Thermofluid Dynamics of Turbulent Flows: Fundamentals and Modelling PDF
Preview Thermofluid Dynamics of Turbulent Flows: Fundamentals and Modelling
UNIPA Springer Series Michele Ciofalo Thermofluid Dynamics of Turbulent Flows Fundamentals and Modelling UNIPA Springer Series Editor-in-Chief EleonoraRivaSanseverino,DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofPalermo, Palermo,Italy SeriesEditors CarloAmenta ,DepartmentofEconomics,ManagementandStatistics, UniversityofPalermo,Palermo,Italy MarcoCarapezza,DepartmentofHumanSciences,UniversityofPalermo, Palermo,Italy MarcelloChiodi,DepartmentofEconomics,ManagementandStatistics, UniversityofPalermo,Palermo,Italy AndreaLaghi,DepartmentofSurgicalandMedicalSciencesandTranslational Medicine,SapienzaUniversityofRome,Rome,Italy BrunoMaresca,DepartmentofPharmaceuticalSciences,UniversityofSalerno, Fisciano,Italy GiorgioDomenicoMariaMicale,DepartmentofIndustrialandDigitalInnovation, UniversityofPalermo,Palermo,Italy ArabellaMocciaroLiDestri,DepartmentofEconomics,Managementand Statistics,UniversityofPalermo,Palermo,Italy AndreasÖchsner,EsslingenUniversityofAppliedSciences,Southport,QLD, Australia MariacristinaPiva,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialSciences,Catholic UniversityoftheSacredHeart,Piacenza,Italy AntonioRusso,DepartmentofSurgical,OncologicalandOralSciences,University ofPalermo,Palermo,Italy NorbertM.Seel,DepartmentofEducation,UniversityofFreiburg,Freiburgim Breisgau,Germany The UNIPA Springer Series publishes single and co-authored thematic collected volumes, monographs, handbooks and advanced textbooks on specific issues of particularrelevanceinsixcorescientificareas.Theissuesmaybeinterdisciplinary orwithinonespecificareaofinterest.Manuscriptsareinvitedforpublicationinthe followingfieldsofstudy: 1-ClinicalMedicine; 2-BiomedicalandLifeSciences; 3-EngineeringandPhysicalSciences; 4-Mathematics,StatisticsandComputerScience; 5-Business,EconomicsandLaw; 6-Human,BehavioralandSocialSciences. 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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13175 Michele Ciofalo Thermofluid Dynamics of Turbulent Flows Fundamentals and Modelling MicheleCiofalo DepartmentofEngineering UniversityofPalermo Palermo,Italy ISSN2366-7516 ISSN2366-7524 (electronic) UNIPASpringerSeries ISBN978-3-030-81077-1 ISBN978-3-030-81078-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81078-8 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland TothedearmemoryofMichaelW.Collins. Preface Itisariddle,wrappedinamystery,insideanenigma WinstonChurchill TheenigmatowhichWinstonChurchillhintedwastheworldbeyondtheironcurtain (atermhehimselfcoined),butthedefinitionfitswellalsotheworldbeyondlaminar thatisthevastdomainofturbulence. Doubtless, the hundred and fifty years that separate us from the pioneering studiesofBoussinesqorReynoldshaveshedlightonthemostenigmaticaspectsof fluidturbulence.Thedevelopmentofthemathematicaltheoryofnonlineardynamic systems,startinginthe1960s,hasallowedthebehaviourofafluidinturbulentmotion to be viewed in the larger context of dynamical systems with “strange” attractors, explaining both its chaotic, pseudo-random, nature and its sensitivity to the initial conditions. In about the same period, the increase in computational power, with the impressive trend that continues up to now, has made direct numerical simula- tionfeasibleforanincreasingrangeofturbulentflows.Finally,theimprovementof experimentaltechniqueshasallowedtheacquisitionofalargerandlargerdatabase onfluidturbulenceunderthemostdiversegeometricalandphysicalconditions. Yet, the phenomena globally identified under the label “turbulence” are so widespreadanddiversethatitiswisetoexpect,formanydecadestocome,ample