Three Revolutionary Architects: Boullee, Ledoux, and Lequeu

135 Pages·2012·19.55 MB·English

by  Emil Kaufmann

TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
AMERICAPNH ILOSOPHISCOACLI ETY
HELD AT PHILADELPHIA
FOR PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE
NEW SERIES-VOLUM4E2 , PA3R T
1952
THREE REVOLUTIONARYA RCHITECTS,
BOULLEE,L EDOUX,A ND LEQUEU
EMIL KAUFMANN
THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICALS OCIETY
INDEPENDENCE SQUA RE
PHILADELPHIA 6
OCTOBER, 1952
COPYRIGHT1 95B2Y THE AMERICANP HILOSOPHICASLO CIETY
PREFACE
amd eepilnyd ebttote hdAe m eriPchainl osopChoilcuamUlbn iiav erPsriotTfya.,l bFo.tH amliPnr,o f.
1
Socifeothrya vimnagd peo sstihbcelo em pleotfti hoinJs a meGsr oVtaen D erpoMorl.A; d oPllfa czAevke,r y
stubdyyi tgse nergoruasn twsi.s ahl stooe xprmeys sL ibraarnydM, i sRsu tCho olki,b raorfti haAenr chi­
1
sincgerraet ittotu hdowesh eoh elpmeeid nv ariwoauysst ectLuirbarlHa arryv,a Urndi verCsaimtbyr,iM dagses,.
int hper eparoaftt hiiobsno oakb,o vaelt lo M .J ean Forp ermistsori eopnr oddurcaew ianngdps h o­to
AdhemBairb,l iotNhaetqiuoenP aalreiD,sr ,.L eoC . grap1h asm i ndebttote hdCe a bidn'eEts taBmipbels.,
Colsl,Ni enwY orCki tPyr,o Dfo.n aDlrde wE gberNta,t ionPaalrei(,sd rawionfBg osu lalnedLe e queu),
PrincUentiovne rPsriotPfya.,u F lr anIknls,ft o.Ar d ­ Archives photPoagr(riHasop thBeirlqu uneoBsya,)l ,­
vancSetdu dPyr,i ncPert.ooJ fnu,l iSu.Hs e lCdo,l umt­imoMrues euomfA rtB,a ltimMod.r (eop,r troafi t
biUan iverNseiwtY yo,r kA,r chiPtheiclJtio ph nsoLne,d o,u xo)CopUenri oMnu seufmot rh Aer tosfD eco­
Museuomf M oderAnr tN,e wY orkP,r oEfr.w inr atiNoenwY, o r(kt echibnygL seG eay).
Panof,Is nksyfto.Ar d vanScteudd Pyr,i nceton,T hPeqr uooft.a atriieont nh seo rigoirntahlo grTahpeh y.
MeyeSrc hapCiorlou,mU bniiav erNseiwYt oyr,Pk r,o fb.i bliogrraepfheircecnaoclnef sow rimtt hh aeb brevia­
JohSnh aplCeayt,h oUlniicv erosfAi mteyr iWcaas,h ­tioonftsh eW orlLdi sotfH itsoircPaelr icaoldOsix,­
ingtDo.nC ,. My bestth angkost ot hlei brairni feosr1 d9,3 9.
whichha dt hper ivitlowe ogreak n,d q uiptaer ticu­ EMIKLA UFMANN
1
lartloty h eev ehre lplfiublr aorfiA avnesrL yi brary,
LosA ngeeslC,a liforni a,D cemebe1r9 51
431
THREER EVOLUTIONAARRYC HITECTS,
BOULLEEL,E DOUXA,N DL EQUEU
EMIKLA UFMANN
Dejal 'aurore s'deumm poanrdee .
lesa rtsse r eveillent;
un nouveajuo urc ommence.
Ledoux
CONTENTS
PAGE PAGE
Itnrocdituo.n. ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... 4 .3 3. . . . . VI.I .. T .h e.P r.o .p y.lo a.fP e .aa r .i. .s.... ... .... .... ..4 9. 8 .
TheH eritaogfte h e P..a..st. ...4. 99
PARTI . ETIENNE-LoUISB OULL.E.E. .............4.3..6. . ModerCno mposi.t..i.o.n... ...... 504
I. TJhecTa qecuaehesrs<;. -.Foi..rs.Ba.. l.o.nn..d..e...l... ................44 3366 VIII. PTIlhadee..na . Cl..i t...y.... .......................................55 .0099
GJAebaebrnem-L aLaBiauffonugLr ria.e.eenG. .nrde.t .a.... :.y ... ............................... .444.445 0.86 . .. URPeuitsbliliBdituiecaBl. nr.udici.il...ea..nds.n..gi.. ...sn.....g .....s....... ...................... 555 121744
II. TheM an ................. . .....4.5.3. .P ARTI II. JEANJ-ACQUELSE QUE.U.. ... ................53 8
IIIVI.. TThheeAT rhtiin..sk..et......r .. .......................................44.56 99 IXX..LL ee qquuuu''eeLWssio f.re.k.. ..........................................55 34 85
PARTI I. CLAUDE-NICLOELDAOSU ..X. ................4 .74 BaroqaunedC lass.ic...i...s.m.. .5 46
V. Lifaen dC harac..t.e.r. .............. 474 Exotsimc. i.. ..................... 549
VI. BBuTTNNihhaeeloeewrwRFdSWq uaiauurlsnSyeofeehgus foaGvci sor P fceitSo faC eoovepn aEtl rmad t.Prta e.l iresC.t.s.a..oresor ..l...jn.cim.y.. .s..tcp. ...... .e.io......d..ss........ ..mi............. t.444444i ..88 88783o.86193. n B iibolgra.p..h..y...I TSTW..nohhtrteewuS. h na.getSe.. rga.aht fd.l. N.reyT.o feeol ceGr.o .wfehm rtCNr ..pah.oe .weSne.mS. stdF ..pttaeo.o.i.g ur.s.l....erm..i.l..... . .s.t.s.............i.. ....o....n..... 555555...555555 .695824. .. ...
