Thermodynamics Databook

98 Pages·2021·3.456 MB·English

by  Claus Borgnakke, Richard E. Sonntag

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THIRD EDITION
Richard E. Sonntag
Claus Borgnnake
University of Michigan
8" x 10"
978-1-119-38284-3
Thermodynamics Databook
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Richard E. Sonntag and Claus Borgnakke
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Contents
A
SINGLE-STATE PROPERTIES 1
TableA.1ConversionFactors, 1
TableA.2CriticalConstants, 4
TableA.3PropertiesofSelectedSolidsat25◦C, 5
TableA.4PropertiesofSomeLiquidsat25◦C, 5
TableA.5PropertiesofVariousIdealGasesat25◦C,100kPa(SIUnits), 6
TableA.6Constant-PressureSpecificHeatsofVariousIdealGases, 7
TableA7.1Ideal-GasPropertiesofAir,StandardEntropyat0.1-MPa(1-Bar)
Pressure, 8
TableA7.2TheIsentropicRelativePressureandRelativeVolumeFunctions, 9
TableA.8Ideal-GasPropertiesofVariousSubstances,Entropiesat0.1-MPa
(1-Bar)Pressure,MassBasis, 10
TableA.9Ideal-GasPropertiesofVariousSubstances(SIUnits),Entropies
at0.1-MPa(1-Bar)Pressure,MoleBasis,12
TableA.10EnthalpyofFormationandAbsoluteEntropyofVariousSubstances
at25◦C,100kPaPressure,18
TableA.11LogarithmstotheBaseeoftheEquilibriumConstantK,19
B
THERMODYNAMIC TABLES 21
Table B.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Water, 22
Table B.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia, 40
Table B.3 Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide, 46
Table B.4 Thermodynamic Properties of R-410A, 50
Table B.5 Thermodynamic Properties of R-134a, 56
Table B.6 Thermodynamic Properties of Nitrogen, 62
Table B.7 Thermodynamic Properties of Methane, 66
C
IDEAL-GAS SPECIFIC HEAT 71
D
EQUATIONS OF STATE 73
Table D.1 Equations of State, 73
Table D.2 The Lee–Kesler Equation of State, 74
Table D.3 Saturated Liquid–Vapor Compressibilities, Lee–Kesler Simple
Fluid, 74
Table D.4 Acentric Factor for Some Substances, 74
Figure D.1 Lee–Kesler Simple Fluid Compressibility Factor, 75
Figure D.2 Lee–Kesler Simple Fluid Enthalpy Departure, 76
Figure D.3 Lee–Kesler Simple Fluid Entropy Departure, 77
iii
iv (cid:2) CONTENTS
E
FIGURES 78
Figure E.1 Temperature–Entropy Diagram for Water, 79
Figure E.2 Pressure–Enthalpy Diagram for Ammonia, 80
Figure E.3 Pressure–Enthalpy Diagram for Oxygen, 81
Figure E.4 Psychrometric Chart, 82
F 83
ADDTIONAL THERMODYNAMIC TABLES
Table F.1 Thermodynamic Properties of R-12, 84
Table F.2 Thermodynamic Properties of R-22, 88
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D I
N (cid:2)X
E SI Units: Single-State
P
P A
A Properties
TABLEA.1 ConversionFactors
Area(A)
1mm2=1.0×10−6m2 1ft2 =144in.2
1cm2 =1.0×10−4m2=0.1550in.2 1in.2=6.4516cm2=6.4516×10−4m2
1m2 =10.7639ft2 1ft2 =0.092903m2
Conductivity(k)
1W/m-K= 1J/s-m-K
=0.577789Btu/h-ft-◦R 1Btu/h-ft-R=1.730735W/m-K
Density(𝝆)
1kg/m3=0.06242797lbm/ft3 1lbm/ft3=16.01846kg/m3
1g/cm3=1000kg/m3
1g/cm3=1kg/L
Energy(E,U)
1J =1N-m= 1kg-m2/s2
1J =0.737562lbf-ft llbf-ft=1.355818J
1cal(Int.)=4.18681J =1.28507×10−3Btu
1Btu(Int.)=1.055056kJ
1erg =1.0×10−7J =778.1693lbf-ft
1eV =1.60217733×10−19J
Force(F)
1N =0.224809lbf 1lbf=4.448222N
1kp= 9.80665N(1kgf)
Gravitation
g=9.80665m/s2 g=32.17405ft/s2
Heatflux(perunitarea)
1W/m2=0.316998Btu/h-ft2 1Btu/h-ft2=3.15459W/m2
Heat-transfercoefficient(h)
1W/m2-K=0.17611Btu/h-ft2-◦R 1Btu/h-ft2-◦R=5.67826W/m2-K
1
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2 ⋮ APPENDIXA SIUNITS:SINGLE-STATEPROPERTIES
TABLEA.1 ConversionFactors(continued)
Length(L)
1mm= 0.001m=0.1cm 1ft =12in.
