Thermal Engineering

585 Pages·2022·7.447 MB·English

by  Shiv Kumar

Shiv Kumar
Thermal
Engineering
Volume 1
Thermal Engineering Volume 1
Shiv Kumar
Thermal Engineering
Volume 1
ShivKumar
DepartmentofMechanicalandAutomation
Engineering
GuruGobindSinghIndraprasthaUniversity
Delhi,India
ISBN978-3-030-67273-7 ISBN978-3-030-67274-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67274-4
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Dedicatedto
MyParents
MyWifeDr.KusumLataandMySonTanishq
Preface
Thermodynamicsdealswiththestorage,transformationandtransferofenergy.Asan
engineeringdiscipline,ThermalEngineeringdealswiththeinnovativeuseofthelaws
of thermodynamics in solving relevant technological problems. This introductory
textbook aims to provide undergraduate engineering students with the knowledge
(basicsprinciplesandthermodynamicslaws)theyneedtohavetoknow,understand
andanalyzethethermodynamicproblemstheyarelikelytoencounterinpractice.
Thebookisdevelopedinsuchawaythatthemostcomplexthingsareexplained
insimplestofmannerstoensurethoroughunderstandingforthereader.Thebookis
conciseandeveryconceptispresentedfromanelementaryandtangibleperspective.
Thesubjectmatteriswellillustratedwithainnumerableexamples.Agreatdeal
ofattentionisgiventoselectthenumericalproblemsandsolvingthem.Thetheory
andnumericalproblemsattheendofeachchapteralsoaimtoenhancethecreative
capabilitiesofstudents.
Text books are dynamic and need to change with time. Suggestions from the
teachersandstudentsforthefurtherimprovementofthetextarewelcomeandwill
beimplementedinthenextedition.Thereadersarerequestedtobringouttheerror
tothenotice,whichwillbesuitablyacknowledged.
ShivKumar
vii
Acknowledgements
First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to God for giving me the
strengthandhealthforcompletingthisbook.Iamverythankfultomycolleagues
inthemechanicalengineeringdepartmentfortheirhighlyappreciablehelpandmy
studentsfortheirvaluablesuggestions.
IamalsothankfultomypublishersShri.SunilSaxenaandShri.JaiRajKapoor
ofAneBooksPvt.Ltd.andtheeditorialgroupfortheirhelpandassistance.
AspecialthanksgoestomywifeDr.Kusumforherhelp,support,andstrength
tocompletethebook.
ShivKumar
ix
Contents
1 BasicofThermodynamics ....................................... 1
1.1 Introduction .............................................. 2
1.2 AnalysisofMatter ......................................... 3
1.3 Continuum ............................................... 3
1.4 Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) and Normal
TemperatureandPressure(NTP) ............................ 3
1.4.1 StandardTemperatureandPressure(STP) ............ 3
1.4.2 NormalTemperatureandPressure(NTP) ............. 4
1.5 ThermodynamicSystem .................................... 4
1.6 TypesofThermodynamicSystems ........................... 5
1.6.1 OpenSystem ..................................... 5
1.6.2 ClosedSystem ................................... 6
1.6.3 IsolatedSystem ................................... 7
1.7 PropertiesofSystem ....................................... 8
1.7.1 IntensiveProperties ............................... 8
1.7.2 ExtensiveProperties ............................... 8
1.8 Phase .................................................... 9
1.9 HomogeneousandHeterogeneousSystems ................... 10
1.10 PureSubstance ............................................ 10
1.11 State ..................................................... 10
1.12 Process .................................................. 11
1.13 Cycle .................................................... 11
1.14 EquationofState .......................................... 12
1.15 ThermodynamicsProcesses ................................. 14
1.15.1 IsothermalProcess[T =C] ........................ 14
1.15.2 IsobaricProcess[P=C] .......................... 15
1.15.3 IsochoricProcess(orIsometricProcess)[V =C] ...... 16
1.15.4 AdiabaticProcess[pvγ =C] ....................... 17
1.15.5 PolytropicProcess[pvn=C] ....................... 20
xi
xii Contents
1.16 Difference Between Adiabatic Process and Polytropic
Process .................................................. 22
1.17 AllProcessesareDefinedontheBasisofPolytropicLaw
[PVn=C]byVaryingtheValuesofPolytropicIndexn ......... 22
1.18 Avogadro’sLaw ........................................... 26
1.19 CharacteristicEquationofaGas ............................. 27
1.20 Dalton’sLawofPartialPressure ............................. 28
1.21 Amagat’sLawofPartialVolume ............................. 29
1.22 ThermodynamicPropertiesofFluids ......................... 33