ThIe deaolIf ndividu.al..i...s.m..4 94I ndex. .................................................5 60
INTRODUCTION
Asl aatset h1e29 0'tshw eo rokfsB oulalneLdee dousxo urtcheaastr mel ssimngo thbeiro grajpuhsiates s ,
werdei scuosnslieytfd h ehya sdo mleo cianlt erBees­tt.h ewyi lfiln da montghi el lustmraantdyie osnisngo nts
yontdh itsh ewiorr kwse rree fetrorv eedrb yr ieaflty b,e forreep roduced.
besatn,dt haeu thwoerrsce o mmondliys pa.r aIgne dThibso ovke ntuirnetuson maptpeerdr iIttoar ty­.
ana rtipculbel iisn1h 29e9dI a ttemtpodt ierdae tctte tne­mpttols a tyh ger oundfwooarrn ki nvestiogfa tion
tiotnot hehiirs tsoirginci ficSaunbcsee.qp uuebnlti tchaea­ rchitectthueerr eaw hiocfh culimnti hnea ted
tioonfms i noenL edoiunxc,l utdhifienr gsm to nograFprhe,n Rcehv olutAilotnh.ot uhgaeht tehmeprtie st o
werfeo llobwyFe rde nbciho graipn1h 39i4ea sn d14 95.c lartihfheyi stoproisciaotlfit ohnae r chibtyes cetts­
As Btoou lalnedLe e qumeyue ,s saiynts h Aer Btu lle­tinogfft heir productthgieeo nne raaglao iftn rsetn ds
tin13,99 a nd1 499s,e etmo b et he obnilogyr apthhieciarl ipdteo renisoo ptdr ,e tteosn adty h lea wsotr odn
studointe hse tswemo e n. thed evelopwmheincithtw ildli scfuostrsh efi rst
Continrueesdeh a yriceldmeudc hn ewm ateritailm.Iek .n otwh oantce a lno oaktt heex tremely original
MoreoIvw eirdl,il s ctuhspesr edecoefst shoetrshser eweo rkosft hetsher aerec hiftreocvmta rsi aonugsl Iets .
menw how erael shoi ghilnyt erepsetrisnogna alnidti iste obs eh, o petdh aott hewrisln lol ti mtihte msetlov es
entaenro thhietrh neergtloe ficetltedhd,ao tfe ighteepnotihn­toiutnthg se h ortcoomfti hniagsts t embpuwtti, l l
centFurreyn acrhc hittehcet.ou rSryoamloe ft hter eac­arornyw itihn depeannddeb nett tienrt erpretations
tisIeh sa vues eadrr ea raen ndo eta saiclcye swshiibllbeea ,s oenda r enewsecdr uotfit nhyew iorrs k,a nodf t he
othearrtseo loe ngftohtryh aev erraegaed eTrh.e ret­rearteifseetrsor i entd ht ee xt.
forsee,l epcatsesda wgheiscp hr ovaid deee pienrs ighTto b egwiint Ihs ,h oullidkt eom akietc letahraI t
inttoht eh ouogfht the er aan dr evetahcleh araocft deorn orte gaars"d r evoluatricohniattrehyco atsrsec" h i­
theaiurt hhoarvsbe e eans semibnlm eydn oteTsh.e tecwthsow erceo mmissbiyro enveodl utaiuotnhaorryi ­
biblioglriasmptohsny o graapnhdes s saoyfgs e nertailie nst hyee a1r87s9 1-979t od esipgunb lbiuci ldings,
interfeusrttb;hi ebrl iogrreafpehriaecrnaiecln e csl udmeedm orioarel psh emedreaclo raftoirroe nvso lutionary
int hneo teTsh.o sien terienLs etdeodwu ixlfi ln dh erec elebraTthieao rncsh.i ctoencstisd heerrdeeid nd o t
433
434 KAUFMANN:T HREER EVOLUITONAYR ARCHITECTS [TRANASM.E RP.H IL.S OC.
plaayn ayc triovleie nt hpeo listciecnnaeol;dr i tdh eyo ft he maaricnh ittercetnuidrntsa h le eliagthet eenth
belotnotg h heo sotfm inoarr tiwshtops r etendecde ntthmuaartyyh eltpom akteh idse taiinlveeds tigation
thewye raeb reoafts htte i mwehse tnh eayffi xePdh rygm­oreea sciolmyp rehensible.
iacna posro thpeert etmyb letmots h oroucgohnlvye nW­e11-bahlaarnmcoewndiy t hai hni erarocrhdiecra l
tiodneasli gTnhse.wy e rmee ni mbuweidtt hh ger eahta db eean f oremaoismot ft hRee naisasnadnt chee
newi desaelftso rbtyht hlee adtihnign okfet rhsce e n­Baroqeuveeo,nf t hBea roqluaess'tts a wgiet ahli lt s
turayn,sd t rouvnec onscriaotuhtsehlraiy nn tent,i osnuamlpltyuouasnndee xsasg ge.r aItnti holena teei ght­
toe xprtehsesis dee iantl hse oiwrnm ediuNmo.b roade­enctehn tuhroyw,e vtehrce,h iaeifm wse rteh eex ­
mindheids toorfti haFenr enRcehv oluwtiilrolen s trpircets soifco hna ratchtceer re,a otfia otnm ospahnedr e,
himsteotl hfde e eadnsmd i sdewehdisoc chc urirnte hdet hdei viosfit ohnce o mposiinttiiono dne pendent units.
yeaorfts u rmforioltm,h dee struocftt hiBeoa ns ttiol TlheeF renacrhc hiattte hccetl so osfte h cee ntwuerrye
thuel tirmeastteo roafot ridoeHnre .w ilralt hsetru dnyo cto ntweinttlh i tepriacrtyu resbquuatei nmeeasdts ,
howt hceo ncoeftp htie n divirdiugahaltn'sods,f a n ew expressilveegnietsitsmh,ar toefulogyrh. m
ordoefrs ocideetvye laonpdet do ohko lddu ritnhge Thef orwmhsi cphr omibseestdto s ertvhede o uble
decapdreisto o1r 7 8h9o;wp eopbleeg taond efetnhdee ndo fe xpressainvdie nndeisvsi dwueartlehi ososmfe
newi defaasi,l tienmgp orbaurptia lvyi,tn hgwe a yf ore lemengteaormye tSreyl.f -contthaefisonere madsl, ­
thfeu turAer.th istloirkye,w miussdete, a wli tthh el owetdh pea rttosb ei ndepefnrdoeemna tc oht her.
growotfih d ebaesf ocroem menotnit nhgem iart eriaMloirzeao­tvheer�y,l lotwheaedr chittoge icv"tec haracter"
tion. toa b uilbdyid nigff erentthiceao tnisntgi itnsu ieznet,s
Histohraivabene sl itehvaaetrd c hitaenctdth ufiern eeo rb yc ontratshteiimnn sg h apTeh.e r evolutionary
artisng enerreamla ianpeadfr rto tmh eei ghteeanrtchh­iatlespcoat sssf erdot mh ter adittoit ohgneea olm et­
centmuorvye moefnr te orienatnadrt eioorng anirziactfaiolor nmb.se catuhseeai trt ittouwdaetr hdme a terial
Thiesr ronbeeolurisee sfu lftreotdmh fea ctth atth eh adu ndergapo rnoef ocuhnadn gTeh.es ensuBoau­s
protagoonfti hseat rsc hitercetvuorlauflte i1io1nn t roo qfueea twuirtethsh eflierx ibeixlpirteyts hsBeea d­
oblivwihoentn h ied efaoswr h icthh efyo ugwhetr er oquter etnodw aarndi mi(sAlml -Bes)e.eT lhuinsg
discredMiotsectdo .n tempoarnadtr hiefe os1 1owtirnegan cdc oufnottrsh per efertehnawctae sg ivteon
generawteironeno astb lteod istinbgeutiwstehhe ons "el ivfionrgme"s. ,gs .u,p poirntt hsseh apoefCs a ryatides
attemwphtiswc ehr teob ecofmreu iatnfdpu elr maneanntdA, tl antoerfs u,r nilteugrse einncd lian,wge s tc.
