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ا دخ منا به www.iran-mavad.com يژرﻮﻟﺎﺘﻣ و داﻮﻣ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ COMPREHENSIVE MATERIALS PROCESSING EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Saleem Hashmi Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland ASSOCIATE EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Gilmar Ferreira Batalha University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Chester J. Van Tyne Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA Bekir Yilbas King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia VOLUME 12 THERMAL ENGINEERING OF STEEL ALLOY SYSTEMS VOLUME EDITOR George Krauss Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA AMSTERDAM•BOSTON•HEIDELBERG•LONDON•NEWYORK•OXFORD PARIS•SANDIEGO•SANFRANCISCO•SINGAPORE•SYDNEY•TOKYO www.iran-mavad.com يژرﻮﻟﺎﺘﻣ و داﻮﻣ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA Copyright(cid:2)2014Elsevier,Ltd.unlessotherwisestated.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic, mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. PermissionsmaybesoughtfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRightsdepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865843830; fax(+44)(0)1865853333;email:permissions@elsevier.com.AlternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlinebyvisitingtheElsevier websiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissionsandselectingObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial. WebsitelinkscitedintheEncyclopediawereacceptedasaccuratewhenfirstsubmittedtothepublisher,however,thePublisherisunable toensurethattheywillcontinuetoremainso. Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability, negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein, Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independentverificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-08-096532-1 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatstore.elsevier.com PrintedandboundinItaly 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ProjectManager:GemmaTomalin AssociateProjectManager:JoanneWilliams www.iran-mavad.com يژرﻮﻟﺎﺘﻣ و داﻮﻣ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ EDITOR-IN-CHIEF SaleemHashmigraduatedfromEastPakistanUniversityofEngineeringandTechnologyin1967, andin1972hecompletedhismaster’sandPhDdegreesfromtheUniversityofManchester.He wasappointedasapostdoctoralfellowwithUMIST,Manchester,inJanuary1973,andinOctober 1973, he joined Sheffield Hallam University as a lecturer. In 1976, he was promoted to senior lecturer,thentoprincipallecturerin1977,andtoreaderin1984. InJanuary1987,ProfessorHashmifoundedtheSchoolofMechanical&ManufacturingEngi- neering at Dublin City University. While in the process of establishing this school, he attracted substantialexternalresearchfundingtosetuptheMaterialProcessingResearchCentre(MPRC), a research center of excellence in the field of material processing. To this day, he continues his affiliationwithDublinCityUniversityasanemeritusprofessorintheschoolhefounded27yearsago. In 1990, Professor Hashmi established Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies (AMPT),amuchneededinternationalconferenceinmaterialsprocessing.Hecontinuestobethe ChairpersonoftheSteeringCommitteeforthisseriesofconferences.In1998,hewasappointed as editor-in-chief of Elsevier Journal of Material Processing Technology and continued in this role until2008. In1995,ProfessorHashmiwasawardedthehigherdoctoratedegreeofDSc,bytheUniversityof Manchester,thehighestacademicdegreeanyuniversityintheUnitedKingdomcanaward. ProfessorHashmihassupervisedorco-supervised110PhDand55MEngresearchstudentstosuccessfulcompletion.Overtheyears, hehasalsoactedasanexternalexaminerandexpertassessorforPhDcandidatesandengineeringdepartmentswithuniversitiesinIreland, theUnitedKingdom,India,Pakistan,Bangladesh,HongKong,Canada,Australia,andMalaysia.HeisaCharteredEngineer(CEng),aFellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, UK (FIMechE) and also a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers of Ireland (FIEI). He has publishedover430papersand12booksandisstillpublishing. v www.iran-mavad.com يژرﻮﻟﺎﺘﻣ و داﻮﻣ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ This page intentionally left blank www.iran-mavad.com يژرﻮﻟﺎﺘﻣ و داﻮﻣ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ EDITORIAL BOARD ChesterJ.VanTyneistheFIERF(ForgingIndustryEducationandResearchFoundation)professor at Colorado