1cm =0.01m=10mm=0.3970in. 1in.=2.54cm=0.0254m
1m =3.28084ft=39.370in. 1ft =0.3048m
1km =0.621371mi 1mi=1.609344km
1mi =1609.3m(USstatute) 1yd=0.9144m
Mass(m)
1kg =2.204623lbm 1lbm=0.453592kg
1tonne=1000kg 1slug=14.5939kg
1grain =6.47989×10−5kg 1ton =2000lbm
Moment(torque,T)
1N-m= 0.737562lbf-ft 1lbf-ft=1.355818N-m
Momentum(mV)
1kg-m/s=7.23294lbm-ft/s 1lbm-ft/s=0.138256kg-m/s
=0.224809lbf-s
̇ ̇
Power(Q,W)
1W =1J/s=1N-m/s 1lbf-ft/s =1.355818W
=0.737562lbf-ft/s =4.62624Btu/h
1kW =3412.14Btu/h 1Btu/s =1.055056kW
1hp(metric)=0.735499kW 1hp(UK) =0.7457kW
=550lbf-ft/s
=2544.43Btu/h
1tonof 1tonof
refrigeration =3.51685kW refrigeration=12000Btu/h
Pressure(P)
1Pa =1N/m2=1kg/m-s2 1lbf/in.2 =6.894757kPa
1bar =1.0×105Pa=100kPa
1atm =101.325kPa 1atm =14.69594lbf/in.2
=1.01325bar =29.921in.Hg[32◦F]
=760mmHg[0◦C] =33.8995ftH O[4◦C]
2
=10.33256mH O[4◦C]
2
1torr =1mmHg[0◦C]
1mmHg[0◦C]=0.133322kPa 1in.Hg[0◦C] =0.49115lbf/in.2
1mH O[4◦C] =9.80638kPa 1in.H O[4◦C]=0.036126lbf/in.2
2 2
Specificenergy(e,u)
1kJ/kg= 0.42992Btu/lbm 1Btu/lbm =2.326kJ/kg
=334.55lbf-ft/lbm 1lbf-ft/lbm=2.98907×10−3kJ/kg
=1.28507×10−3Btu/lbm
Specificheat(C ,C ,C),specificentropy(s)
p v
1kJ/kg-K=0.238846Btu/lbm-◦R 1Btu/lbm-◦R=4.1868kJ/kg-K
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APPENDIXA SIUNITS:SINGLE-STATEPROPERTIES ⋮3
TABLEA.1 ConversionFactors(continued)
Specifickineticenergy(1 V2)
2
1m2/s2=0.001kJ/kg 1ft2/s2 =3.9941×10−5Btu/lbm
1kJ/kg= 1000m2/s2 1Btu/lbm=25037ft2/s2
Specificpotentialenergy(Zg)
1m-g =9.80665×10−3kJ/kg lft-g =1.0lbf-ft/lbm
std std
=4.21607×10−3Btu/lbm =0.001285Btu/lbm
=0.002989kJ/kg
Specificvolume(v)
1cm3/g=0.001m3/kg
1cm3/g=1L/kg
1m3/kg=16.01846ft3/lbm 1ft3/lbm=0.062428m3/kg
Temperature(T)
1K= 1◦C=1.8R=1.8F 1R=(5/9)K
TC =TK−273.15 TF =TR−459.67
=(TF−32)/1.8 =1.8TC+32
TK =TR/1.8 TR=1.8TK
UniversalGasConstant
̄ ̄
R=N k=8.31451kJ/kmol-K R=1.98589Btu/lbmol-R
0
=1.98589kcal/kmol-K =1545.36lbf-ft/lbmol-R
=82.0578atm-L/kmol-K =0.73024atm-ft3/lbmol-R
=10.7317(lbf/in.2)-ft3/lbmol-R
Velocity(V)
