Third Millennium Capitalism: Convergence of Economic, Energy, and Environmental Forces PDF
Preview Third Millennium Capitalism: Convergence of Economic, Energy, and Environmental Forces
Third Millennium Capitalism THIRD MILLENNIUM CAPITALISM Convergence of Economic, Energy, and Environmental Forces WYATT M. ROGERS, JR. QUORUM Westport,Connecticut • London LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Rogers,WyattM. Thirdmillenniumcapitalism:convergenceofeconomic,energy,and environmentalforces / WyattM.Rogers,Jr. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN1–56720–360–4(alk.paper) 1. Capitalism. 2. Twenty-firstcentury—Forecasts. 3. Corporations. 4. Powerresources. 5. Sustainabledevelopment. I. Title. HB501.R673 2000 330.12'2—dc21 99–40338 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataisavailable. Copyright(cid:2)2000byWyattM.Rogers,Jr. Allrightsreserved.Noportionofthisbookmaybe reproduced,byanyprocessortechnique,withoutthe expresswrittenconsentofthepublisher. LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:99–40338 ISBN:1–56720–360–4 Firstpublishedin2000 QuorumBooks,88PostRoadWest,Westport,CT06881 AnimprintofGreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc. www.quorumbooks.com PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica TM Thepaperusedinthisbookcomplieswiththe PermanentPaperStandardissuedbytheNational InformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Tables ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 The Approaching New Era: Overview of Expected Changes 1 Mandates for the Twenty-First Century 5 Part I: Capitalism and the Emerging Global Economy 1. Economic Forces in Modern Capitalism 11 Capitalism: A Historical Perspective 11 Globalization as an Economic Strategy 18 Political and Economic Developments Affecting Capitalism 22 Evolving Economic Concepts 33 2. The Third Millennium Corporation 53 The Corporation: The Emerging New Setting 53 Developing a New Corporate Structure and Philosophy 57 The Corporation and the Global Economy 72 The Corporation and Society 75 vi • Contents The Evolving Third Millennium Corporation 77 3. Economic Development Challenges 81 Developing Local Economies in a Global Market 81 Foreign Investments in Domestic Industries 87 Workforce: Composition and Changing Conditions 88 Urban and Rural Economic Development 92 Footloose Industries 94 The Special Case of Indigenous Populations 97 Economic Development Strategies for the New Era 98 Part II: Global Energy Resources 4. Energy Demand and Supply in the Global Economy 103 World Utilization of Energy 103 Electric Energy in the United States 111 Energy Resources and Technologies for the Twenty-First Century 114 5. Issues and Options for Energy Development 127 Global Energy Policy Issues 127 Fostering Optimum Energy Resources Utilization 134 Energy Conservation 138 Transformation of the Electric Utility Industry 140 Global Energy Development and Socioeconomic Progress 149 Synopsis of Future Global Energy Concerns 150 Part III: Managing Global Environmental Resources 6. World Environmental Concerns 155 The Global Environmental Challenge 155 Atmospheric Resources and Pollution 159 Water Resources 168 Land, Vegetation, and Wildlife 172 Environmental Protection and Mitigation 175 Recycling: A Tenet of the New Environmentalism 177 Global Environmental Policy Issues 178 Contents • vii 7. Capitalism and the Environment 183 Evolution of the Environmental Ethic 183 Environmental Resources Conservation 187 Industrial Pollution Control 192 Private Industry Roles in Environmental Protection 193 8. Toward a Sustainable Global Environment 195 The Environmental Goal: Meeting Human Needs 195 Strategies for Global Environmental Protection 197 Part IV: Capitalism in Transition 9. Convergence and Synergy 207 Converging Forces in Third Millennium Capitalism 207 Synergism in Capitalism 218 10. Energy, Environment, and Economic Growth 221 Economic Growth: Dependence on Capitalism and Energy 221 Energy Conservation Mandate 222 Energy Requirements in Developing Nations 223 11. Capitalism in the Third Millennium 227 A New Capitalism Paradigm 227 Changing Conditions and Outlook for Global Capitalism 235 Private Industry and the Public Sector 240 The Corporation as a Human Institution 248 Improving Accountability in the Private and Public Sectors 252 Globalization and Capitalism 255 Global Governance 258 Capital Formation and Mobility 262 Conclusion 265 Bibliography 269 Index 273 Tables 3.1 Civilian Noninstitutional Population—United States 89 3.2 Labor Force and Participation Rates—United States 90 4.1 World Energy Usage 104 4.2 Energy Production and Consumption—United States, 1996 105 4.3 Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector—United States, 1996 106 4.4 Comparison of Energy Resource Estimates by Resource Type—United States 110 4.5 Electric Generation by Type—United States, 1976, 1986, 1996 111 6.1 Sources of Carbon Dioxide in the United States 161 6.2 Growth in Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases 162
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