Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials: A Literature Review of Applications for Buildings Materials

80 Pages·2018·1.932 MB·English

by  João M.P.Q. Delgado, Joana C. Martinho, Ana Vaz Sá, Ana S. Guimarães, Vitor Abrantes

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN
APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
João M. P. Q. Delgado
Joana C. Martinho · Ana Vaz Sá
Ana S. Guimarães · Vitor Abrantes
Thermal Energy
Storage with Phase
Change Materials
A Literature Review
of Applications for
Buildings Materials
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ã
Jo o M. P. Q. Delgado Joana C. Martinho
(cid:129)
á ã
Ana Vaz S Ana S. Guimar es
(cid:129)
Vitor Abrantes
Thermal Energy Storage
with Phase Change Materials
A Literature Review of Applications
for Buildings Materials
123
João M.P. Q.Delgado Ana S.Guimarães
Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
CONSTRUCT-LFC CONSTRUCT-LFC
University of Porto University of Porto
Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal
JoanaC. Martinho Vitor Abrantes
Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
CONSTRUCT-GEQUALTEC CONSTRUCT-GEQUALTEC
University of Porto University of Porto
Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal
Ana VazSá
Faculty of Engineering,
CONSTRUCT-GEQUALTEC
University of Porto
Porto, Portugal
ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inApplied SciencesandTechnology
ISBN978-3-319-97498-9 ISBN978-3-319-97499-6 (eBook)
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Preface
Thermal energy storage with phase change materials (PCMs) offers a high thermal
storage density with a moderate temperature variation. Building materials with
incorporated phase change materials (PCMs) have been found to reduce signifi-
cantlyindoortemperaturefluctuationswhilemaintainingdesirablethermalcomfort
sensation.
Thisreviewprovidesanupdate onvarious methods that havebeeninvestigated
bypreviousresearcherstoincorporatePCMsintothebuildingstructures.Themain
objective is to optimize these methods by integrating PCM with surrounding wall
(gypsum board and interior plaster products), Trombe walls, ceramic floor tiles,
concrete elements (walls and pavements), windows, concrete or brick masonry,
underfloorheating,ceilings,thermalinsulationandfurnitureandindoorappliances.
Based on phase change state, PCMs fall into three groups: solid–solid PCMs,
solid–liquidPCMsandliquid–gasPCMs.Amongthem,thesolid–liquidPCMsare
proper for thermal energy storage. The solid–liquid PCMs include organic PCMs,
inorganic PCMs and eutectics.
TheprocessofselectinganappropriatePCMisverycomplicatedbutcrucialfor
thermal energy storage. The potential PCM should have a suitable melting tem-
perature,desirableheatoffusionandthermalconductivityspecifiedbythepractical
application. Thus, the methods of measuring the thermal properties of PCMs are
very important.
Suitable PCMs and a right incorporation method with building material and
latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) can be economically efficient for
heatingandcoolingbuildings.However,severalproblemsneedtobetackledbefore
LHTES can reliably and practically be applied.
Porto, Portugal Joana C. Martinho
Ana Vaz Sá
Ana S. Guimarães
Vitor Abrantes
João M. P. Q. Delgado
v
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 Sensible Heat Storage (SHS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.2 Latent Heat Storage (LHS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.3 Thermochemical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 Classification of PCMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.1 Non-commercial/Commercial Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.2 Organic/Inorganic/Eutectic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Impregnation of PCMs in Building Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Measurement of Thermal Properties of PCMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.2 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.3 T-History Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.4 Methods Appraisal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Thermal Stability of PCMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4 Heat Transfer Enhancement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.5 Impregnation of PCMs into Construction Materials. . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5.1 Direct Incorporation or Impregnation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5.2 Encapsulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5.3 Shape-Stabilized PCMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.5.4 Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.6 Potential PCMs for Building Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
