THiNK - Critical Thinking and Logic Skills for everyday life PDF
Preview THiNK - Critical Thinking and Logic Skills for everyday life
ion affectagaigiament . nemmaaiiapee is valid THiNK Built by RESEARCH. Proven by RESULTS. We studied you so you can study better. Hundreds of Ihouscnds of shudlents are using this new kind of text. IH was bull wilh a deeper under slanding of you. We observed you as you read course materials, sludied for tesis, and researched on the Wen. We visiledl hunsireds of classrecms to ‘observe the when, the why, the what ang ihe how af your leaming experience, We went beyond reviews and focus groups—we cenducled ethnographic research “0 understand whet works for you. And we didn'l s op there. We watched instructors prepare, teach, engage, assess, ond evaluale Iheir students, We observed how teaching has changed and how this new learning environment needs new materials to meet students where they are, so instruc tors ean bring them whee they want fo be. We watched what works for you. Read more about the RESEARCH and the RESULTS for THINK. © )-¥/ > of colleges or universities provide WIRELESS NETWORKS. of schools with Internet access have BROADBAND. Pee de of employers indicate COMPUTER COMPETENCY SKILLS 97 are either important or very important in the hiring decision. [type of THINK is the PRODUCT OF RESEARCH. } ye CONNECT For more information, go to www.mhhe.com/mseries Because it reads it’s more intere Unlike other boo to read this. forgot | was req completed t readings mc jhan they ne ARN SUCCEED WHAT DO YOU THiNK? Percentage of people who believe... God created man in his present form within the last 10,000 years or so. The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., was part of a larger conspiracy. Some form of intelligent life exists in outer space. Marijuana should be mad legal in the US. The world will end in 2012. bian cd to Religion can answer all or most of today's problems. Scurcoson pape 48 THINK AUTHOR Judit A, Buss ce mesnar rch Michael J. Ryan a» sent sascasemor Mark Georgiev sane sncin sene Pamele Cooper cisrteacemioer Naney Cros sie soe Army Flawaus 0S, FC + Molissa Williams ‘une asisv Andro Pasternak vwskon ests. Maureen MeCutchoon ‘wrnRseoc) Jennifer Blankenship vex racer vente Jennifer Bariok and Sarah Mil sun's Southern Editorial sa Tandra Jorgensen -vveusre TBH Typecast Inc. rcs. Oued/raphi “THEN Cito! Thinking far vege, Seu Edie Foe 9 ye enone Re nse ate coma tetrapyrrole Hin i Caner nsdn ttn am evtcrceraeaee cree emmeee, TWsknepneten i Fruccoemacereges2 Ise ecu oer mg: in eying ek hare kat So to ent tienen sata en of ones Contd Rambo 2 BRIEF CONTENTS Critical Thinking: Why Its Important 1 Reason and Emotion 35 Languaye and Communication 61 Knowledge, Errors in Th lence, and 9 95 Informal Fallacies 131 Recounizing, Analyzing, and Constructing Arguments 165 Inductive Arguments 200 Deductive Arguments 237 Ethics and Moral Decision-Making 271 Marketing and Advertising 308 Mass Media 339 Science 367 law and Politics 403 Table of Contents 4 CRITICAL THINKING: WHY IT'SIMPORTANT 1+ war Is eRITICAL THRVRING? College Stents 5 ‘cuaracreusmics oF 6000 (CRITICAL THINKER 7 Analnica Skil Open Nénded Creetve Pobier Si tortie, Mind, end Curious 10 leboreticeLascing 11 CRITICAL THINKING ANDO SELF DEVELOPMENT 13 Living he Sel-Framinad Lio 19 [evaloping Retina i lan Facing Challenges 16 “he importance of Sl-Estesm ies Trinking in Demeeracy [BARRIERS TO CRITICAL THINKING ‘ha Teree-Tar Modelof Thinking Fesstance 21 Types ot arew-Alindec fonaiain ane Doulaink Cogn ial Dissoranse ssraee ae» Bari -ALTHINKING 6 6 a 0 % REASON AND EMOTION ‘WHIAT IS REASON? 