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Thermodynamics - Turab's Personal Homepage PDF

353 Pages·2009·2.68 MB·English
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Thermodynamics Demystifi ed Demystified Series Accounting Demystified JavaScript Demystified Advanced Calculus Demystified Lean Six Sigma Demystified Advanced Physics Demystified Linear Algebra Demystified Advanced Statistics Demystified Macroeconomics Demystified Algebra Demystified Management Accounting Demystified Alternative Energy Demystified Math Proofs Demystified Anatomy Demystified Math Word Problems Demystified Astronomy Demystified Mathematica Demystified ® Audio Demystified MATLAB Demystified Biochemistry Demystified Medical Billing and Coding Demystified Biology Demystified Medical Charting Demystified Biotechnology Demystified Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified Business Calculus Demystified Medical Terminology Demystified Business Math Demystified Meteorology Demystified Business Statistics Demystified Microbiology Demystified C++ Demystified Microeconomics Demystified Calculus Demystified Nanotechnology Demystified Chemistry Demystified Nurse Management Demystified Circuit Analysis Demystified OOP Demystified College Algebra Demystified Options Demystified Complex Variables Demystified Organic Chemistry Demystified Corporate Finance Demystified Pharmacology Demystified Databases Demystified Physics Demystified Diabetes Demystified Physiology Demystified Differential Equations Demystified Pre-Algebra Demystified Digital Electronics Demystified Precalculus Demystified Discrete Mathematics Demystified Probability Demystified Dosage Calculations Demystified Project Management Demystified Earth Science Demystified Psychology Demystified Electricity Demystified Quantum Field Theory Demystified Electronics Demystified Quantum Mechanics Demystified Engineering Statistics Demystified Real Estate Math Demystified Environmental Science Demystified Relativity Demystified Everyday Math Demystified Robotics Demystified Fertility Demystified Sales Management Demystified Financial Planning Demystified Signals and Systems Demystified Fluid Mechanics Demystified Six Sigma Demystified Forensics Demystified Spanish Demystified French Demystified SQL Demystified Genetics Demystified Statics and Dynamics Demystified Geometry Demystified Statistics Demystified German Demystified String Theory Demystified Global Warming and Climate Change Demystified Technical Analysis Demystified Hedge Funds Demystified Technical Math Demystified Investing Demystified Thermodynamics Demystified Italian Demystified Trigonometry Demystified Java Demystified Vitamins and Minerals Demystified Thermodynamics Demystifi ed Merle C. Potter, Ph.D. New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-160600-4 MHID: 0-07-160600-9 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-160599-1, MHID: 0-07-160599-1. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior con- sent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMIT- ED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Merle C. Potter, Ph.D., has engineering degrees from Michigan Technological University and the University of Michigan. He has coauthored Fluid Mechanics, Mechanics of Fluids, Thermodynamics for Engineers, Thermal Sciences, Differential Equations, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, and Jump Start the HP-48G in addition to numerous exam review books. His research involved fluid flow stability and energy-related topics. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers awarded him the 2008 James Harry Potter Gold Medal. He is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at Michigan State University and continues to write and golf. This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface xi CHAPTER 1 Basic Principles 1 1.1 The System and Control Volume 2 1.2 Macroscopic Description 3 1.3 Properties and State of a System 4 1.4 Equilibrium, Processes, and Cycles 5 1.5 Units 7 1.6 Density, Specifi c Volume, and Specifi c Weight 10 1.7 Pressure 11 1.8 Temperature 14 1.9 Energy 15 Quiz No. 1 17 Quiz No. 2 19 CHAPTER 2 Properties of Pure Substances 23 2.1 The P-v-T Surface 23 2.2 The Liquid-Vapor Region 26 2.3 The Steam Tables 27 2.4 Equations of State 30 2.5 Equations of State for a Nonideal Gas 33 Quiz No. 1 35 Quiz No. 2 37 viii Thermodynamics Demystifi ed CHAPTER 3 Work and Heat 41 3.1 Work 41 3.2 Work Due to a Moving Boundary 43 3.3 Nonequilibrium Work 48 3.4 Other Work Modes 49 3.5 Heat Transfer 52 Quiz No. 1 54 Quiz No. 2 57 CHAPTER 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 61 4.1 The First Law Applied to a Cycle 61 4.2 The First Law Applied to a Process 63 4.3 Enthalpy 66 4.4 Latent Heat 67 4.5 Specifi c Heats 68 4.6 The First Law Applied to Various Processes 72 4.7 The First Law Applied to Control Volumes 78 4.8 Applications of the Energy Equation 81 Quiz No. 1 89 Quiz No. 2 94 CHAPTER 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 101 5.1 Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators 102 5.2 Statements of the Second Law 103 5.3 Reversibility 105 5.4 The Carnot Engine 107 5.5 Carnot Effi ciency 110 5.6 Entropy 113 5.7 The Inequality of Clausius 123 5.8 Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process 124 5.9 The Second Law Applied to a Control Volume 128 Contents ix Quiz No. 1 133 Quiz No. 2 137 CHAPTER 6 Power and Refrigeration Vapor Cycles 143 6.1 The Rankine Cycle 144 6.2 Rankine Cycle Effi ciency 147 6.3 The Reheat Cycle 151 6.4 The Regenerative Cycle 153 6.5 Effect of Losses on Power Cycle Effi ciency 157 6.6 The Vapor Refrigeration Cycle 160 6.7 The Heat Pump 164 Quiz No. 1 167 Quiz No. 2 169 CHAPTER 7 Power and Refrigeration Gas Cycles 173 7.1 The Air-Standard Cycle 174 7.2 The Carnot Cycle 177 7.3 The Otto Cycle 177 7.4 The Diesel Cycle 180 7.5 The Brayton Cycle 184 7.6 The Regenerative Brayton Cycle 188 7.7 The Combined Cycle 191 7.8 The Gas Refrigeration Cycle 194 Quiz No. 1 198 Quiz No. 2 201 CHAPTER 8 Psychrometrics 205 8.1 Gas-Vapor Mixtures 205 8.2 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 210 8.3 The Psychrometric Chart 213 8.4 Air-Conditioning Processes 214 Quiz No. 1 220 Quiz No. 2 223

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