andt howshei cphr ovteodb em erewlhyi msaincdaT lh er evolutairocnhairbtyee gcattnops aym oraet ten­
transiBtuottrh ye.arlre oe t hreera swohnyts h ger eatti otnot hien heprreonpte orftt himeea st erainaldli sk ed
chanrgeemsa ianlemdou sntn otuipct eord e cetnitm etso.p restehnetwm i thaonuydt i sguAilsteh.o suogmhe
Int hfier sptl amcaen,oy f t haec tubauli ldbiytn ghseo ft heeixrp eriwmeerneetx sp reosfsti hveeex citement
revolutwieornoean,rt ihesesu rfaatlc eea csotn,s erovfta h­pee ritohdeg,io raw la sn ol ongoeurt wasrhdo w,
tivaed,h ertioBn agr o2qt ueen eotrls o okbiancgtk o iwta rse strEaxipnrte.s sainviden ndeisvsi dualism were
three mote paaslttl-oa,a n btoivqaeun itdto ty h Mei d­altshoa ei mosft hrei srionmga nmtoivce meRnetv.o lu­
dlAeg esS.e conadllmyoa,s1 ot1ft hebsuei ldhianvgets i onaarrcyh itdeicffteuirrneet d h aittc sr eatwoerrse
beedne strsooyt ehdai,tit so nlbyyt urntiotn hgwe r ith­osttiorl eev ivoafla insykm i nadn,di np rinctihpelye
ingasn dp rojeocftt hsae r chittheaoctnt ecs a lne arrne jeacntiyem di taotfti hopena sItn.r ealoifct oyu,r se,
abotuhtae s piraotfti hoeenr sa . thdei fferceunrtr ecnrtossc soends taanndti lnmy a ny
Alonwgi tthh gee neralw huincwrhae sts otl eatdo oft hree volutwioornkraser myi nisocfet nhcBee as­
thpeo lirteivcoallu wteinaots n l,o wly-gdrioswsianrtgoi qsua­esw, e 1a1st raocfeR so mantiacrtieosb mef ound.
factwiiottnhh ees tablmiosdheoesfad r ticsotmipco sBiu­tth meo st adovfta hndece esdi gns irnpe lsaeimnb­le
tionT.h idsi sconcatuesntethd ae r chittoes cetasr cnhe sasn dm onumentthaolosiftet h yte w entcieentthu ry.
foarn,d fi na1fi1nydn ,e wf oramnsd e,v emno riem por­Ina rchitjeucstatusi r npe o,l itthirece sa,c tionaries
tanatn ,e wp rincoifcp olmep osiAt biroinoe.uf t liwneert eo t riumopvhet rh ien spitrheodu,ng ohts uffi­
cienrtelayl imsotdiecr,nB iusttth ste.e mpovriacrtyo ry
1L emonniHeerny,r, L a megalomadannislea 'rchit,e cture
L'A rchit5e:c9 t2-9e7 1,9 ,1d 0evottewso p agetsoB oullreied io­ft hceo nservsahtoiunvloedlts e audst ob elitehvaet
culitnhgea rt:i" sdtep rojt n!etsps ou ssedso,nq tu elquest-huaencs h ieveomfte hpnert osg relsasciksveiedgfis nc iance.
deconcearutp ernetm iaebro. r d. on.d evicneeq ' ulip ouvaiOtn t hceo ntrgarreyea,vt e nttosop kl aicnee i ghteenth­
faidruec hatdeeaV ue rsa.i.l.l".e Hs e a lso tfihnaBdtos lu ele centaurrcyh itectuwrhei--cwehev reaens st isg nificant
woulndo dte semrevnet iaotan ,l hladh en ote nojyead c ertain
ast hper oceosfts reasn sfirtoitmoh Mnei ddAlgee tso
reputawthiiolanel ivadne ,b eean m embert hoIef ns titdeu t
FranBceen,o iFt.L,,' afrrta n(saoui ss R leav olut[i'oEnm peittr eh,Re e naisassam nocmee,n taostu hsce o ntemporaneous
267P,a ri1s98,7,d isparLaegdeos:u x.". a.vi dd'e ineidlii nt­,c hanignep sh ilosotphhiinckiainlln i gt,e raantdiu nr e,
ventdasem onstrsuo.s"Oi ntlerye cenittsl eye mhsa,so pinisono cliiaflAe g.l orairotuists rtaidciw taisao bna ndoned,
aboutth easret icshtasdn gient hecioru n.t ry antdh feo undaotfai n oenwts r adiwteirloean 3i d.
2I nt hiisn svteigatthietoe nr "mB aorquew"li lb eu seidna
widesre nsIe .wt i lsle rtvoei ndiccaetret baaisnci ocm psoi­ 3I nm y VonL edoux biosr bLues5 i,3eC 9r 4,,8 5,9 V,i e,n na
ti!o nparincwihpilcwehes r ael redaedcyi siint vheRe neaiasnsce,13 93I, p oinotuettd h aotn es hounlodts emee rye tlhes terile
andr eacthehdec ilrix miant hBea roqpureo per. classaibcoius1tm008 ,b urt ealizteh etcnhe arttn aeiwna rtci sti
VOL. 42P,T. 3 ,1 952] INTRODUCTION 435
Revolutairocnhairtyie nci tteusnr tei irsen todyti s­Oft hteh rBeoeu,l rleeper epsreinmtastr hiselt yr ug­
cussientd h ibso o4k M.orteh aang enesruarlv oefy g lfeo nre wf ormLse;d outxhs,ee arfcoahrn ewo rder
thpee riwoodu ladl loiwtp, r esetnhtmeso sotr igionfta hlce o nstitLueeqnuttehsute; r auglitci smtaatogefe
personailnit thrieee fso mromv emebnytr ,e countthirene gv olutmioovneamreyn t--cireesspiaginraa,nt di on,
theliirva ensbd y d iscutshseiaincrgh ieveamnetdnh ters e tutrotn h pea stB.e caousfte h dee potfhL edoux'
ideaflowsrh icthh esyt rovEet.i enneB-oLuolu,hi t�she ouagnhtdth wei dsec oopfhe i bsu iladcitnigv hiitsi es,
Claude-NLiecdoolauanxJsd,e an-JaLceqquuweeesur ew orwki blelp resemnotrecedo mpleatnmedol ryte h or­
nott hoen lrye presenotfFa rteinvrceehsv olutiooungahtrlhyyah na bse edno niena npyr evipouubsl ication.