37 Tradkonal¥iews ofReeson 37 Sex, Reve A Dreams ond Prslem Going 38 ane Reason ‘THEROLE OF EMOTION In CRITICAL THINKING 42 CuturalAchuces werd Eaton 12 Enotionelineligence andthe Posto Ess ef Eaton, 48 Ngaio Effesteo! Enon tt Intagrng Reason and Emotion ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, REASON, ANDEMOTION 46 The Field of Aificil Inteligence 7 Can Corpuines Tink? 49 Can Compuwrsov'Evlunst 49 FAITH AND REASON 50 Fedoian FatnesnsoendsReesan $1 Ratcne en: Feluious Beets and Ree8oy 51 Cis Roni: Faith and Reason Ave Conpatbis 52 Felon, Satu snd esl- LiieDecisions 53 ‘CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE: Perspectives ‘9nPaason and Fate fer the 7 Existence of G00 SE z LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION «1 WHATISLANGUAGE? 5 FuncionsofLaryuege 68 NonvorbalLanguags 68 DEFINITIONS 69 Denctatve and Canrotatve Meanings 69 Sipuiatne Defritions 58 LestealDernitons 70 Pressing Dofhitons 70 Persuasive Definitions 72 EVALUATING DEFINITIONS 74 Five Critere 18 Verba Disputes Based on Ambiguous Defiriens 78 COMMUNICATION STYLES 76 Inoiviusl Stes of Communication 76 Communion Styl, Sax, and Race 78 Cull Oiferencesin Comunicaion Stes 8 THEUSE OF LANGUAGE TO MANIPULATE 2 EmotveLanguags hotoicalDevieas 38, Deespianand ying a CCRTIGAL THINIONG ISSUE: Perspectives on Free Spesch Zoneson Colteys Campuses $0 cou law INFORMAL FALLACIES 11 WHATISAFALACY? 122 FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY 133, Enliocaton 138 ‘Aephiboly 136 Fallacy of Accom 198 Fallacy Dvsien 125 Fallsy of Compositon 195 FAUACIES OF RELEVANCE 197 KNOWLEDGE, EVIDENCE, AND Personal tackle Honing Flay 137 ERRORS IN THINKING Agpesito Face are Tats! 189 opeaitoriy tet HUMAN KNOWLEDGE AND TSUMMTATIONS 97 Poplar ppl Mt Faandlien end Espieiom 97 Agpesltolgnavence 148 Stustureofthe Mind $7 Hasty Gonsrazetion 144 Straw Man 18 EVALUATING EVIDENCE 86 pelieiy: ab Crest Experince andFalse Memories 98 ities widen iaabaanibes “The alist of Hearsay and nents Fuiceaee 100 sosimirnons. 1% Experts aod rely 10 Baguig te Cato 16. Fralusting Evidence for Claim 102 UnappropriateApposlte Authority, 150 Rosesich Resources 104 Liao Otatig, 13 False Dlerima 10 ‘COGNITIVE AND PERCEPTUAL FRRORSINTHINKING 107 PoreoptuslErors 17 Nispercepton ot Random Data 108 ‘uessona SinoerySlope 152 Naturist Falieoy 158 yeCause 151 Nonerable Eves Ear 10 STRATEGIES FOR AVOIDING FALLACIES — 152 Probaity Enore 112 CRITICAL THINKING ISSUE: Perspectives SettServing siasee 115 ‘Going eo Warin vag 160 SoltFull np Proptecy 117 SOCIAL ERRORS AND BIASES. 118 “nw a sie of Than” Fran 118 SocietelEqpctaions 120 Group Pressure and Conformity 10 Diftsion af Raspensiy 122 ‘CRTIOAL THINKING ISSUE: Posspecivas ante Eisonee of Undsntad Fivng Objects 28
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