Thinking About Psychology PDF
Preview Thinking About Psychology
t h i r d e d i t i o n Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and Behavior B2E3e-book.indb 1 1/16/12 11:39 AM this page left intentionally blank B2E3e-book.indb 2 1/16/12 11:39 AM t h i r d e d i t i o n Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and Behavior Charles T. Blair- Broeker Cedar Falls High School, Iowa Randal M. Ernst Lincoln Public Schools, Nebraska Special Consultant David G. Myers Hope College, Michigan WORTH B2E3e-book.indb 3 1/16/12 11:39 AM Permission is gratefully acknowledged for the use of images on the following pages: Domain Openers Module Openers Steve Winter/National Geographic/Getty Images, p. xxv Photos of authors at the beginnings of the modules throughout are Stephen Meese/istockphoto, p. 1 courtesy of Randal M. Ernst and Charles Blair- Broeker. Artistic rendering Andreas Pollok/The Image Bank/Getty Images, p. 58 of each by Monika Suteski. Davies and Starr/The Image Bank/Getty Images, p. 59 drbimages/istockphoto, p. 188 Goldmund Lukic/istockphoto, p. 189 JasonDoiy/istockphoto, p. 308 Jbk_photography/Dreamstime.com, p. 309 Adrian Lyon/Alamy, p. 309 kali9/istockphoto, p. 386 Rodrigo Blanco/istockphoto, p. 387 Louis- Paul St- Onge/istockphoto, p. 458 Lisa Thornberg/istockphoto, p. 459 YinYang/istockphoto, p. 584 Pascal Genest/istockphoto, p. 585 Director, Sales and BFW High School: Craig Bleyer Executive Editor— High School: Ann Heath Assistant Editor— Supplements: Dora Figueiredo Editorial Assistant: Enrico Bruno Development Editor: Trish Morgan Marketing Manager: Janie Pierce- Bratcher Marketing Assistant: Rachel Sachs Media Editor: Peter Twickler Associate Managing Editor: Lisa Kinne Director of Print and Digital Development, Worth: Tracey Kuehn Project Editor: Stacy Claxton, Scribe Senior Designer: Kevin Kall Text Designer: Lissi Sigillo Illustrations: David Chen, Matthew Holt, and ElectraGraphics, Inc. Author Sketches: Monika Suteski Photo Editor: Bianca Moscatelli Photo Researcher: Julie Tesser Production Manager: Sarah Segal Composition: Scribe Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley Cover Photo: Gandee Vasan/Getty Images Library of Congress Control Number: 2012930521 ISBN- 13: 978- 1- 4292- 3326- 2 ISBN- 10: 1- 4292- 3326- 5 © 2013, 2008, 2003 by Worth Publishers All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First printing Worth Publishers 41 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10010 www.worthpublishers.com B2E3e-book.indb 4 1/16/12 11:39 AM To Ludy T. Benjamin, Jr., and David G. Myers With admiration of your immeasurable impact on the teaching of psychology and gratitude for your unending support of the high school course. B2E3e-book.indb 5 1/16/12 11:39 AM About the Authors Charles Blair- Broeker has taught psychology at Cedar Falls High School (Iowa) since 1978. He has been involved in a number of APA initiatives, serving as a member of the task force that authored the National Standards for High School Psychology Curricula, as chair of the executive board of Teach- ers of Psychology in Secondary Schools (TOPSS), and as co- editor of the fourth volume of the APA’s Activities Handbook for the Teaching of Psychology. For three years, Charlie co- directed Teaching the Science of Psychology, a summer institute for high school psychology teachers supported by the National Science Foundation and the Northern Kentucky University Foundation. He has been a Question Leader, Rubric Writer, Table Leader, or Reader for Advanced Placement Psychology Examinations since the test was first administered in 1992, completed a three- year term on the AP Psychology Test Devel- opment Committee, and led many conferences on AP Psychol- ogy. He served on the steering committees for the American Psychological Association National Conference on Undergraduate Education in Psychology and the Psychology Partner- ships Project. Among his teaching awards are the Grinnell College Outstanding Iowa Teacher Award, the University of Iowa Distinguished Teacher Award, and the APA Division 2 Teaching Excellence Award. Randy Ernst met Charlie at a month- long psychology teacher institute in 1991 and has taught introductory psychology at both the high school and college level for over 20 years. He co- authored the National Standards for High School Psy- chology Curricula, co- edited the fourth volume of the APA’s Activities Handbook for the Teaching of Psychology, and has had journal articles published in American Psychologist