archit.e Tchteurwreee rmea nmyo rweh os hartehde TodaLye douixsr ecognaisaz gerde aartc h.i tect
samied eawlhsoh, a dt hsea mceo ntefmoptrth pea ,s tTwenyteya argsio tw asd iffictuobl rti onugat n pyu b­
antdh sea mheo pfeosar n a rtirsetniacs cBeunttc hee.l icatoinho inmsI. n g enepreaolp,al rere e lucttoa nt
worokft hetsher reeep retshehene tisgo hftt h meo vec­onctehrenm sewlivtaehrs t iwshtossn ea metsh ehya ve
mentth aetn dtehdBe a roqaunpedr esatghaeerd c hitneecv­ehre arOdr.,a sF ran�Boliosn sdoeb lr illiantly
turoeft hnei netaenetdnw tehn tcieentthu ries.p uti ti nt hdee dicaotfhi ioCsno usr d'arcthuirtee:c
Havilnigv ientd h aet mospohfge rroew ipnogl itHincoanul's a vpoonisn t d'amloecush ro sqpeuosneu o ru s
ansdo cdiiaslc otnhtreee nvto,l utairocnhaiwrtiyes chteisdg nor5o nTso.d"at yh,re e volutciuornriaenren yit g ht­
tor ea,lf ioztreh ceo mmognoo dt,h ied eoaflt sht ei mee enth-caerncthuirtiyes ac nta ucrcee phstiteodr fiaccatl.
byc ontrairvcihnigt secchteumrseauslca hsh adn eveTrh ei ncrekansoewdl oefdt ghpeee riwoidrl elm owvhea t
exisbteefdo Trhee.dy i tdh epiarri tnt hdeo ubtlaes km ayb el eofftf ormdeoru bts.
oft hpee ritoeda:r dionwgtn h oel adn db uildtihneg M anyc ontempsooruarrscyope kse a,p provoirn gly
newL.i koet hewrhsos ervtehsdea mcea u,ts heewye reo therowifts heie,n domiutragbtelo ew airndn ovation,
nostp artehoder deoaftl hse tiirm aenswd e rmee naceadn do ft hien novatthoermss elTvheuwsse. a rper o­
byi tfsa natiIcnit shmee.n dt hetyh emseblevceasmv ei dweidt thh bea ckgrfoouarnb de ttuenrd erstanding
disillaunsdri eoancetd.i onary oft hteh raerec hitPercotmsi.na emnotnt gh seo urces
arteh peu blicoaftJ iaocnqsu es-FBrlaonn�dwoehilos,
prinpclierso steol ivonea llt hroutghnhei neteceenntthuC rp y..
my rveeiw,A rtB ultlie3n0 :2 881,49 8o,f R vaalM,a rcealn,d wast hfeo unodfet rhm eo srte nowsncehdoo ofal r chi­
J-.ChM.o rxeu,Le dou%. tectiuntr heee i ghtceeennttuhWr eys .h ablelg wiint h
4I nm yf orthcoAmricnhgi teicntt huAerg ee ofR easotnh e himf,o hre w ast hfier stte acohfet rhe el deosfot ur
transfo·r moaaftr icohtniutretachlo ugihntt h ee ighteceennt­ah rchiBtoeucltlse,e .
turwyli lb ed iscuswstiehsd p,e crieagla trodF erncRhv eolu­
t i 5P ari1s65,7. onarAyr chitecture.
PARTI
ETIENNE-LOBUOIUSL LEE
1.T HET EACHERS nuosw rtinigssu ggte tshtatih sw atsr eu inh icsa se.
It ism,ro oerve,it nresetitnognt o teah t in ehraiyls,
JCA QUES-FRACNOIS B LONDEL
mro eBra oqu e phaseh,ec alalttenetdin o t oe ti mhrpo­
Ja ucqes-aFnrc;oBilso nrdepeutlt'aoisn bias t nacoef su tdyincgl aswsroicks6a,w lhr eaesi tn ehl ate secdh iefly
onh iatsc vtiiieasts aecrh aenwdr iter.lH ehm isefl fte lCorus' Ardchitcteu-rceomspeoidtn eht mieo tf ehs up­
t aht hipsri cnipmarelits l aiytn ehsfiee ldWsh.e nh isp osaesdc en"dCliansgs i-chieds emrc"ldeta aht it made
lta hsuorsa prpaocdh,e ahsekt eobdte kaetno hi ssc honools eent soere tc buidlinigtns ehm anrn oeft hAen ­
itn ehL uorv.e Threehe w iestdh o wta ifro dtea,ha ndc ie.7n tSutsdygi tnhre wirok,h ep otiden out ,s uhodl
t h Hisarc thiceutralwr ok,h owevwesar t, aecohn teo th ibntuk n,to tiehns amwea ty ahtt hey ereh ed ie2d .
t o tuhgoth.E acnhta oinh,e f elhta,d itaspr paoocwhn . be iampsro tatn haist sae chifrno g,hb uiisln dgiisl ­
lusrttaet hgere ta chanwgheit coohk p alcietn ehe gith­Whta warsg ihftro noeg erntaeoinw uodln to bre gith
etenhcte unyr.H iser aylm anrn meaye asbirel yce og­fro thotsoceo mSe .
nzidei tn ehd esiogfhn isfisr s t publtioicnai n1 73D7e, Iti so,fcu orsent,o poslsteiodb ra wa c lre daermaac­
lad isuttriidobenms a siondsep alisa3nh cielts;a e ma nt­oinl inbteew eeBnol nd'eserl ayl andh iltsa epr eoids.
ner itn ehs rtucturesh eer etcde at Mte zbte wee1n7 16 Theo ppocsoecnde pctrosss ecdo tnntasyl,ju st ats ehy
and 177l. wreeto d oi tn eh wroks andwr itingosf phuipsi ls,
Them ots srtikitnratgi sotf ehfi vem asiondsep laiBu­olleaen dL eudox. Teh olrd aercthicetn,ta uarlly,
sacnear et ehp ltacisc rhacart eotf eha rcthticerulab odyd evomtroedes patctoe eh olrd iedeas,t ehtw hwoi le
asa w hloea nodf its s ignlfete uaers;t ehp redonmaincyeuo nrg e men mrgoaeav tet etnttoieh om no devriwnes .
of voiodrvs e wal;tl seh lavisohfnd eersctsaoo in.I n
t ehsper eocjthsea ltm orseacthhebedo rdewrhleirnee
ditsgeirnatoifBo anr oqcuoem spiotbieogni (ngfis.1 ).
Thep ortoitfc ehoC atheodfrM atelz h,o ewvre,h aas
dirffeencth arra4.c Htereet hwea lilse mpshziaeda nd
ah eavy pcarroawptnehsste i dbeuswt,it hotuhtre o w
ofs tatbuywe hsih cformebruliygl sds ienemteofd a de
itnot hsek y. CTohrep sG adreda en dt hHeo tdele
Vililnte h se a me cairtoefy s tgirlela sttenernrs es5 .