School of Mines (CSM) in Golden, Colorado. He received his undergraduate and graduatedegreesfromLehighUniversityandworkedforBethlehemSteelasaresearchengineerfor a short period before joining Lafayette College in the Metallurgical Engineering Department as aprofessorin1980.In1988,hejoinedtheMetallurgicalandMaterialsEngineeringDepartmentat CSM. He is actively engaged in the research operations of the Advanced Steel Processing and Products Research Center at CSM. His research interests are in metal deformation processes especiallyforging,sheetstamping,andfrictionduringmetalworkingoperations. GilmarF.BatalhagraduatedasamechanicalengineerfromtheUniversityofBrasiliain1982.He completedhisMScinMechanicalEngineeringattheFederalUniversityofSantaCatarina(1987), his PhD in Mechanical Engineering (1995) and habilitation/livre-docencia in manufacturing processes(2010)attheDepartmentofMechatronicsandMechanicalSystems,PolytechnicSchool ofEngineering,UniversityofSaoPaulo,wherehehasbeenatenuredprofessorsince1989.Hehas hadpostdoctoralresearchexperienceattheFriedrichAlexanderUniversityErlangen–Nuremberg, Germany(1997–98).HewasavisitingprofessoratEcoleCentraledeLille,France(2004–06),and attheFacultyofMechanicalEngineeringoftheSilesianUniversityofTechnology,Gliwice,Poland (2012–13).HeservedasanadjunctprofessorattheFacultyofEngineering,UDESC,Joinville,Brazil (1984–89).HehasbeenanadvisoronseveralPhDthesesandmaster’sdissertations,coordinator of the Laboratory of Manufacturing Engineering of the EPUSP, and is responsible for several internationalandnationalcooperationagreementsforexchangeofstudentsandresearchersaswell as for consultancy with the industry. He is the volume editor for the Materials Modeling and CharacterizationvolumeinElsevier’sComprehensiveMaterialsProcessingseries. SergioT.ButtonreceivedhisPhDinMechanicalEngineeringfromSchoolofMechanicalEngi- neering,UniversityofCampinas,Brazil,in1990.HeiscurrentlyfullprofessorofManufacturing Processes at the University of Campinas. His main research fields include metal forming and numericalsimulation.Currently,hisresearchisfocusedoncrosswedgerollingandhotstamping. Heisthecoauthorof2booksandmorethan100papersininternationaljournalsandconferences. Heistheeditorandreviewerofmanyinternationaljournals,andparticipatesintheorganizationof threenationalandinternationalscientificconferences. vii www.iran-mavad.com يژرﻮﻟﺎﺘﻣ و داﻮﻣ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ viii Editorial Board DavidCameroniscurrentlyscientificadvisortoMiktechOy,Finland,andadjunctprofessorin DublinCityUniversity,Ireland.From2003to2013,hewasprofessorofMaterialTechnologyin Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland, where he established the Advanced Surface Technology Research Laboratory (ASTRaL). He obtained his doctorate from the University of Glasgow in 1980 and has spent his research career working on thin-film technology. He was aseniorresearchfellowattheRoyalSignalsandRadarEstablishmentintheUnitedKingdomuntil 1982whenhejoinedtheSchoolofElectronicEngineeringatDublinCityUniversity,becoming associateprofessor.Hisresearchfocusisonatomiclayerdepositionanditsindustrialization. Joseph A. McGeough is an honorary professorial fellow in the School of Engineering at the UniversityofEdinburgh.HeisagraduatefromtheuniversitiesofGlasgow(BScandPhD)and Aberdeen(DSc).HeheldresearchappointmentsattheuniversitiesofLeicester,Queensland,and Strathclyde. As a student he gained numerous county, university, and national championship athleticawards.Hisindustrialtrainingbeganasanundergraduatevacationapprenticeforafirmof electricalcontractorsbasedatICIltdNobelDivision,andhesubsequentlyundertookpostgraduate experienceatInternationalResearchandDevelopment,NewcastleuponTyne,beforereturningto university service. He was successively a lecturer, senior lecturer, and reader in Engineering at Aberdeen University, and then moved to Edinburgh University to take up its Regius Chair of Engineering.Hisresearchworkhasdealtmainlywithmanufacturingprocessesforwhichhehas been awarded Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Society for Underwater Technology prizes.HehasbeentherecipientofaRoyalSociety/SERC(ScienceandEngineering(nowEngi- neeringandPhysicalSciences)ResearchCouncil)IndustrialFellowshipin ordertotransferthe resultsofhisresearchtoindustry.HispublicationsincludePrinciplesofElectrochemicalMachining, AdvancedMethodsofMachining,andMicromachiningofEngineeringMaterials(editor).Hislatestbook