and the Oxford Review of Education. Randy helped found and chaired the APA’s Teachers of Psychology in Secondary Schools (TOPSS), was a founding member of the College Board’s AP Psychology Test Development Committee, and has served as a Table Leader, Question Leader, and Exam Leader at the annual AP Psychology Reading. Randy co- authored several TOPSS unit plans, and his interest in curriculum develop- ment led to a six- month appointment in Australia, where he worked with Martin Seligman to infuse positive psychology concepts into a K– 12 school system. Randy has provided in- service training on the teaching of psychology to teachers around the United States and Canada and has worked several psychology-r elated workshops in England, Australia, and Thailand. He has also worked with the University of Pennsylvania to teach resilience techniques to American soldiers. Honors include induction into his high school’s hall of fame (Broken Bow, NE) in 2010, Nebraska’s 2006 Social Studies Educator of the Year Award, the NAACP’s 2004 Service to Children Award, and Time Warner’s “Crystal Apple” National Teacher Award. Both the APA and the University of Nebraska have recognized Randy for excellence in teaching. . . . and special consultant David Myers received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Iowa. He has spent his entire 30- year professional teaching career at Hope College, in Holland, Michigan, where he is the John Dirk Werkman Professor of Psychology. He has taught dozens of introductory psychology sections. Hope College students have invited him to be their commencement speaker and voted him “outstanding professor.” His scientific articles have appeared in over two dozen scientific periodicals, including Science, American Scientist, and American Psychologist, and he has served on the editorial boards of the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology and the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. In addition to his scholarly writing and his textbooks, Myers’ Psychology for AP*, Psychology, Psychology in Modules, Exploring Psychology, Exploring Psychology in Modules, and Social Psychology, he has written about psycho- logical science for general readers. His writings have appeared in more than two dozen magazines, from Today’s Education to Scientific American. He has also published numerous trade books on subjects ranging from happiness to hearing loss. vi About the Authors B2E3e-book.indb 6 1/16/12 11:39 AM Content Advisors and Supplements Team Amy C. Fineburg Steve Jones Oak Mountain High School (AL) Durham Public Schools (NC) Annotated Teacher’s Edition and Test Bank Teacher’s Resource Materials Steve Jones is a National Board Certified Dr. Amy Fineburg is the author of the Teacher who has taught AP Psychology Annotated Teacher’s Edition and Teacher’s Resource for 10 years. He has served as a member at large for the Materials for Thinking About Psychology. She is also the TOPSS committee and established North Carolina Teach- author of the teacher’s edition for Myers’ Psychology for ers of Psychology. He is a contributing editor of the Psy- AP*. An award- winning teacher, Amy has chaired the chology Teacher Network quarterly newsletter, published TOPSS executive board, has served as a Reader then by the APA. He is also a co- founder of the blog Teaching Table Leader at the AP Psychology Reading, and wrote High School Psychology (teachinghighschoolpsychology the 2003 edition of the Teacher’s Guide for AP Psychol- .blogspot.com). ogy. She has contributed numerous articles to AP Cen- tral, has been a consultant for the National Research Nancy Fenton Council, and led the past two revisions of high school Adlai E. Stevenson High School (IL) psychology’s National Standards. A coordinator for the Test Bank National Institute for the Teaching of Biopsychology, Amy has written several book chapters promoting the Nancy Fenton has taught high school psychology since 2004 teaching of positive psychology in high schools, the and has served as an AP Psychology Reader since 2008. teaching of diversity issues, and use of the National Nancy was elected as a member at large to the TOPSS Standards in all high school psychology classes. She national committee and contributed to the revisions of two currently serves as assistant principal for Oak Moun- TOPSS unit lesson plans. She is currently serving on a panel tain High School, a 2011 National Blue Ribbon School. of teachers reviewing submissions of performance indica- tors designed