1m/s =3.6km/h 1ft/s =0.681818mi/h
=3.28084ft/s =0.3048m/s
=2.23694mi/h =1.09728km/h
1km/h=0.27778m/s 1mi/h=1.46667ft/s
=0.91134ft/s =0.44704m/s
=0.62137mi/h =1.609344km/h
Volume(V)
1m3 =35.3147ft3 1ft3 =2.831685×10−2m3
1L =1dm3=0.001m3 1in.3 =1.6387×10−5m3
1Gal(US)=3.785412L 1Gal(UK)=4.546090L
=3.785412×10−3m3 1Gal(US) =231.00in.3
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4 ⋮ APPENDIXA SIUNITS:SINGLE-STATEPROPERTIES
TABLEA.2 CriticalConstants
Molec. Temp. Press. Vol.
Substance Formula Mass (K) (MPa) (m3/kg)
Ammonia NH 17.031 405.5 11.35 0.00426
3
Argon Ar 39.948 150.8 4.87 0.00188
Bromine Br 159.808 588 10.30 0.000796
2
Carbondioxide CO 44.01 304.1 7.38 0.00212
2
Carbonmonoxide CO 28.01 132.9 3.50 0.00333
Chlorine C1 70.906 416.9 7.98 0.00175
2
Fluorine F 37.997 144.3 5.22 0.00174
2
Helium He 4.003 5.19 0.227 0.0143
Hydrogen(normal) H 2.016 33.2 1.30 0.0323
2
Krypton Kr 83.80 209.4 5.50 0.00109
Neon Ne 20.183 44.4 2.76 0.00206
Nitricoxide NO 30.006 180 6.48 0.00192
Nitrogen N 28.013 126.2 3.39 0.0032
2
Nitrogendioxide NO 46.006 431 10.1 0.00365
2
Nitrousoxide N O 44.013 309.6 7.24 0.00221
2
Oxygen O 31.999 154.6 5.04 0.00229
2
Sulfurdioxide SO 64.063 430.8 7.88 0.00191
2
Water H O 18.015 647.3 22.12 0.00317
2
Xenon Xe 131.30 289.7 5.84 0.000902
Acetylene C H 26.038 308.3 6.14 0.00433
2 2
Benzene C H 78.114 562.2 4.89 0.00332
6 6
n-Butane C H 58.124 425.2 3.80 0.00439
4 10
Chlorodifluoroethane(142b) CH CClF 100.495 410.3 4.25 0.00230
3 2
Chlorodifluoromethane(22) CHClF 86.469 369.3 4.97 0.00191
2
Dichlorofluoroethane(141) CH CCl F 116.95 481.5 4.54 0.00215
3 2
Dichlorotrifluoroethane(123) CHCl CF 152.93 456.9 3.66 0.00182
2 3
Difluoroethane(152a) CHF CH 66.05 386.4 4.52 0.00272
2 3
Difluoromethane(32) CF H 52.024 351.3 5.78 0.00236
2 2
Ethane C H 30.070 305.4 4.88 0.00493
2 6
Ethylalcohol C H OH 46.069 513.9 6.14 0.00363
2 5
Ethylene C H 28.054 282.4 5.04 0.00465
2 4
n-Heptane C H 100.205 540.3 2.74 0.00431
7 16
n-Hexane C H 86.178 507.5 3.01 0.00429
