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Thrips Biology and Management NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities. The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London D Behavioral and Social Sciences E Applied Sciences F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, H Cell Biology Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Barcelona I Global Environmental Change PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES 1. Disarmament Technologies Kluwer Academic Publishers 2. Environment Springer-Verlag 3. High Technology Kluwer Academic Publishers 4. Science and Technology Policy Kluwer Academic Publishers 5. Computer Networking Kluwer Academic Publishers The Partnership Sub-Series incorporates activities undertaken in collaboration with NATO's Cooperation Partners, the countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe, in Priority Areas of concern to those countries. Recent Volumes in this Series: Volume 273 - Targeting of Drugs 4: Advances in System Constructs edited by Gregory Gregoriadis and Brenda McCormack Volume 274 - Radiofrequency Radiation Standards: Biological Effects, Dosimetry, Epidemiology, and Public Health Policy edited by B. Jon Klauenberg, Martino Grandolfo, and David N. Erwin Volume 275 - Neural Development and Schizophrenia: Theory and Research edited by Sarnoff A. Mednick, and J. Meggin Hollister Volume 276 - Thrips Biology and Management edited by Bruce L. Parker, Margaret Skinner, and Trevor Lewis ~ Series A: Life Sciences Thrips Biology and Management Edited by Bruce L. Parker Margaret Skinner The University of Vermont Burlington, Vermont and Trevor Lewis Institute of Arable Crops Research Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop: The 1993 International Conference on Thysanoptera: Towards Understanding Thrips Management, held September 28-30, 1993, in Burlington, Vermont NATO-PCO-DATA BASE Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Thrips biology and management / edited by Bruce L. Parker, Margaret Skinner, and Trevor Lewis. p. cm.—(NATO ASI series. Series A, Life sciences; v. 276) "Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Thysanoptera—Towards Under- standing Thrips Management held September 28-30, 1993, in Burlington, Vermont"—T. p. verso. "Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4899-1411-8 1. Thrips—Congresses. 2. Thrips—Control—Congresses. I. Parker, Bruce L. II. Skinner, Mar- garet. III. Lewis, Trevor. [DATE]. IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. V. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Thysanoptera: Towards Understanding Thrips Man- agement (1993: Burlington, Vt.) VI. Series. SB945.T6T48 1995 632'.731—dc20 95-16545 CIP ISBN 978-1-4899-1411-8 ISBN 978-1-4899-1409-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-1409-5 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 1995 Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1995 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1995 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Al rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Bruce L. Parker Trevor Lewis University of Vermont Rothamsted Experimental Station Burlington, VT USA Harpenden, Herts United Kingdom Margaret Skinner Carl C. Childers University of Vermont University of Florida Burlington, VT USA Lake Alfred, FL USA Bruce S. Heming Michael P. Parrella University of Alberta University of California-Davis Edmonton, Alberta Canada Davis, CA USA SPONSORS American Cyanamid Company BASF Corporation Chittenden County Maple Sugar Makers Association EcoScience Corporation Koppert Biological Systems NATO Scientific and Environmental Affairs Division New England Greenhouse Conference Olympus Corporation, Precision Instrument Division The University of Vermont, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences The University of Vermont, Plant and Soil Science Department USDA, APHIS, National Biological Control Institute USDA, Cooperative State Research Service, Northeastern IPM Region USDA, Cooperative State Research Service, Competitive Grants Program USDA, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection Vermont Maple Sugar Makers Association Vermont Department of Forests, Parks & Recreation Yoder Brothers, Inc. v PREFACE Thrips (fhysanoptera) are very small insects, widespread throughout the world with a preponderance of tropical species, many temperate ones, and even a few living in arctic regions. Of the approximately 5,000 species so far identified, only a few hundred are crop pests, causing serious damage or transmitting diseases to growing crops and harvestable produce in most countries. Their fringed wings confer a natural ability to disperse widely, blown by the wind. Their minute size and cryptic behavior make them difficult to detect either in the field or in fresh vegetation transported during international trade of vegetables, fruit and ornamental flowers. Many species have now spread from their original natural habitats and hosts to favorable new environments where they often reproduce rapidly to develop intense damaging infestations that are costly to control. Over the past decade there have been several spectacular examples of this. The western flower thrips has expanded its range from the North American continent to Europe, Australia and South Africa. Thrips palmi has spread from its presumed origin, the island of Sumatra, to the coast of Florida, and threatens to extend its distribution throughout North and South America. Pear thrips, a known orchard pest of Europe and the western United States and Canada has recently become a major defoliator of hardwood trees in Vermont and the neighboring states. Local outbreaks of other species are also becoming problems in field and glasshouse crops as the effectiveness of insecticides against them decline. As a group, thrips have been studied seriously for over a century, but only relatively recently has their increasing economic importance