isTheEngineeringofHumanJointReplacements(2013),whichcontainsdetailsofthematerialsand manufacturingprocessesusedinthisfield.HeisafellowoftheInstitutionofMechanicalEngi- neers,InternationalAcademyforProductionEngineering,RoyalSocietyofEdinburgh,andRoyal AcademyofEngineering. EminBayraktarisafulluniversityprofessorandresearchdirectoratSupmeca/Paris,Schoolof Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Paris, France. He was awarded a PhD degree in MechanicalEngineeringbyIST/OSUandasecondPhDdegreeinMaterialsScienceandEngi- neeringinParis. Subsequently,ProfessorBayraktar wasawardedahigherdoctoratedegreeof habilitation (DSc) in Mechanics of Materials in recognition of his research contributions at Paris6,UniversityMarie-Curie.Histeachingandresearchexpertiseliesontheprocessingand manufacturingofthecompositematerialsanddamageanalysis.Recentlyhehasbeenappointed asanadjunctprofessorinUNICAMP-Campinas,Brazil,onthenewdesignofcompositesforthe applicationinaeronauticalengineering.Heisontheeditorialboardofanumberofscientific journals.HeisalsoamemberoftheSteeringCommitteefortheInternationalConferenceSeries onAdvancesinMaterialsandProcessingTechnologies(AMPT). www.iran-mavad.com يژرﻮﻟﺎﺘﻣ و داﻮﻣ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ Editorial Board ix BekirS.YilbasreceivedhisPhDdegreeinMechanicalEngineeringfromBirminghamUniversity. HewasawardedtheDoctorofEngineeringdegreein2005byBirminghamUniversityduetohis significantcontributiontohisfieldofstudy.Hehaspublished375journalpapersinreputable internationaljournalsandpresentedover60papersatinternationalconferences.Hehasserved asaneditorialboardmemberofinternationaljournals,includingInternationalJournalofMachine Tool and Manufacture Design, Research and Application, International Journal of Subsurface Sensing Technologies and Applications, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Journal of Achievements in MaterialsandManufacturingEngineering,InternationalJournalofNanomanufacturing,andArchivesof MaterialsScienceandEngineering.Hehasreceivednumerousawardsinrecognitionofhisresearch work. NabilBassimwasbornandraisedinCairo,Egypt.Dr.BassimreceivedaBScinChemicalEngi- neeringfromCairoUniversityin1965.HewenttotheUniversityofVirginia,UnitedStates,where hereceivedhisMScinChemicalEngineering(NuclearEngineeringoption),andaPhDinMaterials Sciencein1973.HemovedtoCanadawhereheisnowprofessorofMaterialsScienceandEngi- neering at the University of Manitoba. He served for years as associate dean of research at the Faculty of Engineering and was director of International Programs for the faculty. His areas of researchinterestincludemechanismsandmechanicsofplasticdeformation,dislocationtheory, fractureandfatigue,andnondestructiveevaluations.Hehaspatentsontheuseofacousticemission formonitoringofstructures.Healsohasaninterestinstudyingthebehaviorofmaterialsathigh strainratesandlargestrainsastheyaffectprocessessuchasmetalformingandmachining.Hehas publishedover120papersandsupervisednumerousMScandPhDtheses. Syed H. Masood is professor of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering at Swinburne UniversityofTechnologyinMelbourne,Australia,whereheisalsotheprogramcoordinatorofthe master’sprograminadvancedmanufacturingtechnology.HeobtainedhisPhDfromtheUniversity ofQueensland,Australia;MEngfromtheUniversityofNewBrunswick,Canada;PGDipfromIIT Delhi;andBScEngHonsfromAligarhMuslimUniversity,India.ProfessorMasoodhasworked previouslyatCentralQueenslandUniversity,Rockhampton,andPNGUniversityofTechnology, PapuaNewGuinea.Hehaspublishedover275technicalarticlesininternationaljournals,books, andconferencesindifferentareasofadvancedmanufacturing.Hiscurrentresearchinterestsinclude additive manufacturing technologies, especially fused deposition modeling and direct metal deposition,plasticsmanufacturingprocesses,materialdevelopment,andmaterialcharacterization. www.iran-mavad.com يژرﻮﻟﺎﺘﻣ و داﻮﻣ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ x Editorial Board Mustafizur Rahman is currently a professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at NationalUniversityofSingapore(NUS),andhasbeenwithNUSsince1982.HeobtainedhisBSc inEngineeringfromBangladeshUniversityofEngineeringandTechnology(BUET),MEngandPhD fromTokyoInstituteofTechnology,Japan.Hisresearchinterestsincludemicro-/nanomachining, designanddevelopmentofminiaturemachinetoolsanddevicesformicro-/nanomachining,and high-speedmachiningofdifficult-to-machinematerials.HehasreceivedOutstandingAchievement AwardsfromtheSingaporeInstituteofEngineersandtheJapanSocietyofMechanicalEngineersin 