vii
viii Contents
3 PCM Current Applications and Thermal Performance . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2 Gypsum Board and Interior Plaster Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3 Ceramic Floor Tiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.4 Concrete Elements (Walls and Pavements). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.5 Trombe Walls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.6 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.7 Concrete or Brick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.8 Underfloor Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.9 Ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.10 Thermal Insulation Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.11 Furniture and Indoor Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.12 Safety Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.1 Further Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Chapter 1
Introduction
APCMisasubstancecomposedformolecules.TheprincipleofthePCMissimple.
Asthetemperatureincreases,thematerialchangesphasefromsolidtoliquid.The
reactionbeingendothermic,thePCMabsorbstheheat.Similarly,whenthetemper-
aturedecreases,thematerialchangesphasefromliquidtosolid(seeFig.1.1).The
reactionbeingexothermic,thePCMdesorbstheheat[1].
Thiskindofmaterialhasthecapacityofstoringandreleasingamountsofenergy
in the form of latent heat; latent heat storage can be achieved through the phase
changes. The PCM uses the latent heat of phase change to control temperatures
withinaspecificrange.
The energy used to alter the phase of the material, given that the phase change
temperature is around the desired comfort room temperature, will lead to a more
stable and comfortable indoor climate as well as cut-peak cooling and heating
loads[2].
Fig.1.1 Watermeltingcycle
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 1
J.M.Delgadoetal.,ThermalEnergyStoragewithPhaseChangeMaterials,
SpringerBriefsinAppliedSciencesandTechnology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97499-6_1
2 1 Introduction
In this chapter, it was presented references of some concepts, definitions and a
surveyofthedifferenttypesofPCM.
1.1 Definition
Materialpropertiesingeneraldependonboundaryconditionslikepressure,tempera-
tureandrelativehumidity.Thecommonmaterialsusedinconstruction,likeconcrete,
brick,stone,glass,wood,ceramic,haveasetofpropertiesthatgivethemgreateror
lesserheatstoragecapabilityandheatstoragerestitutiontothesurroundings.
Thermophysicalpropertiesarethosewhichgiveinformationabouttheamountof
energythatsuchmaterialsandcompositescanstore.Butthecharacterizationofthe
thermophysicalpropertiesisnotalwayseasyandforcompositesmanytimescannot
becarriedoutwithconventionallaboratoryequipment,mostlyduetothesamplesize
[3].ThemaincriteriathatoverseetheselectionofPCMsare[4]:
• Possessameltingpointinthedesiredoperatingtemperaturerange(temperature
rangeofapplication)toassureusefulheatstorageandextraction.Buildingappli-
cationtemperaturesrangefrom15°C(coldstorage)to70°C(heatstorage);
• Possesshighlatentheatoffusionperunitmass,sothatasmalleramountofmaterial
storesagivenamountofenergy;
• Highspecificheattoprovideadditionalsignificantsensibleheatstorageeffects;
• High thermal conductivity, so that the temperature gradients for charging and
dischargingthestoragematerialaresmall;
• Smallvolumechangesduringphasetransition,sothatasimplecontainerandheat
exchangergeometrycanbeused(lessthan10%);
• Exhibitlittleornosub-coolingduringfreezing/meltingcycle;
• Possesschemicalstability,nochemicaldecompositionandcorrosionresistanceto
constructionmaterials;
• Containnon-poisonous,non-flammableandnon-explosiveelements/compounds;
• Availableinlargequantitiesatlowcost.
It is now time to introduce some important concepts related to calorimetry, the
partofsciencethatstudiesenergyexchangesintheformofheatbetweenbodiesand
systems.Theconceptsofthermalconductivity,specificheatandspecificvolumetric
heat,thermaldiffusivity,latentheatorphasechangeandenthalpywillbeaddressed.
Thermal conductivity, λ in WmK, describes the transport of energy, in form of
heat,throughabodyofmassastheresultofatemperaturegradient.Accordingto
thesecondlawofthermodynamics,heatalwaysflowsinthedirectionofthelower
temperature. For example, let us focus on two very different materials needed to
buildawall,concreteandthermalinsulation.Thismaterial’scoexistenceprovides
strength and stability to the building skeleton and at the same time makes it less
vulnerabletothermalamplitudesoccurringduringtheday;theamountofheat,per
unittime,passesthroughathicknessunitofmaterial(m),whenatemperatureunit
differenceisestablishedbetweentwoflatandparallelfaces(1°Cor1K).Consulting