roomforstudiesandresearch.Moreover,theunderstandingandtheknowledge,even complete,ofaphenomenondonotautomaticallyimplytheabilitytopredictitsquan- titativedetailsinafastandeconomicway.Tothispurpose,oneneedsmodels,even approximate ones, that can give answers to practical problems with a reasonable amountofresources:thisiswhythedevelopmentofturbulencemodelsisstillafield incontinuousevolutionandcoversthebulkoftheliteratureonturbulence. Althoughthemajorityofthefluiddynamicsproblemsencounteredbothinnature and in civil or industrial engineering regard turbulent flows, turbulence as a self- standing topic is usually absent from the syllabus of most university degrees (at least in Italy). Among other purposes, this work aims to fill this gap by providing thenecessarytheoreticalandconceptualfundamentalsandpresentingasufficiently vii viii Preface completepanoramicofturbulencemodels,fromthesimplesttothemostadvanced onesincludingdirectandlargeeddysimulation. Sinceitisprimarilyaddressedtoengineers,thebookavoidsgoingtoanexcessive depthintothemostabstruseandexotericaspectsofturbulencetheoryorintothevast fieldofexperimentalmethodsforturbulentflows,butratherfocussesonproblems ofmodellingandcomputation.Someinformationisprovided,though,regardingthe theoryofdynamicalsystemsandtheirbifurcations. As a caveat, it must be stated that this work limits itself to the algebraic or differentialformulationofmathematicalmodelsanddoesnottreattheissueoftheir subsequent numerical resolution, for which several excellent books are available. ItalianreadersareaddressedtoFondamentidiTermofluidodinamicaComputazionale (Comini et al., eds, 2014). With few exceptions, at differential equation level, applying a turbulence model amounts to adding a certain number of scalar trans- port equations to the basic equations for laminar flow and does not need special numericalmethods. Inregardtothecontentsofthisbook,Chap.1(Introductionandgoverningequa- tions) provides a consistent basis for the treatment of turbulence and establishes a nomenclature.ItislargelytakenfromtheintroductorylecturesofthecoursesCompu- tationalThermofluidDynamicsandModelsforThermofluidDynamics,whichIhave held over several years at the University of Palermo for the Master’s degrees in EnergyandNuclearEngineeringandChemicalEngineering. Chapters2–5areanexpandedandupdatedversionofmychapteronTurbulence inFondamentidiTermofluidodinamicaComputazionale(Cominietal.,eds,2014). Inparticular,Chap.2isanintroductionondecomposition,fluctuationsandspectra, whileChaps.3–5dealwithdirectnumericalsimulation(DNS),largeeddysimulation (LES)andReynolds-averagedNavier–Stokes(RANS)models,respectively. Chapter6(TurbulenceinFreeandMixedConvection)treatsaclassofproblems that are often neglected in most textbooks on turbulence. It also attempts to throw abridgetowardsthevastsubjectofatmosphericturbulenceandmeteorology,often made awkward to engineering students by flashy, but in the end only secondary, differencesofapproachandnotation. Chapters 7 and 8 are probably the most significant novelty of the present work andstemfromkeynotelecturesIgaveattwoUIT(UnioneItalianadiTermofluidod- inamica)nationalheattransferconferences,heldinBrescia(CiofaloandDiLiberto 2010)andinBologna(Ciofaloetal.2012). Chapter7dealswithtransientturbulence(aconditionscarcelydiscussedinmost books on turbulence), in which the flow field is not stationary, even in a statis- ticalsense.TheconceptualproblemsarisingfromapplyingconventionalReynolds decomposition to these situations are discussed, and more appropriate phase or ensemble averages are defined. A specific model problem (reciprocating turbulent flowinaplanechannel)istreatedindetail. Chapter8isdedicatedtotransitiontoturbulence.Followingabriefintroduction