Thermal Engineering of Nuclear Power Stations-Balance-of-Plant Systems

367 Pages·2020·28.55 MB·\367

by  Charles F. Bowman (Author), Seth N. Bowman (Author)

Thermal Engineering
of Nuclear Power Stations

Thermal Engineering
of Nuclear Power Stations
Balance-of-Plant Systems
Charles F. Bowman
Seth N. Bowman
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and
apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright
material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or
contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400.
For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 9780367820398 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781003011606 (ebk)
Typeset in Times
by Lumina Datamatics Limited
To Nancy
Without whose help this book could not have been possible
First edition published 2021
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and
apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright
material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or
contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400.
For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected]
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 9780367820398 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781003011606 (ebk)
Typeset in Times
by Lumina Datamatics Limited

Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
Authors .....................................................................................................................xv
List of Abbreviations..............................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Thermodynamics of Balance-of-Plant Systems ...................................1
1.1 Turbine Cycle ..............................................................................1
Chapter 2 Nuclear Boilers .....................................................................................5
2.1 Boiling Water Reactor .................................................................5
2.2 Pressurized Water Reactor ..........................................................6
Chapter 3 High-Pressure Turbines ......................................................................11
3.1 High-Pressure Turbine Control Valves .....................................11
References ..........................................................................................21
Chapter 4 Moisture Separator Reheaters ............................................................23
4.1 Moisture Separators ..................................................................23
4.2 Reheaters ...................................................................................27
References ..........................................................................................32
Chapter 5 Low-Pressure Turbines .......................................................................33
5.1 Low-Pressure Turbine Intercept Valves ....................................33
5.2 Low-Pressure Turbine Moisture Removal ................................33
5.3 Low-Pressure Turbine Last-Stage Blade Failures .....................36
5.4 Low-Pressure Turbine Last-Stage Efficiency ............................36
5.5 Low-Pressure Turbine Exhaust Losses .....................................38
References ..........................................................................................41
Chapter 6 Main Condensers ................................................................................43
6.1 Heat Rejection ...........................................................................43
6.2 Main Condenser Configurations ...............................................43
6.3 Calculating Condenser Duty .....................................................46
vii
viii Contents
6.4 Calculating Condenser Circulating Water Flow Rate .............48
6.5 Calculating the Main Condenser Performance .......................49
6.6 Main Condenser Effectiveness ................................................50
6.7 Main Condenser Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient ................51
6.8 Multipressure Condensers .......................................................54
6.9 Main Condenser Tube Bundle Design .....................................55
6.10 Main Condenser Air Removal .................................................56
6.11 CCW System Vacuum Priming ...............................................57
6.12 Main Condenser Performance Problems .................................58
6.12.1 Air Binding.................................................................58
6.12.2 Condensate Subcooling ..............................................59
6.12.3 Inadequate Vacuum Priming ......................................60
6.12.4 Tube Microfouling ......................................................61
6.12.5 Tube Macrofouling .....................................................62
6.13 Impact of Main Condenser Performance on Nuclear
Station Electrical Output .........................................................63
References ..........................................................................................64
Chapter 7 Feedwater Heaters ..............................................................................65
7.1 Condensate Heating Devices ...................................................65
7.2 Feedwater and Condensate Extraction Points .........................66
7.3 FWH Analyses at Reference Conditions .................................69
7.4 FWH Analyses at Operating Conditions .................................73
7.5 Analysis of FWH Test Results Using “Apparent”
Fouling Resistance ..................................................................75
7.6 FWH Case Study .....................................................................76
7.7 FWH Drains ............................................................................77
References ..........................................................................................78
Chapter 8 Cycle Isolation and the Mass Balance ................................................79
8.1 Cycle Isolation .........................................................................79
8.2 Loss of Electrical Output from Poor Cycle Isolation ..............79
8.3 Turbine Shaft Sealing Steam ...................................................81
8.4 Mass Balance ...........................................................................82
8.5 Mass Balance Spreadsheet ......................................................84
References ..........................................................................................84
Chapter 9 Heat Rejection Systems ......................................................................85
9.1 Scope of the Heat Rejection System ........................................85
9.2 CCW Pumps, Valves, and Piping ............................................86
9.3 Heat Dissipation Devices .........................................................88
9.4 Cooling Tower Lift Pumps ......................................................89
9.5 Cooling Tower Makeup and Blowdown ..................................90
Contents ix
9.6 Chemical Treatment of CCW ..................................................91
9.7 Online Main Condenser Tube Cleaning Systems
and Debris Filters ....................................................................91
Reference ............................................................................................92
Chapter 10 Cooling Towers...................................................................................93
10.1 Types of Cooling Towers .........................................................93
10.1.1 Cross-Flow Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower ...........93
10.1.2 Cross-Flow Natural Draft Cooling Tower ..................93
10.1.3 Splash-Type Cooling Tower Fill Material ..................95
10.1.4 Counter-Flow Mechanical Draft Cooling Tower .......95
10.1.5 Counter-Flow Natural Draft Cooling Tower ..............96
10.1.6 Thin-Film-Type Cooling Tower Fill Material ............97
10.2 Merkel Equation ......................................................................98
10.3 Derivation of the Merkel Equation ..........................................99
10.4 Determining the Value of KaV/L ...........................................102
10.5 Liquid-to-Gas Ratio ...............................................................103
10.6 Cooling Tower Capability and Testing ..................................104
10.7 Cooling Tower Simulation Algorithm (CTSA)
Development .........................................................................105
10.8 Technical Basis for FACTS ...................................................109
References ........................................................................................111
Chapter 11 Cooling Lakes ..................................................................................113
11.1 Advantages of Cooling Lakes ...............................................113
11.2 Sizing Cooling Lakes ............................................................113
11.3 Determining the Average Cooling Lake Surface
Temperature ...........................................................................113
11.4 Determining the CCW Intake Temperature ..........................116
11.5 Determining the Effective Surface Area ...............................118
11.6 Numerical Analysis of Cooling Lakes ..................................118
References ........................................................................................120
Chapter 12 Spray Pond Designs and Testing ......................................................121
12.1 Advantages of Spray Ponds ...................................................121
12.2 Conventional Flatbed Spray Ponds ........................................121
12.3 Oriented Spray Cooling System ............................................121
12.4 Power Spray Modules ............................................................123
12.5 Predicting the Thermal Performance of Spray Ponds ...........123
12.6 Spray Pond Test Results.........................................................124
12.7 Spray Pond Interference ........................................................126
References ........................................................................................129