to accompany the National Standards for High Robert McEntarffer School Psychology Curricula and as the TOPSS liaison to the Lincoln Public Schools (NE) APA committee on psychology in schools and education. Test Bank Kent Korek Rob McEntarffer, an accomplished and Germantown High School (WI) award- winning psychology teacher who PowerPoint Lectures, has taught at the high school and college level, is the lead Companion Website author of the test bank for Thinking About Psychology. Rob became an AP Reader in 1995, was promoted to Table Kent Korek writes the PowerPoint lec- Leader, and served as a Question Leader from 2004–2 010. tures and contributes to the companion website for Rob also co-a uthored the test bank for Myers’ Psychol- Thinking About Psychology. He has taught high school ogy for AP*. He served as chair of the TOPSS executive psychology since 1978 but may be best known for his board, established a Nebraska chapter of TOPSS, and was work on the popular Teaching High School Psychology blog a member of APA’s National Standards revision commit- (teachinghighschoolpsychology.blogspot.com) and for his tee. Rob chaired the Assessment Committee at the Psy- work with the Milwaukee Area Teachers of Psychology chology Partnerships Project (James Madison University), (MATOP) meeting, which he has coordinated since 1993. co- authored How to Prepare for the Advanced Placement He is also an experienced AP Psychology teacher who has Psychology Exam, and won the 2004 Moffett Memorial been active as a Reader, Table Leader, and most recently Teaching Award (high school psychology teacher of the member of the Development Committee for AP Psychol- year). Rob currently works as an Assessment Specialist ogy. He is a College Board consultant and has facilitated for the Lincoln Public School district. and presented at many summer institutes. About the Authors vii B2E3e-book.indb 7 1/16/12 11:39 AM brief Contents Preface xiv ● Development and Learning Domain ...........................189 ● Scientific Inquiry Domain .........1 Life- Span Development Thinking About Psychological Science Module 11 Prenatal and Childhood Module 1 History and Perspectives in Development 191 Psychological Science 3 Module 12 Adolescence 213 Module 2 Research Strategies 21 Module 13 Adulthood and Aging 231 Module 3 Psychology’s Statistics 41 Learning and Language Module 14 Classical Conditioning 249 ● Biopsychology Domain ...........59 Module 15 Operant Conditioning 266 Biological Bases of Behavior Module 16 Observational Learning 289 Module 4 The Nervous System and Module 17 Language Development 298 the Endocrine System 61 ● Sensation and Perception Sociocultural Domain ............309 Module 5 The Brain 77 Social Psychology Module 6 Sensation 95 Module 18 Social Thinking and Social Module 7 Perception 118 Influence 311 Consciousness Module 19 Social Relations 335 Module 8 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Nature, Nurture, Culture, and Gender Rhythms 139 Module 20 Nature and Nurture in Module 9 Psychoactive Drugs 157 Psychology 357 Module 10 Hypnosis and Other States Module 21 The Psychology of Culture and of Consciousness 175 Gender 371 viii Brief Contents B2E3e-book.indb 8 1/16/12 11:39 AM ● Cognition Domain ....................387 Module 31 Anxiety and Mood Disorders 549 Module 32 Dissociative, Schizophrenic, Memory and Personality Disorders 569 Module 22 Information Processing 389 Module 23 Forgetting and Memory ● Applications of Construction 411 Psychological Science Thinking and Intelligence Domain ..............................................585 Module 24 Thinking 427 Treatment of Psychological Disorders Module 25 Intelligence and Intelligence Module 33 Psychological Therapies 587 Testing 439 Module 34 Biomedical Therapies 607 ● Individual Variations Stress and Health Domain ..............................................459 Module 35 Effects of Stress 621 Motivation and Emotion Module 36 Promoting Wellness 634 Module 26 Motivation 461 Appendix A: Careers in Psychology A-1 Module 27 Emotion 479 Appendix B: Answers to Apply What You Know Questions B-1 Personality Glossary G-1 Module 28 Psychodynamic and Humanistic Glosario GE-1 Perspectives on Personality 495 References R-1 Module 29 Trait and Social- Cognitive Name Index NI-1 Perspectives on Personality 513 Subject Index SI-1 Psychological Disorders Module 30 Introduction to Psychological Disorders 533 Brief Contents ix B2E3e-book.indb 9 1/16/12 11:39 AM
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