on bifurcations, the scenarios leading from steady laminar to chaotic (turbulent) conditions are discussed in some detail for specific configurations (toroidal pipe, Preface ix serpentinepipe,spacer-filledchannel)andintermediatesteady,periodicandquasi- periodicregimesareidentified. AnAppendixwasincludedonthetensorialformulationofthemainconservation andconstitutiveequations,mainlywiththepurposeoffreeingthebodyofthetext fromtoomanymathematicaldefinitions. Thepresentbookcanonlyscratchthesurfaceofhydrodynamicturbulence,oneof themostcomplexandfascinatingfieldsofphysicalsciences.BookssuchasTennekes andLumley(1972),Hinze(1975),Lesieur(1990)andPope(2000)provideprecious complementaryinformation.Anupdatedstate-of-the-artreviewofturbulencemodels isprovidedbyArgyropoulosandMarkatos(2015). Inaddition,Iwarmlyrecommendwhomeverisinterestedinthestudyofturbu- lencespendingsometimewatchingrealfluidsinturbulentmotion(ofwhichnature, engineering and even home offer abundant examples); and to keep in mind that manyfamiliarphenomena,suchastheshapeofthecloudsthatgainedtheattention ofHamletandPoloniusinHamlet(ActIII,Scene2),challengeourcurrentpredictive capability. Palermo,Italy MicheleCiofalo References ArgyropoulosCD,MarkatosNC(2015)Recentadvancesonthenumericalmodellingofturbulent flows.ApplMathMod39(2):693–732 CiofaloM,DiLibertoM(2010)Unsteadyturbulence:phenomenaandmodelling.In:PilotelliM, BerettaGP(eds)Proceedingsofthe28thUITheattransferconference,Brescia,Italy,20–23 June2010.Snoopypublisher,Brescia,pp15–28 Ciofalo M, Di Liberto M, Di Piazza I (2012) Steady, periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic flow regimesintoroidalpipes.In:LazzariS,RossidiSchioE(eds)Proceedingsofthe30thUITheat transferconference,Bologna,Italy,25–27June2012.Esculapio,Bologna,pp5–16 CominiG,CroceG,NobileE(eds)(2014)FondamentidiTermofluidodinamicaComputazionale, 4thedn.ServiziGraficiEditoriali,Padova(inItalian) HinzeJO(1975)Turbulence,2ndedn.McGraw-Hill,NewYork LesieurM(1990)Turbulenceinfluids.KluwerAcademicPublishers,Dordrecht PopeSB(2000)Turbulentflows.CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UK TennekesH,LumleyJL(1972)Afirstcourseinturbulence.MITPress,Cambridge,MA Acknowledgements Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetothemanycolleagues,studentsandcoworkers whohavecontributed,indifferentways,tothiswork. MichaelW.Collins,infar1985,mademeawareforthefirsttimeofthefascinating notion that a numerical simulation can indeed reproduce the chaotic and pseudo- casual aspects of real-world turbulent physical systems, thus directing my entire subsequent research work towards these subjects. In the following years, until his passingawayin2014,Michaelhasbeenformeaconstantsourceofinspirationand adearfriend. Gianni Comini, already in 2001, persuaded me and the other authors to write a book on computational thermofluid dynamics, of which turbulence modelling was regardedasacrucialcomponent,andinthefollowingyearshasplayedaninvaluable roleofencouragementandcoordinationsothatitkeptbeingupdatedandenriched uptoits4theditionpublishedin2014. GianPaoloBerettaandAntonioBarletta,ininvitingmetopresentmyresearch work at the two UIT conferences mentioned above, stimulated me to put in order those ideas on transient turbulence and transition to turbulence that later became Chapters7and8ofthisbook. Alberto Brucato, Andrea Cipollina, Massimiliano Di Liberto, Ivan Di Piazza, Tadek Fodemski, Franco Grisafi, Luigi Gurreri, Tassos Karayiannis, Mariagiorgia LaCerva,GiorgioMicale,JanStasiek,AlessandroTamburiniandmanyothershave sharedwithmethroughtheyearsawarminterestinfluiddynamicsandturbulence problems. xi
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