Likhei bsu ilgs,dB iolnnd'eswl riticnognstp ariinn ­
cipolfet sh Bea roqusei,d e-bwyih-t stihgede er mosf
thet endye tnocwasridm plaincdi" tpyuy r.i"tO ne
mighstum risteh atth itse ndemnerceylf yo rmed parFtIG 1.. C ounthroyu- sBeatimenat lI'talienne.
oft hree tutroan n tiqwuhiiht ciysg, e nerally consid­
ereacd h fi terailta etoiefg hteentdhe-vcmeelenno.ttp uHroyew vera, m ixtuorfce o ntradiidcetiaossnr o yat l l
Hoewrvee,x trefmeeswlt ya teimneB noltnsd evlo'lsu mtih-atthw eo rokft h esteh raerec hihtade icnctm osm on.
Manyo fB oulleaen'dLs e douaxc'h ievesmeeetnmot s
1A bouBto lndealst het eachofeB ro ullseeePe,a p ierdse
ber emovferdot hmo soef B olndbeylc enturraitehse r
Bolu/hP,a riBsbi,! N.a tF.o,n dfsr� aainsm,s .9 135,f 'o !38,
thana g beyn erna.Bt uitoo nr eadtiehnigrr e spective
darfto fa no bitu;a VriyllNaort,i cseu rl a v.i.ed .e. . .
BuollMehen,o irdeesl 'Itn.Ns atd.e sS cienecteA srs t,L ittt.e xtthse craebn e n od outbhta tths ee edtsh reoe fv o­
etB eau-xArtIsI I,H sito:i4 r3ea,nI X . C/D.ze allide'rA r­gelnutiotnhairnyko iftn hgle a taerrc hiwteercpetl sa nted
vilAl-.eJ.,V, i edse /sa meaurxc hit4e7c2Pt,ae rsi,1 s87,7; P rosti,nB olndeslco'hosl I.fo niess tarbtylt ehoderg iiniatly
Augusft.e-,FB .l odnel,82 , Mezt,160 8 .T he fiprusbtl ication
ofL edouoxn,ew ilpleh rapbes stimlolra em zade to
inw hicBlh ondpea!r tidc wiapsaA trcehittuer/cer an,oPiasrei,s ,
JaenM ariet1t27e7,. C p .K aufm,a EnnmiCl,on truitbioonf finadv eyrs imilar obfto hlodunigenBhs otls n declo',o sl
J-.F.B olndetloM aritet'esA rchittuercier an,oAirstBe ul,l e­
ti3n1 :5 85-9.H uatceeucr,L ouiRse,p rionfMt a ritetPea,r ,i s6B olndeDli,s trib1u:t xivo,"n a puisdearn sl 'nacienne
1297i,g noBreolsned l'Diss cou1r47s7(, s Architecltepusrr eem ieelresm ednecs e Atr t." ee n7o2)t ea ndtm h
does noto ftk hneo wel ra'stsht airneM arieet'ptsu blicati7oBn o.ln deJ-l.,F. ,C ourds' rAchite.ct.urc.eot n enta lnes
2L e6nrteG,. J,-. F.B olndeLl',A rchi5t:8e ,c1 t9e1 0. le,so dnonneeen1s 7 50e tl easm ICsi'uSi 1'a3:n lfii'vPs,a r,i s
3B olndeJ-l.,F. D,e l ad istribduetsmi aoins odneps l ais,a n1c7e7f1." ,is le ropie-uttet rdeer iasonnadbevl oeu laouiojru rd'hui
Pari1s37,7 .T heh ouse Iw hililucsahett irsf ro1m: p I4.1 . elevcehzre noudse se dificpersee cmiesndtan sI e goudte
4G rosdiddeMi aetro nMsar,c eMl e,zt ,i lpl..5 ,1P ,a ri1s29,9 .I a'ntuieq."
LeejauJxae,n nBelo,n edlL,' rActheicrte4u 0:i. lp,l.2 31,29 7. SI bidl.v",,L eAsn cie.n s.p eu.v ebniten no uasp prendre
5G rosdidipe.r1 ,2. 0 Lielejla.u,xi ,l lps.2. 6,2, 7 .L eejaux,a peenrs;m ainso unse d evopnassp ensceorm meeu xT.o us
Placed 'ArmdeesM etSz,tr asbou1r29g7,.S mae,B olndell,e pse upolnetsu nc araecrte u,n em aenried es entqiuril eur
Revudeer aratn ce.tm od4.2: illps.2. 7,52 ,7 71,29 7. esptr op.r e."
436
VOL. 42P,T. 3 ,1 952] ETIENNE-LOUISB OULLEE 437
acadetmrieca tHiiscse rsi.t iocfti hsmemo derhnosw,­ Its eewmosr wthhi tlheet nos tuBdlyo ndwerli'tsi ngs
eveprr,o viudste osd waiyt thh cel eadreessctr iopft tiolo ena wrhna hta dh appenPeadt.dt eec leaxrpelsi citly
thesitry le. thaBtl onwdaesnl o atr evolutbiuootnn alpryry e,p ared
Blonwdaesel x trepmreoluoydf h ipsr ofesAsri­otnhr:ee voluTthiicoshn a.r actecroinzfaowtriimttoshhn e
chitehcetp urroedi,ssa , c reaatri9tva ,en ids c leatrol pyi ctwuegr aeif nr oBml ondteelx'Ttsh. e" proffeuslslo r
bed istingfuriostmhh epedr ocoefsb su ild10it nhge;o ffi gh,t"a sG eorgLeesn odturbeb Beldo n2d1we alsa,
archiwtaestc otc ombianrewt i tthh tee chnioqfu setsa udnecfhe nodfte hroe l fda ibtuhht,e h aadl smou ch
construcStoimooefnB Y l ondpeals'ssaa grteehs ve e ryu nderstoaftn hdneie nwtg r ends.
