Thoracic Outlet Syndrome PDF
Preview Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Karl A. Illig Robert W. Thompson Julie Ann Freischlag Dean M. Donahue Sheldon E. Jordan Ying Wei Lum Hugh A. Gelabert Editors Second Edition 123 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Karl A. Illig • Robert W. Thompson Julie Ann Freischlag • Dean M. Donahue Sheldon E. Jordan • Ying Wei Lum Hugh A. Gelabert Editors Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Second Edition Editors Karl A. Illig Robert W. Thompson Vascular Surgeon Center for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Charleston, SC and Section of Vascular Surgery USA Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes-Jewish Hospital Julie Ann Freischlag Saint Louis, MO Wake Forest Baptist Health USA Wake Forest School of Medicine Atrium Health Dean M. Donahue Department of Vascular and Department of Thoracic Surgery Endovascular Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital Winston-Salem, NC Department of Thoracic Surgery USA Boston, MA USA Sheldon E. Jordan Neurological Associates Ying Wei Lum The Interventional Group Division of Vascular Surgery and Santa Monica, CA Endovascular Therapy USA Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore, MD Hugh A. Gelabert USA UCLA Medical Center Los Angeles, CA USA ISBN 978-3-030-55072-1 ISBN 978-3-030-55073-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55073-8 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2013, 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Is this the reason that humans replaced the dinosaurs? A picture of a T. Rex skel- eton. Notice the huge cervical ribs, along with the atrophic arms. Perhaps dinosaurs suffered from severe neurogenic (and perhaps arterial) TOS, to the point where their arms atrophied away. They eventually became unable to feed themselves, and wasted away, allowing mammals to thrive. We thus have thoracic outlet syndrome to thank for our very existence! (Image purchased from 123RF website: https://www.123rf.com/ checkout-v2/creditcard/finalized_creds.php) Preface The world of thoracic outlet syndrome has been surprisingly busy since the first edition of this textbook was published in 2013. A unifying theme in this regard is a push toward objectivity. Stemming from the Consortium for Outcomes Research and Education on Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (CORE-TOS) meeting in St. Louis in 2009 and subsequently via the Society for Vascular Surgery’s Thoracic Outlet Reporting Standards document of 2016, there has been a strong push toward making what we do much more standardized and thus comparable. Encouragingly, most recent manuscripts report relatively objective outcome measures, rather than simply noting “improvement.” This edition hopefully reflects these changes and trends, with new editors (Drs. Lum and Gelabert), new chapters, and a broader range of contributors. There is emphasis always on objectivity, and new chapters reflect new knowl- edge and techniques. For example, greater emphasis is placed on, among other topics, rare nerve issues, the quadrilateral space, postoperative complications, and the roles of botox and scalene muscle blockade for diagnosis. In addition, the state of care in Great Britain and the Netherlands is discussed in detail, along with work on delving into the specifics of QuickDASH and CBSQ, quantification of the EAST, and a closer look at thoracoscopic rib resection. The same stumbling block, of course, remains as always—recognition of TOS as an entity by all who do not specialize in it, and timely recognition and referral to those of us who do. It remains relatively common to hear of insur- ance companies denying benefits to such patients, as “no objective diagnostic tests are performed,” and all of us see, almost weekly, young healthy patients vii viii Preface with swollen arms treated with anticoagulation alone and patients with clear neurogenic TOS arriving with four years’ worth of medical records accumu- lated before the diagnosis was ever considered. There is no easy fix for this problem, but hopefully those who read and use this textbook (Figure; patient has given her permission to use) will continue to spread the word and thus improve care for these suffering patients. Charleston, SC Karl A. Illig St. Louis, MO Robert W. Thompson Winston-Salem, NC Julie Ann Freischlag Boston, MA Dean M. Donahue Santa Monica, CA Sheldon E. Jordan Baltimore, MD Ying Wei Lum Los Angeles, CA Hugh A. Gelabert Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Robert W. Thompson Part I Background and Basic Principles 2 A Brief History of the Thoracic Outlet Compression Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Herbert I. Machleder 3 Embryology of the Thoracic Outlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 R. Shane Tubbs and Mohammadali M. Shoja 4 Evolutionary and Developmental Issues of Cervical Ribs/Evolutionary Issues of Cervical Ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Frietson Galis, Pauline C. Schut, Titia E. Cohen- Overbeek, and Clara M. A. ten Broek 5 Anatomy of the Thoracic Outlet and Related Structures . . . . . . 