6 14
Methane CH 16.043 190.4 4.60 0.00615
4
Methylalcohol CH OH 32.042 512.6 8.09 0.00368
3
n-Octane C H 114.232 568.8 2.49 0.00431
8 18
Pentafluoroethane(125) CHF CF 120.022 339.2 3.62 0.00176
2 3
n-Pentane C H 72.151 469.7 3.37 0.00421
5 12
Propane C H 44.094 369.8 4.25 0.00454
3 8
Propene C H 42.081 364.9 4.60 0.00430
3 6
Refrigerantmixture(410A) R-410A 72.585 344.5 4.90 0.00218
Tetrafluoroethane(134a) CF CH F 102.03 374.2 4.06 0.00197
3 2
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APPENDIXA SIUNITS:SINGLE-STATEPROPERTIES ⋮5
TABLEA.3 PropertiesofSelectedSolidsat TABLEA.4 PropertiesofSomeLiquids
25◦C at25◦C∗
𝝆 C 𝝆 C
p p
Substance (kg/m3) (kJ/kg-K) Substance (kg/m3) (kJ/kg-K)
Asphalt 2120 0.92 Ammonia 604 4.84
Brick,common 1800 0.84 Benzene 879 1.72
Carbon,diamond 3250 0.51 Butane 556 2.47
Carbon,graphite 2000–2500 0.61 CCl 1584 0.83
4
Coal 1200–1500 1.26 CO 680 2.9
2
Concrete 2200 0.88 Ethanol 783 2.46
Glass,plate 2500 0.80 Gasoline 750 2.08
Glass,wool 20 0.66 Glycerine 1260 2.42
Granite 2750 0.89 Glycol 1120 2.3
Ice(0◦C) 917 2.04 Kerosene 815 2.0
Paper 700 1.2 Methanol 787 2.55
Plexiglass 1180 1.44 n-Octane 692 2.23
Polystyrene 920 2.3 Oilengine 885 1.9
Polyvinylchloride 1380 0.96 Oillight 910 1.8
Rubber,soft 1100 1.67 Propane 510 2.54
Sand,dry 1500 0.8 R-12 1310 0.97
Salt,rock 2100–2500 0.92 R-22 1190 1.26
Silicon 2330 0.70 R-32 961 1.94
Snow,firm 560 2.1 R-125 1191 1.41
Wood,hard(oak) 720 1.26 R-134a 1206 1.43
Wood,soft(pine) 510 1.38 R-410A 1059 1.69
Wool 100 1.72 Water 997 4.18
Metals Liquidmetals
Aluminum 2700 0.90 Bismuth,Bi 10040 0.14
Brass,60–40 8400 0.38 Lead,Pb 10660 0.16
Copper,commercial 8300 0.42 Mercury,Hg 13580 0.14
Gold 19300 0.13 NaK(56/44) 887 1.13
Iron,cast 7272 0.42 Potassium,K 828 0.81
Iron,304StSteel 7820 0.46 Sodium,Na 929 1.38
Lead 11340 0.13 Tin,Sn 6950 0.24
Magnesium,2%Mn 1778 1.00 Zinc,Zn 6570 0.50
Nickel,10%Cr 8666 0.44
∗OrTmeltifhigher.
Silver,99.9%Ag 10524 0.24
Sodium 971 1.21
Tin 7304 0.22
Tungsten 19300 0.13
Zinc 7144 0.39