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THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 15 A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. THERMAl CONDUCTIVITY 15 Edited by Vladimir V. Mlrkovlch Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology Ottawa, Ontario, Canada PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data International Conference on Thermal Conductivity, 15th, Ottawa, 1977. Thermal conductivity 15. "Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Confer'ince on Thermal Conductivity held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Augu~t 24-26,1977." Includes index. 1. Heat - Conduction - Congresses. I. Mirkovich, Vladimir V. II. Title. QC320.8.157 1977 536'.2012 78-12943 ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-9085-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-9083-5 DOT: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9083-5 Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Thermal Conductivity held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, August 24-26, 1977 © 1978 Purdue Research Foundation Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1978 Plenum Press, New York is a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher FOREWORD Once again, it gives me a great pleasure to pen the Foreword to the Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Thermal Conductivity. As in the past, these now biannual conferences pro vide a broadly based forum for those researchers actively working on this important property of matter to convene on a regular basis to exchange their experiences and report their findings. As it is apparent from the Table of Contents, the 15th Conference represents perhaps the broadest coverage of subject areas to date. This is indicative of the times as the boundaries between disciplines be come increasingly diffused. I am sure the time has come when Con ference Chairmen in coming years will be soliciting contributions not only in the physical sciences and engineering', but will actively seek contributions from the earth sciences and life sciences as well. Indeed, the thermal conductivity and related properties of geological and biological materials are becoming of increasing im portance to our way of life. As it can be seen from the summary table, unfortunately, proceedings have been published only for six of the fifteen con ferences. It is hoped that hereafter this Series will become increasingly well known and be recognized as a major vehicle for the reporting of research on thermal conductivity. Conference and Year Title of Volume Publisher and Year 7th THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Superintendent of (1967) Proceedings of the Seventh Documents/GPO (1968) Conference 8th THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Plenum Press (1969) (1968) Proceedings of the Eighth Conference 9th NINTH CONFERENCE ON THERHAL USAEC (1970) (1969) CONDUCTIVITY 13th ADVANCES IN THERMAL University of Missouri, (1973) CONDUCTIVITY Rolla (1974) Papers Presented at XIII International Conference on Thermal Conductivity 14th THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 14 Plenum Press (1976) (1975) 15th THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 15 Plenum Press (1978) (1977) v FOREWORD I wish to take this opportunity to congratulate Dr. Vladimir Mirkovich, General Chairman of the Conference and Editor of these Proceedings, for his untiring efforts in the planning and conduct ing of a conference under difficult circumstances. His full coop eration with CINDAS (Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis) as the Permanent Sponsor of the Interna tional Thermal Conductivity Conferences is also acknowledged. Y. S. Tou1oukian Director, CINDAS and June 1978 Distinguished Atkins Professor West Lafayette, Indiana Purdue University PREFACE The 15th International Thermal Conductivity Conference (ITCC) was held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, August 24-26, 1977, hosted by the Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) and by the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources (EMR). This, the 15th of a now well-established series of conferences, set a precedent by being held in Ottawa for the second time. The conditions, however, are quite different from those of 1962. Then, petroleum was abundant and energy shortages, or shortages of any kind of material for that matter, were of concern to no one. At that time, a forum was needed for researchers in the field of heat transport to discuss experimental techniques, to establish reference materials and to enhance the theory of heat transport. Despite all the advances to date this forum is still required, as many problems still remain to be solved and new ones are being added. As most forms of energy are derived from heat and all types of energy eventually convert into heat, it should not be surprising that in the present period of energy shortages, interest in thermal transport properties should intensify. In fact, some 25 per cent of the papers presented at the 15th ITCC dealt with generation, conversion or conservation of energy, undoubtedly reflecting an increased research activity in the energy field. The number of papers on technical applications appears to be on the increase and among them a novel topic was introduced to ITCC: problems of heat transport in materials associated with storage and disposal of radioactive nuclear waste. The