2003and2005,respectively. George Krauss is currently university emeritus professor at the Colorado School of Mines and ametallurgicalconsultantspecializinginsteelmicrostructuralsystems.Dr.KraussreceivedtheBSc in Metallurgical Engineering from Lehigh University in 1955 and the MSc and ScD degrees in MetallurgyfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyin1958and1961,respectively,after workingattheSuperiorTubeCompanyasadevelopmentengineerin1956.In1962–63,hewasan NSFpostdoctoralfellowattheMaxPlanckInstitutfürEisenforschunginDüsseldorf,Germany.He servedatLehighUniversityasassistantprofessor,associateprofessor,andprofessorofMetallurgy andMaterialsSciencefrom1963to1975,andin1975joinedthefacultyoftheColoradoSchoolof MinesastheAMAXFoundationprofessorinPhysicalMetallurgy.HewastheJohnHenryMoore professorofMetallurgicalandMaterialsEngineeringatthetimeofhisretirementfromtheColo- radoSchoolofMinesin1997. In1984,Dr.KrausswasaprincipalintheestablishmentoftheAdvancedSteelProcessingand ProductsResearchCenter,anNSFIndustry-UniversitycooperativeresearchcenterattheColorado SchoolofMines,andservedasitsfirstdirectoruntil1993.HehasauthoredthebookSteels:Pro- cessing,Structure,andPerformance,(ASMInternational,2005),coauthoredthebookToolSteels,fifth edition,(ASMInternational,1998),andeditedorcoeditedconferencevolumesontemperingof steel,carburizing,zinc-basedcoatingsonsteel,andmicroalloyedforgingsteels.Hehaspublished over330papersandlecturedwidelyintechnicalconferences,universities,corporations,andASM International chapters, presenting a number of keynote, invited, and honorary lectures. He presented the Edward DeMille Campbell MemorialLectureofASMInternationalin2000,theHoweMemorialLectureofISSin2003,andtheAdolfMartensMemorialSteelLectureof AISTin2010. Dr.KrausshasservedasthepresidentoftheInternationalFederationofHeatTreatmentandSurfaceEngineering(IFHTSE),1989–91, andasPresidentofASMInternational,1996–97.HeisafellowofASMInternational,TMS,andIFHTSE.HehasbeenawardedtheAdolf MartensMedaloftheGermanSocietyforHeatTreatmentandMaterials,theCharlesS.BarrettSilverMedaloftheRockyMountainChapter ofASM,theGeorgeBrownGoldMedaloftheColoradoSchoolofMines,andseveralotherprofessionalandteachingawards,includingthe ASM Albert Easton White Distinguished Teacher Award in 1999. He is an honorary member of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, adistinguishedmemberoftheIronandSteelSociety,anhonorarymemberofASMInternational,andanhonorarymemberoftheJapan InstituteofMetals. www.iran-mavad.com يژرﻮﻟﺎﺘﻣ و داﻮﻣ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 12 L. Albano B. Li(cid:2)s(cid:2)ci(cid:3)c Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Brazil D. Loveless M.A. Aronov Inductoheat Inc., Rochester, MI, USA IQ Technologies Inc., Akron, OH, USA T. Lübben J. Bodin IWT Stiftung Institut für Werkstofftechnik, Bremen, Swerea IVF, Mölndal, Sweden Germany L.C.F. Canale L. Meekisho Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA Brazil A.B. Nissan K.D. Clarke Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA LosAlamosNationalLaboratory,LosAlamos,NM,USA V.I. Rudnev A. Dalke Inductoheat Inc., Madison Heights, MI, USA Institute of Materials Engineering, Freiberg, Germany S. Segerberg T. Ericsson Heattec Värmebehandling, Halmstad, Sweden Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden S. Singer K.O. Findley University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA M.A.J. Somers J. Grosch Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Denmark F. Hoffmann H.-J. Spies IWT Stiftung Institut für Werkstofftechnik, Bremen, Institute of Materials Engineering, Freiberg, Germany Germany G.E. Totten T. Inoue Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA Saitama Institute of Technology, Fukaya, Japan E. Troell N.I. Kobasko Swerea IVF, Mölndal, Sweden IQ Technologies Inc., Akron, OH, USA J. Vatavuk G. Krauss Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA Brazil H. Kristoffersen H.-W. Zoch Swerea IVF, Mölndal, Sweden IWT Stiftung Institut für Werkstofftechnik, Bremen, Germany xi www.iran-mavad.com يژرﻮﻟﺎﺘﻣ و داﻮﻣ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ

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especially forging, sheet stamping, and friction during metalworking . his PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering from Birmingham University. steel, carburizing, zinc-based coatings on steel, and microalloyed forging steels.
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