1.23 Density .................................................. 34
1.24 SpecificVolume ........................................... 34
1.25 SpecificWeight ........................................... 35
1.26 SpecificGravity ........................................... 35
1.26.1 SpecificGravityforLiquids ........................ 35
1.26.2 SpecificGravityforGases ......................... 36
1.27 Temperature .............................................. 37
1.28 Pressure .................................................. 37
1.29 PressureHead ............................................ 39
1.30 LawsofLiquidPressure,HydrostaticEquation,andIts
Application ............................................... 40
1.31 Pascal’sLaw .............................................. 41
1.32 AtmosphericPressureandItsMeasurement ................... 43
1.32.1 MeasuringAtmosphericPressure ................... 43
1.32.2 AneroidBarometer ................................ 46
1.33 Absolute,Gauge,andVacuumPressure ....................... 53
1.33.1 AbsolutePressure ................................. 53
1.33.2 GaugePressure ................................... 53
1.33.3 VacuumPressure ................................. 54
1.34 ThermodynamicEquilibrium ................................ 68
1.34.1 ThermalEquilibrium .............................. 68
1.34.2 MechanicalEquilibrium ........................... 68
1.34.3 ChemicalEquilibrium ............................. 68
1.35 Heat ..................................................... 69
1.36 Work .................................................... 69
1.37 PointFunctionandPathFunction ............................ 71
1.37.1 PointFunction ................................... 71
1.37.2 PathFunction .................................... 72
1.38 Quasi-StaticProcess ....................................... 74
1.39 EnergyandItsTypes ....................................... 74
1.39.1 StoredEnergy .................................... 75
1.39.2 TransitEnergy ................................... 77
Contents xiii
1.40 IdealandRealGases ....................................... 77
1.41 LawofCorrespondingStates ................................ 78
1.42 VanDerWaalsEquationofState ............................ 80
2 ZerothLawofThermodynamics ................................. 95
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 95
2.2 Temperature .............................................. 96
2.2.1 AbsoluteTemperatureScale ........................ 96
2.3 ZerothLawofThermodynamics ............................. 97
2.4 TemperatureMeasurement .................................. 98
2.5 LiquidThermometers ...................................... 98
2.6 GasThermometers ........................................ 99
2.6.1 ConstantVolumeGasThermometer ................. 99
2.6.2 ConstantPressureGasThermometer ................ 103
2.7 ElectricResistanceThermometer ............................ 103
2.8 ThermoelectricThermometer ............................... 105
3 FirstLawofThermodynamics ................................... 109
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 110
3.2 FirstLawofThermodynamics ............................... 110
3.3 S(cid:2)tatementoftheFirstLawofThermodynamics ................ 110
3.4 dU =0forCyclicProcess ................................ 112
3.5 InternalEnergy—APropertyoftheSystem ................... 114
3.6 PerpetualMotionMachineoftheFirstKind—PMMI .......... 116
3.7 Enthalpy ................................................. 117
3.8 InternalEnergy ........................................... 118
3.9 SpecificHeat ............................................. 120
3.10 HeatorThermalCapacity:C =mc .......................... 123
3.11 RelationsAmongc ,c ,R,andγ ............................ 124
p v
3.12 ForReversibleAdiabaticProcess,ProveThat .................. 126
3.13 Non-flowandFlowProcesses ............................... 128
3.14 WorkDoneDuringaNon-flowProcess ....................... 129
3.15 Application of the First Law of Thermodynamics
forNon-flowProcesses(ClosedSystem) ...................... 131
3.16 ConstantVolumeProcess(IsometricorIsochoricProcess) ....... 131
3.17 ConstantPressureProcess(IsobaricProcess) .................. 134
3.18 ConstantTemperatureProcess(IsothermalProcess) ............ 137
3.19 AdiabaticIsentropicProcess(FrictionlessandAdiabatic
Process) .................................................. 141
3.20 PolytropicProcess ......................................... 146
3.21 FreeExpansionProcess .................................... 151