foreru6nfnL eerdso uexn'u ncia1t2Ti hoenrsseh: o uldB lonndeevlte irr oefpd u tteimnpgh aosnti hsbe a sic
nobte a singmloem enwth etnh aer chicteeacstteo s p rincoiftp hlheei se rarBcahriocqoaunlge r,a daatnido n
thionfkh imsi ssinooentv, e innt hheo usor fr elaxcao­ncate2n2oa rta,is ho enp ,uti t",'I a rchitpyercat­ure
tio13nh ;em usatr deenntdleya tvodo irs ctohvpeer ro m­midaalne"d"l leisa iqsuosine su pleeusv meentttd r'ea c­
islea tiennt thb eu ilsdii;tn1 eg4h es houblepd o ssescsoerldde p sa rtaiveeIscet ou2t3. A"st ot hree quirements
bya thifroskrtn owleodfeg vee dreys cri1p5At ioonfg. radahteio offne rgeedn ecroamlm eanstw se lals
gooadr chistheocubtle id n teriense tveedar syp eocft s peficcsi uggestHieof nasv.ot rhepedr edomionfa nce
li16f e. thmea ianv atn-pcsoa,rn da n" aiorfs uperifoorri ty"
Sootnh ree adweirsl elhe o wa n ewt ypoefa rchittehdceo­ minpaanr2tt4 T. hel iveloiftn hepesl saa nn tdh e
turdee velionpt ehdee i ghteceenntthuI rnyB .l ond"eply ramfiodraimln,h" i vsi ecwo ntrimbousttteot d h e
himsweela fl refianddty h nee wt ypoef" enlighteexnceedl"ol fet nhcLeeu xemb.o52u Frogrt hivse rsya me
buil17dw ehrow ast ob eg uidbey"d r easaonndw" e; gradahtepi roani Psaeldl abdunitoo ft,o trh actl assical­
recoginnhi izmet huen iversalalryc-hmiiwtnhedoce itdtw yh iscohm ancyr itpiacsastn,p d r esheanvtae,s cribed
coucllda tiobem thlee gitjiumdaogtftee h oet haerr1t8 s .tot hVei cenmtaisn.te62e Hrep oinotuettdh ajtsu ta s
Blondaenil n,d efatwiograkbfelorer, e ivnetreu npto nw ithtihnse i ngle sotnrpeua crittstu orr uel seoi, n a
improve9mw eanspt r,etdesttobi ent ehldee adoeftr h eg rouipso nbeu ildtiob neag c cent27u aHtewe adr.ned
younggeenre ration. agaicnosmtb inai bnags emweinttah n a ttfioctr,w o
Myv ieowfB lonadsae lo pgrrestseiavciehs be ars e"ds ubalstteorrnci"oe usln de vemra kea satisfying
nootn loynm anoyfh isst atemwehnitIcss hh, a dlils cuwshso 2l8eH .ef ouintdq uiutnep ardotnoaa dboltrehn e
latbeurct,o rrobobryPa iteerPdra et wtheo,e dittehdeb asemweintothr dewrhsi lleea vtihneg higher-ranking
posthufimfotuvhso luomfeB londCeoulr'.ss T ransmia­isnt obrayr aen du nado2r9nA etdt.ihcesh ,e ld,
torayn dm inocrh anwgoeus lhda rdhlayvp er omptsehdo unlodct o ntraoionm bsu,st e rovnel aysc rowning
Patttose a y: feat3uor Oersd.edress erbvleadmi efu seidn discrimi­
natweiltyh roeugtat rotd hr ea nokft hset or31i Seism.i­
He hass ucceedbeydh ,i st eachiinngp ,r eparitnhger evo­
lutitohna cta met op assi na rchitecitnut rheel asttw entyl arhlecy e,n sutrhoeevd e r-ornaomfeI nstlaaatmriitoc n
yearsW.e shoulndo tf orgtehta wte oweh imt hi20s . witihtp se rsirsetpeenttoi fit dieonntm iocta3il2f s.
Toh imc,o ncateannadit nitoeng rwaetraieso i nm ­
9I bi,dx .i,v" L'Ahrictecetsuutrn Ae r tc erat.e"ur portaasgn rt adatHieoi nn.c esspalnetalfdoyepr de r-
10I bi4d:.v ii"ip,l duesv eirtabAlrceh itec.t.uer.tmea ins
dem !;aonneriCep.Lo"e doux, LC'.rA-hcNi.t,e c1t5u,Pr aer,,i s
1804," LA'r chiteecstatu l rame !;a onnercieqe u el ap oeseiset 2L1e notBrl eo,n, d6 e,"l Ibee qluleiupxr eosfseur."
axu bellletetsr ;ec s'eIse'tn thsoiuasdmrea matdiuqm uetei ;e r 22G radatmieoannt sh eff erdeintiaoftt ihopena ratcsc ording
onn ep euetn p arlqeur' aevxeacl otna.t"i tot heriarn ;k concattieontnah efiorr muanli ficatBiotohn .
1C1ou r4s: x xv",i f!a urtue nilras cieanucm ee teir." terwmesr ues eidnt e hess ensbeyRs o beMrotr rRiusr,aA lr chi­
1I2b di.3 : xv," Doude' unh eureguexn ile'r Achitectet ectLuorned,o 1n75,0 .
set rouavpeep eplouerl everm erlveesi qluleIeA 'sr chitect2u3Cr oeur s1: 3 86,4 30.
enfa.n"t e 2D4i strib1:u1 t90i,"o anid er s ueprioriStmei.il"a r5l9y1,,1 3 .
13I bixdx.i," vL,o rdses edse leamsesnmtesm ei,lf aufta ire2 C5o rus3 :7 9," c-hed'cefuvrdeu c otdees af ormpey raamlied,
ens roetq uet ou.t t. ou.r anue prdoefil At'r t." etp aIre m ouvemqeunDet e brosass eud onnae sro n plCafn.. "
14I ibdx.x,v ",o np acro udr'tceu nil a vildeees n vi.r.o.n".s 4:1 95.
1I5b ixdx.v,"i c,' aevsetlc ap assdieod ne veunniA rr hcitect2e6I bdi.1 :3 87," Palaldiao e ntenIdemu i eulxef so rmpeys­r a
dem eritqeu,' soen'c 1aaivreetc o ueste, n t outte msp." miadles."
1I6b ixdx.v,", t oiuntt eesrsteo,ui tn struit." 27I bdi.4 :1 54," preemianuec nhcaet esauurt outleesds- e
1I7b id5.:A verstsmieentby, P ierPraet tvei,", M .B londelp enndcaes."
avopiotu prrn icidp'ee c1paairIr eer ra insnoeme.nt.t .ou t c2eI 8b i3d:2. 4 4",c edse uext aegss ubarlntees."
qu'ein!s eignoit." 29I bdi.2,3, " una buism pardbolnen.a"
18Ib id3.: l xxvi," L'AhrictecJtgu-ee,en det oulse Asr ts 30I bi2d3.5, ," ceett abgatea rd."
liberaux." 3J1- .F.B olndeilnL 'nEcyclopeeddD.ii dee,r aontd d 'A­lem
19I ibd3.88,, " lpar emipeernesn e'eej smata ipsrc eiesmencte libee rPta,r i17s62,,P latse,A rhcituerce1t,:8 ,p I2.0 ," dxe uordres
a laqluleielf aust'e aert.rr .". . prauteiIsq' usnuI r' auntedr iens gtuiejnmata iIes't agseu perieur
20I bi5d:.v i"iA,u sa-st-ii lr eusa spripe a repra,sr eisn s­trudc'ca vIie'nefri.e"u r
tiolnasr evoluqtuisio 'nef satid teep u2i0as n s dIaen sg doeu t 32C our4s:l i"ioir,n emAernatbsse ips e ufa itpso uarl leen­r
notrAer ctheiucrte." semb"l e.
