromadvancesinbasicscience
throughtonewtreatmenttoolsandevaluationoftreatmentsafetyandefficacy.Each
volume is edited and authored by leading authorities in the topic under
consideration. In providing cutting-edge information on cancer treatment and
research,theserieswillappealtoawideandinterdisciplinaryreadership.Theseries
is listed in PubMed/Index Medicus.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5808
Gerald Soff
Editor
Thrombosis
and Hemostasis in Cancer
123
Editor
Gerald Soff
Medicine/Hematology
Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center
NewYork,NY, USA
ISSN 0927-3042 ISSN 2509-8497 (electronic)
Cancer Treatment andResearch
ISBN978-3-030-20314-6 ISBN978-3-030-20315-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20315-3
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To Jack Levin MD, Uri Seligsohn MD, and
Robert D. Rosenberg MD, Ph.D. The three
great mentors during my training.
To my family, Laurie, Benjamin, Aaron, and
Sam. The Lord blessed me with such a great
wife and sons.
To Ola C. Landgren, MD, Ph.D., and
Sergio A. Giralt, MD, FACP, world leaders
in multiple myeloma and transplant, to whom
I owe my life.
To my many fantastic colleagues at Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center: physicians,
fellows, house officers, physician assistants,
nurse practitioners, nurses, technicians,
administrators, housekeepers, food service
staff, transportation staff, and volunteers
(I hope I did not forget anyone!). All devoted
to the mission of helping patients and their
families during their battle against cancer.
Preface
IarrivedatMemorialSloanKetteringCancerCenter,in2009,toestablishaBenign
Hematology Service. At that time, there had been no faculty members devoted to
the hematologic issues in cancer.
Having spent the prior 20 years studying the complex interface of the coagu-
lationsystemandcancer,Iappreciatedthemanyunmetneedsandopportunities.As
thewell-knownexpressionsays,“Iwaslikeakidinacandystore.”Therewereso
manyexcitingandinterestingquestionstotackle!Dr.GeorgeBosl,Chairmanofthe
Department of Medicine at the time, gave me guidance which has served me and
many others well. Our mission is not simply to provide the best cancer care
anywhere.Ourmissionistochange theway cancer istreated.Itook this toheart.
Butfirst,Ihadtodealwithrealityofthetaskinfrontofme.Ihadalottolearn.
Shortly after I arrived, I received an emergent call from the Urgent Care Center to
see a young patient with metastatic germ cell cancer, who was found to have a
saddle pulmonary embolism. I was expecting to find him in extreme distress,
possibly requiring resuscitation. However, when I arrived, he was sitting up com-
fortably in his bed, completely asymptomatic, and surprised at all the commotion.
Myvitalsignswerelessstablethanhis.Ihadnotyetbecomefamiliarwiththelarge
numberofasymptomaticor“incidental”pulmonaryembolithatarepickedupevery
day in cancer patients, through routine radiographic imaging.
Withtime,Ilearnedtoappreciatetheimportant differencesbetweenthrombosis
and hemostasis in the setting of cancer from the general population. Cancer and
cancer-relatedtreatmentrepresentanaddedlevelofcomplexitytothediagnosisand
managementofthrombosisandotherabnormalitiesofhemostasis.Asoneofmany
examples, the D-dimer is routinely elevated from cancer itself, so this biomarker
haslimitedutilitytoruleoutvenousthromboembolism.Asasecondexample,both
thrombosis and thrombocytopenia are common in cancer patients. How does one
manage the need for therapeutic anticoagulation in the setting of chemotherapy-
induced thrombocytopenia? These topics, and many others, are addressed in this
text.
The authorsofthe 13chapters within this text areall academicspecialists, who
spend most of our efforts in the field of thrombosis and hemostasis in cancer. Our
goal in writing this text is to provide a thorough and practical resource to help the
practitioner understand and manage the wide range of thrombosis and hemostasis
challengeswithintheircancerpatientpopulation.Ofcourse,wealsohopethistext
vii
viii Preface
will serve as a valuable resource for trainees, other specialists, and advanced
practice providers. Most importantly, we hope that this resource will help cancer
patients.
New York, USA Gerald Soff
Contents
1 Thrombosis and Hemostasis in Cancer. Scope of the Problem
and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Gerald Soff
2 Pathophysiology 1. Mechanisms of Thrombosis in Cancer
Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Anna Falanga, Francesca Schieppati and Laura Russo
3 Pathophysiology 2: The Role of Platelets in Cancer Biology. . . . . . 37
Aime T. Franco and Jerry Ware
4 Risk of Thrombosis in Cancer: Clinical Factors and Role
of Primary Prophylaxis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Joanna Roopkumar and Alok A. Khorana
5 Biomarkers of Cancer-Associated Thromboembolism. . . . . . . . . . . 69
Anjlee Mahajan and Ted Wun
6 Thrombotic Risk from Chemotherapy and Other Cancer
Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
M. D. Debbie Jiang and M. D. Alfred Ian Lee
7 Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer.
Historical Perspective and Evolving Role of the Direct Oral
Anticoagulants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Marc Carrier, Gerald Soff and Grégoire Le Gal
8 Etiology and Management of Upper-Extremity Catheter-Related
Thrombosis in Cancer Patients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Anita Rajasekhar and Michael B. Streiff
9 Management of Thrombocytopenia in Cancer Patients. . . . . . . . . . 139
Jodi V. Mones and Gerald Soff
10 Microangiopathy in Cancer: Causes, Consequences,
and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Mari R. Thomas and Marie Scully
ix
x Contents
11 Thrombosis in the Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Kamya Sankar, Brady L. Stein and Raajit K. Rampal
12 Anticoagulation in the Setting of Primary and Metastatic
Brain Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Charlene Mantia and Jeffrey I. Zwicker
13 Bleeding Disorders Associated with Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Simon Mantha