37 Richard J. Sanders and Stephen J. Annest 6 TOS: Clinical Incidence and Scope of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Karl A. Illig and Eduardo Rodriguez-Zoppi Part II N eurogenic TOS: General Principles and Diagnosis 7 Pathology and Pathophysiology of NTOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Richard J. Sanders and Dean M. Donahue 8 NTOS for the Primary Care Team: When to Consider the Diagnosis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Karl A. Illig and Dean M. Donahue 9 Diagnosis of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: 2016 Consensus Guidelines and Other Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Robert W. Thompson 10 Differential Diagnosis in Patients with Possible NTOS . . . . . . . . 99 M. Libby Weaver, Sheldon E. Jordan, and Margaret W. Arnold ix x Contents 11 Increasing Objectivity in the Diagnosis of NTOS: The Standardized EAST-Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Niels Pesser, Sander Boidin, Marc R. H. M. van Sambeek, Bart F. L. van Nuenen, and Joep A. W. Teijink 12 A Closer Look at QuickDASH and CBSQ: What Do they Tell us? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Karl A. Illig and Kathryn Cline 13 Scalene Test Blocks in Patients with Possible Neurogenic TOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Sheldon E. Jordan 14 Electrophysiological Assessment and Nerve Function in NTOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Bennett I. Machanic 15 Pectoralis Minor Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Robert W. Thompson 16 Double Crush Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 John M. Felder 17 Unusual Nerve Entrapments and Neuropathic Syndromes of the Neck and Shoulder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Andrea Trescot 18 Cross-Sectional Imaging in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome . . . . . . . 169 Daniel R. Ludwig, Sanjeev Bhalla, and Constantine A. Raptis 19 Ergonomic, Postural Issues, and Repetitive Stress Issues in NTOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Cassandra Pate, Lindsay Eichaker, and Jeanne A. Earley 20 Psychiatric and Psychologic Issues in NTOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Sarah Buday and Stephen L. Ristvedt Part III Neurogenic TOS: Treatment 21 Pathways of Care and Treatment Options for Patients with Neurogenic TOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Robert W. Thompson, J. Westley Ohman, Jeanne A. Earley, and Karen M. Henderson 22 Physical Therapy as Primary Treatment for Neurogenic TOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 John Hisamoto 23 Chiropractic and Nontraditional Treatment of NTOS . . . . . . . . 229 Robert J. Trager 24 Anesthesia for Thoracic Outlet Decompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Qianjin Liu and Ivan Kangrga 25 Regional Anesthesia for Thoracic Outlet Decompression . . . . . . 249 Barbara Versyck, Renee van den Broek, and Joep Teijink Contents xi 26 Surgical Techniques: Operative Decompression Using the Transaxillary Approach for NTOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Renganaden Sooppan, Rebecca Sorber, and Ying Wei Lum 27 Surgical Techniques: Operative Decompression Using the Supraclavicular Approach for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Robert W. Thompson and J. Westley Ohman 28 Surgical Techniques: Operative Decompression Using Thoracoscopic Approach for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Kareem Ibrahim and Bryan M. Burt 29 Surgical Techniques: Pectoralis Minor Tenotomy for NTOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Chandu Vemuri and Robert W. Thompson 30 Surgical Techniques: Dorsal Cervico-Thoracic Sympathectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Bryan F. Meyers and Robert W. Thompson 31 Botulinim Toxin Injection and Advanced Interventional Techniques for NTOS and Cervical Brachial Syndrome. . . . . . . 311 Sheldon E. Jordan 32 NTOS in the Competitive Athlete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Gregory J. Pearl 33 Neurogenic TOS in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Jennifer Hong, Zarina S. Ali, Gregory G. Heuer, and Eric L. Zager 34 Recurrent and Residual Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Stephen J. Annest, Barbara A. Melendez, and Richard J. Sanders Part IV N eurogenic TOS: Unanswered Questions 35 Controversies in Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (NTOS): What Testing Is Needed to Establish the Diagnosis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Joshua Balderman and Kaj H. Johansen 36 Botulinum Toxin Injections for Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Dean M. Donahue and Martin Torriani 37 What Do the Results of Conservative Therapy Tell Us About the Need for Surgery: Lack of Improvement Means Surgery Is Indicated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 J. Westley Ohman
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