demanded the attention of more than a few entomologists. Small meetings of thrips specialists, mainly taxonomists, have been held at each quadrennial International Congress of Entomology since 1965, but over the last 10 years the frequency of conferences at other venues in America (the United States), Europe, and Asia has gathered pace, as wider interest in the group has soared and their economic impact has increased. This volume records the proceedings of probably the largest conference on thrips ever held, with 185 registered delegates from 26 countries, focusing mainly on pest problems and management options now available or in the process of development. The applied emphasis is nevertheless accompanied by important papers on thrips biology, without which a true understanding of pest abundance and its consequences is impossible. It is thus the most up-to-date and wide ranging compendium of information of economic Thysanoptera available, relevant to scientists, pest managers and growers. The 91 contributions included invited topic reviews and papers on specific pests or crops, plus offered posters. The coverage of the latter reflects the intense interest and many of the detailed investigations underway on economically important species. Although poster sessions were held on the margins of the main program, in these proceedings, their content has been condensed and integrated with the larger papers into chapters each with an overall theme to produce a composite record convenient to use. vii Thrips are a particularly fascinating and challenging group to study because they encapsulate and epitomize so much of general entomological interest in miniature, yet with worldwide relevance. Thysanopterists, as a group, are relatively few, so they share a mutual exclusivity which generates comradery and an unusual willingness to exchange ideas, expertise and research findings. For those involved with thrips for many years-- sadly one of them, Tom Leigh, died shortly after the meeting--it is gratifying to see the upsurge of interest from the many young scientists entering the field. This conference provided an excellent opportunity to bring together esteemed wisdom and youthful vigor, basic and applied specialists, growers and pest managers, and the time seemed ripe to stage it, with the generous support of NATO, and many other private, state and federal organizations, which are gratefully acknowledged. We trust that the contents of the volume, representing all these facets, justify our efforts and the sponsors' support. Editors: Bruce L. Parker Margaret Skinner Trevor Lewis TaeniOlhrips inconsequens (Uz.el) Editors' note: Because Frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips, is mentioned so often in the papers herein, it has been abbreviated throughout to WFT. We have dispensed with the convention of citing the authority for thrips specific names, but a consolidated list of all species mentioned in the text, with synonyms and authorities, is included as Chapter X. viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This conference could never have taken place without the expert organization of Steven F. LaRosa and Renate H. Adamowicz, to whom we are most grateful. It was their personal attention to details that enabled the event to run as smoothly as it did. Thanks also to Donald R. Tobi for supervision of audiovisuals throughout the conference. Judy the D. Parker, Harriet Beliveau and Jack Mennig generously volunteered their time to arrange the spouses program. We also thank the personnel of the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation, specifically H. Brenton Teillon, Pete Reed and Bernard Barton, for their technical assistance. In-kind donations were given by the Claussen's Greenhouses, Mailloux Greenhouses, Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream and the Shelburne Farms Association. This volume was prepared with the diligent assistance of James Boone, David Marchant and Susan Buckingham. ix CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION TO THRIPS/PLANT RELATIONSHIPS Thysanoptera as Phytophagous Opportunists .. . ............... 3 Laurence A. Mound & David A. J. Teulon Feeding Behavior and Nutritional Requirements ............................. 21 William D. J. Kirk Thrips Feeding and Oviposition Injuries to Economic Plants, Subsequent Damage and Host Responses to Infestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Carl C. Childers & Diann S. Achor Impact of Pear Thrips Damage on Sugar Maple Physiology: A Whole-Tree Experiment .......................................... 53 David S. Ellsworth, Melvin T. Tyree, Bruce L. Parker & Margaret Skinner II. PEST PROBLEMS IN FIELD, FOREST AND GLASSHOUSE CROPS Bionomics of Cotton Thrips: A Review ................. . . ............. 61 Thomas F. Leigh Impact and Economic Threshold of Thrips tabaci on Onions ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Franrois Fournier, Guy Boivin & Robin K. Stewart Patterns of Pear Thrips Activity in the Northeastern United States, 1990-1992 .......... 77 Craig S. Hollingsworth, Janet J. Knodel, William M. Coli & John S. Weaver Development and Abundance of the Pear Thrips in a Connecticut Apple Orchard ........ 81 Chris T. Maier Predicting Phenology of Pear Thrips Emergence in Pennsylvania Sugar Maple Stands . . . . 85 Michael A. Foster, David A. J. Teulon & E. Alan Cameron Pear Thrips Emergence and Foliar Damage ................................ 89 Margaret Skinner & Bruce L. Parker Position and Abundance of Pear Thrips Eggs in Sugar Maple Flowering and Vegetative Buds .................... . . .. 93 Tracy C. Leskey, David A. J. Teulon & E. Alan Cameron Thrips calcaratus-Induced Defoliation and Subsequent Foliar Suitability .............. 97 Lynne K. Rieske & Kenneth F. Raffa Thrips obscuratus: A Pest of Stonefruit in New Zealand 101 David A. J. Teulon & David R. Pellman Major Pest Thrips in Taiwan . 105 Niann Tai Chang xi
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