Thermal Conductivity Conferences were started in 1961 on the initiative of Mr. C.F. Lucks, who was at that time with the Columbus Laboratories of the Battelle Memorial Institute. They were held annually until 1973 when a biennial schedule was adopted, in part to coordinate work and to cooperate with our European counterpart, the European Conferences on Thermophysical Properties. The Thermal Conductivity Conferences have been self-perpetuating without the support of a professional society or some governmental agency, - a clear indication of their value to science and tech nology as well as of the dedication of the past chairmen. The list of hosts to date are as follows: viii PREFACE Conference and Year Host Organization and Site Chairman 1st Battelle Memorial Institute C.F. Lucks 1961 Columbus, OH 2nd National Research Council (Canada) M.J. Laubitz 1962 Ottawa, Canada 3rd Oak Ridge National Laboratory D.L. McElroy 1963 Gatlinburg, TN 4th U.S. Naval Radiological Defense R.L. Rudkin 1964 Lab. San Francisco, CA 5th University of Denver J.D. Plunkett 1965 Denver, CO 6th Air Force Materials Laboratory M.L. Minges 1966 Dayton, OH G.L. Denman 7th National Bureau of Standards D.R. Flynn 1967 Gaithersburg, MD B.A. Peavy 8th Thermophysical Properties Research D.Y. Ho 1968 Center/Purdue University R.E. Taylor W. Lafayette, IN 9th Ames Laboratory & Office of Naval H.R. Shanks 1969 Research Ames, IA 10th Arthur D. Little, Inc. & Dynatech A.E. Wechsler 1970 R/D Co. R.P. Tye Boston, MA 11th Sandia Laboratories, Los Alamos R.U. Acton 1971 Scientific Laboratories and P. Wagner University of New Mexico A.V. Houghton, III Albuquerque, NM 12th Southern Research Institute & W.T. Engelke 1972 University of Alabama S.G. Bapat Birmington, AL M. Crawford 13th University of Missouri - Rolla R.L. Reisbig 1973 Lake of the Ozarks, MO H.J. Sauer, Jr. 14th University of Connecticut P.G. Klemens 1975 Storrs, CT 15th Dept. of Energy, Mines & Resources V.V. Mirkovich 1977 Ottawa, Canada PREFACE As in previous conferences, a feature of the 15th ITCC was the presentation of the Thermal Conductivity Award. This time the Conference was faced with a somewhat unexpected, but never theless not unpleasant, dilemma of having to select among no less than three equally meritorious and distinguished candidates. The board of governors solved the problem by agreeing unanimously that in this exceptional case each of the three candidates should receive the award. For their outstanding contributions to the field of thermal conductivity, the Thermal Conductivity Award was conferred on (alphabetically): Dr. R.E. Taylor of CINDAS and University of Purdue; Dr. Y.S. Touloukian, also of CINDAS; and Mr. R.P. Tye of Dynatech R/D Co. The 15th ITCC is in debt to the Session Chairmen for con ducting the sessions and giving their valuable time in reviewing the manuscripts. The support and encouragement received from the EMR/CANMET staff through all stages of this conference is greatly appreciated. The arrangements made for publication of these Proceedings as well as the help and guidance received from the continuing co-sponsor, CINDAS/Purdue University, is gratefully acknowledged. Invaluable advice was obtained from all members of the ITCC Governing Board, particularly from Mr. R.P. Tye and from the members of the local Scientific Committee, Drs. M.J. Laubitz and J.G. Cook. Thanks are due to Mr. R.M. Buchanan of the CANMET staff for his efficient handling of the finances, and, while it is impossible to mention individually all of those who have so much contributed toward smoothing the operations of the Conference, Mr. A. George McDonald, also of the CANMET staff, must be singled out for his exceptional efforts in helping with every aspect of the 15th ITCC. For a conference such as ours to receive external financial support is certainly pleasant, but more significantly, such support is also a recognition of the importance of the conference by the leaders of the scientific and technological society. It therefore gives the chairman of the 15th ITCC a great deal of pleasure to acknowledge the generous support given by the following Canadian Companies: Aluminium Company of Canada, Ltd.; Fiberglas Canada Limited; Gulf Oil Canada Limited; Canadian Refractories, Ltd.; Domtar Construction Materials, Ltd.; and particularly by Imperial Oil Limited (ESSO). The 16th International Thermal Conductivity Conference will be held in the latter part of 1979. It will be chaired by Mr. D.C. Larsen under the sponsorship of the lIT Research Institute, Chicago, Ill. v.v. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Mirkovich May, 1978 Chairman, 15th ITCC CONTENTS FOREWORD. • • • . . • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • V PREFACE ....••.•......•....•..•..••........•..•..•... vii PLENARY SESSION 1 Keynote address by Prof: P.G. Klemens 3 SESSION A GENERAL SUBJECTS The Feasibility of Using Infrared Scanning to Test Flaws in Ceramic Materials ••.•.••••..•.••••• 11 C.K. Hsieh and W.A. Ellingson Prediction of Precooling Heat Transfer in ....................................... Citrus Fruits 23 M.G. Raviv and I.J. Kopelman Interpretation of Optical Interferograms Using a New Theory for Refractive Index - Temperature Dependence .......................................... 33 W.P. Schimmel, Jr. Application of Laser Holographic Interferometry to Natural Convection in Enclosures ......•.•.•.•.•.. 41 W.P. Schimmel, Jr.
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