438 KAUFMANN:T HREER EVOLUTIONARY ARCHITETCS [TRANASM.E RP.H ILS.O C.
vis.3i7oT nhuBslo dnel agrde ewiht thBea orquceo n­
cepotnoi ft hheo uassea b erathoigrnangi simnw, h ich
all oft hpea rctosm muandti ewcihte acoht rha,edn wiht
thse urdroniug.3nss He wasf do n otfh oep ealnle ys
whicahffd oerd thselp ndedi vieowfsB aroqpuaekr s39.
Blodnel redgead rasp arltlriacybue alu thiipfsjru ocedt e
ManoHro usfeo rG ealn mteanf roFmlo erncbee cause
onec lodu ejnyo thewd ievs itafsr omma nyof its
par;4t0 st heen tratnotc hepe a rwka st o hbaeveen
frotmh Ger da nSlano.41
In tfhoeu rvltohmu eo fh iCso u rs, whiccha moeu t
als taea s1 77B3lo,nl d seltlei xhdo rhtipesul psin otto
forgtehceto lrtraieoonfb ludiingeser cdt oent hsea me
si4t2ae n,dt ob ec arulea fbotuhtce o rsrpeondoenfc e
intewriihtot rhisere nviro4n3mH eencto d.nserdie P-al
3A7rc hf.r an,1o:i3 s9e",I e se slceiarssi tudeasnI se mli eiu
deI e'idcfiem asquoIiee'nnfitdel adel ac ouarev cc eldiees
jradnis."
83 Distr1i: b 5u8,"tII i foanup te rIceemrli eiud e sBotani ment
def ac;oqnu 'opnu ispsreo fitdeel ra vu ed esd ifferoebnjttess
qu'ao ans seutjtaiuBs taime.nt.". .
3A9r chf.r an,1o:i4 s6e," prnogleoIre c oudpce' il quef -or
menltse e nlfidaepsr nicliepsad 'upna re."
40D istrib1u:1 t1i,1o 3n.
41I bdi.1,3 .
42C olt4r:1s 4 8",I' ardtef aire meanrscbehlemel rse iss,u es
lsed ependaenltc adei sbs tutriioenx rteieudreesc; adfeas."
4I3b id1.5,3 ,' Tartd e drree nrletailfsse dehorsl sae vec
dedsa.n"
FIG. A2r.c hitle pcrtfioluer-aEnbtleametn Tosnca.
fecutn iotfyt hpea r3t3ws h,icchlo dub ea tntdea iby
symme(to"rnyoe ft he bcheiaeuoftfa i recsh it"e),3c 4t ure
orsl,tl bi ettbeysr p,la tiinatletariroepnssA.hsi t hmeo st
efficiemneta nosfu niftyhiienn gt esrpiaohcreer ,e com­
mendd teheen fil,ao drte hteh readrionogam loson fag n
ax;i3 s5a ndh eal sos uggetshtuees doe f m irroonr s
oppsoei twlals toc eratteh eillu sioonfc ontinuous
vsit.3a6s
Theen fil,aw dheichhad b e ene xtlreypmo elpruai n
Farncseic net hleta es veenteceenntthnu orotyln ,yt di e
all ofr otohmteso gheetrb,ua tls os evdre tot iteh ie­n
tertioot rhe ext ervisiot.ra Staciarsweesr neo tto b e
pladc e itnhc ee nrt eofs ttrheuec ,lte utsrhte oyb sutcrt
3B3lo nlde,]-. F,. Archittuercfer an,o1i:5 s6e,P, rai1s7,5 2,
"Iesr appodrutt osu atu xp aert,sei td sep artaiuet so utS.mi"i ­
l raly,D istrib1u:1 t2i6o;Cn o lt1r:4s 3 8;3 :l vx,1 05;4 :3 41,
"I'uniquteen ouasv ontsa nn!tc ommnadeeT.h"e r eceRneti­ m
pressoifAo rcnh ittuerfcer a1!1;ohiasses liagl hytdi ffeenrpta gina­
tion.
3C4o ur1s:4 08",L asy metr.i.eu .ned epsr niclipseba aeutes
dle A'r chiutreec.t"
3E5n cycdiioelp,oe ccoi. t1,0 ,ab ouat plan hoifs" Ie,p remier
meridt'eu pnla nc onsidsatnlesab e autdee se nlfidaesp ri­nci
plase."
36D istrib1u:2t 7i,"o Ineg sl acfeosne tn tr'uenlemlu etsu elle
rt'leexiocne qpurio lonlgavu ueee tp rdouiutn t rse-agreable
eff.e"t FIG.3 .E ntbaaltubreea rres-rOdrPer esique.
VOL.4 2PT,. 3 ,1 952] ETIENNE-LOUISB OULLEE 439
ladaim oo denloo,tn lbeyc auosfhe i msa stoefrg yr adaT­usccaanp i7t aJ.5
tiobnu,at l sboe caoufts hepe i ctqourailaoilfht iycs o m­ Tot etshtde i verpgreencteo pfPt asl laSdciaom,o zzi,
posit4i4ho enw ;o ulnde verre noutnhcpeea noraamnidVc i gnoBllao,n ddreelhw u mapnr ofiolveesar r chi­
vie45w . tect"uprraolfi l(efisg2".) .T her esumlitg hbtea
Blondveile'owsnst hree latiboentswhaeirepcn h itreecm­inodfte hrce l asssiacyaiMlna gn:i st hmee asure
turaen ds culpatsus refeto, r itnhD el ad istriboufta iltolhn i.n gYse.ts evepraasls aignLe A'sr c hittuerce
werien a ccowridt thh eg enetrraelno fdB aroqjurea n(wohiiscsehe etmo a grweiet thh "ep rofi5l8e s,"
thougShctu.l pwtaustro be e b lenwdietdah r chitehcatvuiernr e e alqiutiyatn eo tmheearn inHgeg. r adually
sot haittw oulbdei mposstiosb elvete hre wmi thobuetc aamwea rteh attof oracrec hitecturtaol features
destrotyhiwenh go. l64e Thipsr ecetpotos,,t emmecdo nfotroom r gasnhiacp weasst ou steh eimna m a­n
frotmh dee sifropere rfuencitt Byl.o nwdaessl p eakn­ecro ntrtaor yto hwenni art urFeo.ra w hihleeh ad
inlgi kaen ya rchitecto-fts hcBeua lrpotqpouerer iosdh artehdbe e ltiheafat l alr tihsatdhs e lsdi ntchee
whehne d emantdheadtt hw ea lble twteheoenp eninRgesn aissTahnecayep .p recmiaatttfeeodirr t sse nsuous
shoublead d orwnietdrh e l4i1e Hfest .oopkr iidnte h eb eauyteydt,i ndo wta nittt oi nfluecnocmep osbiyt ion
desiogfhn i Bsa timae In'tI tableiceantunhsepee l astiitpcsr operAtciceosr.dt ion gtd hoecitrr ine,
charaocftt hebero ddye ridvierde fcrtoltmyh pel a48n
. .l am. a tierdeo iett rceo mptepeo urr ienl,ab eautdee s
(fig1..) Hicsr itiocfbi usiml dbiyon tghsae rrc hitects
masselsa,p roportdieosnp artieetsl ar euniodnu touetn ­
wasb asoendt hipsr inciHpepl rea.i fsoeirdn ,s tance,
semblseo,n tl esp remierceoSn's ideratqiuo'nodsno iatv oir
thper ojfeoctrth A eb badyeeP anthebmyoF nrta,n <;odainssl 'Architee pcotuurrc eq uic oncerln'eo rdonn5a9n ce.
Franqbueec,a iutswsea ltliset dhp eo rocfht hceh urch
Notwithshtia"snp drionfigBl leosn,od"ne t lhw eh ole
tot haed jacmeonnta s4t9e Ornyt .hoet hhearn hde,
hada bandotnheaedn thropomcoornpcohefipa ctr chi­
founfda uwlittt hh Teu ilefroitreh sle a cokfu nity/o
tectuHrede i.s appursoivCneagdr yataindPdee sr sanes
whicpha rtrleys ulftreotdmh ae pplicoafpt eitotny ,
ass ubstiftocurto elsu mTnhse.G reehkesr ,e alized,
dishartnfoenaito5uu1rs Be rso.k ceonr n,5i2ca ensde n­
mayh avhea ds omgeo otdh,o ungohst t riacrttli,ys tic
tabladtiuffreersii ndn egs i53gw ne,raeh orrtoohr i m,
reasfoontrsh euisre -proabsac bolmym emoroaft ive
andh ef ouhnadr moinmyp erwihleetndh sei npgalret s
certhaiisnt oerviecnatls t-obh uitmt hewye r"eu n­
weriend iscoorra,dsh , e p uitt ",q uarre54l lTihneg ."
beara6b0l Teh.eu" l tra-natCuarrayla6it1si adtneidsc
descriopftt hiBeoa nt imae In'tI tailnih eiensan rel iPeesrts ,a26n wehsicEhise nh add esigfnoerBd l ondel's
publicraetaildoisnak ene ighteentthr-ecaeotnnit suer y
booikl,l usatlrtlah tepeih ry sisctarlai insn u pporting
thaei mosft hBea roque.55
theen tablaTthuersyee set.moh avbee eand dteodt he
DespBiltoen daelll'esg tioat nhceees tablsiyssh­ed
texatsw arnirnagtsht ehraa nsm ode(lfisg3 .) .
temn,e wv iewgsr aducarlelipynt t toh deo ctroifn e
Then otiooftn h "eN atuhraaadlc "q uianr eewds ig­
thdiesf enodf·e troh led a,n dw,h aitsm orhee,h imself
nificainntc hele a teei ghtceeennttuhIr tny o.l onger
wasa waroeft hcer aciknts h oel sdt ructHuesr tei.l l
meantth iem itaotfoi rogna nnaitcu bruert,a thtehre
sharteosd o meex tetnhtbe,e ltiheaftt h esrheo ubled
ratiaodnaaplt aotfti hofeno rmtsot hepiurr poasned,
as orotfk inship abrecthwietepenec rtfuorraamlna dn ce
theciorn fortmoti htmeya terTihailns.e wp oionft
natuirnpe a,r titchuhelu amra bno dyT.h em osrte ­
vieiwsr eflecitnae p da ssiangB el ondAerclh'istt uerce
nowneadr chitheefc otusn,rd e,a cpheerdf eocntliyo n
jran(doeiaslewi intgth h e" natuarrarla ngeomfe nt"
byi mitantaitnuagrn edc onfortmoti hnpegr oportions
thpel .a6an Obvioutsh"leny a,t uprlaahlna" dn othing
ofm a.n56 Thibse liisie lfl usitnrt ahptele adot fet sh e
tod ow itahm odtealk ferno nma tuirwtea ;ts h leo gical,
H Ibid3.: 431", ialcc ompaogints eesfi dciesd a'va-sncetneso rt hper actaisoc paplo,st eotd h oer gaannidoc r na­
touoiurisn tesraensst.e"
mentpallao nft hBea roqTuhees. a mfeu ncttihoinnakl­
45D istribu1t:1i 8o,"nfi anq ueI re'ile mrbasIsepe l udos'i btes
inpgr ompBtleodn dreelm'asor knps e dimetnhttesr :i ­
q u'il posessbitl e."
4I8b id5.6,, "q uel as culptusreem bsleem ariaevcre son anguallaorwn eer lee gitismianttcheee, fy o llotwheed
Acrhictuetre. .q.u'on enn'p eurtom prelac 'cords ands­ e
fi gurelr' fiEcd.ei" et cehencr hantac oncliiesre bse aust deirvseeasvc e lepsor ­
4I7b id5.7,a, n ds tisol iInC our3s: 2 1. porotins. .d.an Isce o rphsu ma.i"Sn imivliaerwi snE ncyclo­
48D istribu1t:1i 8o1n", C eP avoinlrc;I eoitb ecaouupd er elf iepedi3er,ed . d1,7 78a,n di trse prbiynS octi etTeyosp grapuheisq,
del afo rmed es on plan." 3: 2561,7 81",oT utc orpos rganiessetu n e fidcie. . • .To ut
4E9n cyclopledoicceoi, t8 .,," slei ehnetu reusement."M itmenpta rfdaoiitt reluenmsie rm epse crofitens."
5C0o ur3s: 7 5. 5C7o ur1s: 2 602,6 1p; IXs.,X I ,X I.I
51I bid7.7,", lecsh esnto irpp etiettde iss paeranttree'ls l. e"s 58A rchf.r anr;o1i:s2 e4 ,"o lr'do nnacnel ap lucosno frmea
5A2r c.hf ranr;o1i:s7 e2 ,7 3. lan atrue. .pe ut.s euclones tatleersre gldeusb o n gout
5D3i stribu1t:i1 o3n6" ,d ueonsi n dansn talbesl e.me"e nsdanlsA' cr hictuetre."
5I4b id1.6,2 ",r ineenp c ehe plcuosn trle' hoanrime. q. ue . 5I9b id2.:2 35.
dev oirl easre r-reicropdsu 'neFc; aaded iustpearvc e laevsa­ nt 6C0o ur1s: 1 98, 1"9oL9'rd, reP eqrsuei n'epsatsp lutosl e-
corp.s" rbaleS.mi"i l,a 3r4l;5y2 :1 11;A rchf.r anr;o1is:e7 4.
55I bid1.8,1 . 61C our2s: p IX.IL .
5C6o urs3 : 3," leAscr hicteetsl epsl urseo nmmesn es ont 62I bi.d,p IX.IL I.
arriavc eesd egrdeep eecrfiton, qu'ieimna tntl an atu.re. . 6 3A rchf.r anr;o1i:s2 e1 ," l'aanrgremennatt udreesple i ces."