Thermal and Rheological Measurement Techniques for Nanomaterials Characterization. A volume in Micro and Nano Technologies PDF
Preview Thermal and Rheological Measurement Techniques for Nanomaterials Characterization. A volume in Micro and Nano Technologies
Thermal and Rheological Measurement Techniques for Nanomaterials Characterization Volume 3 Edited by Sabu Thomas Raju Thomas Ajesh K. Zachariah Raghvendra Kumar Mishra Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam, Netherlands TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,Oxford OX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge, MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2017Elsevier Inc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmay bereproducedor transmitted inanyformor byanymeans, electronicor mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording, oranyinformation storageand retrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwriting fromthepublisher.Details onhowtoseek permission,further informationaboutthe Publisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangements withorganizations suchas theCopyright ClearanceCenterandthe CopyrightLicensingAgency, canbefoundat ourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandthe individualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyright bythe Publisher(other thanasmay benoted herein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpractice inthisfield areconstantly changing.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professional practices, ormedical treatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmayalwaysrely ontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation, methods,compounds,orexperiments describedherein. Inusingsuchinformationormethodsthey shouldbemindfulof theirownsafetyandthesafety ofothers,includingpartiesfor whomtheyhaveaprofessional responsibility. Tothefullestextentofthe law,neitherthe Publishernor theauthors,contributors, oreditors, assumeanyliabilityfor anyinjuryand/or damagetopersons orproperty asamatterofproducts liability, negligenceorotherwise,or fromanyuseoroperation ofanymethods,products, instructions,or ideascontained inthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Acatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromthe LibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData Acataloguerecordfor thisbookisavailablefrom theBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-323-46139-9 ForinformationonallElsevier publicationsvisit ourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionEditor:SimonHolt EditorialProjectManager:AnnaValutkevich ProductionProjectManager:NickyCarter Designer:GregHarris TypesetbyTNQBooksandJournals List of Contributors Jiji Abraham Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India Elaheh Allahyari Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India;Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Gudimamilla Apparao Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India Jayesh Cherusseri Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India Cintil Jose Chirayil Newman College, Thodupuzha, India Soney C.George Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kottayam, India Gurram Giridhar Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India Jose James St. Joseph’s College, Moolamattom, India Karingamanna Jayanarayanan Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University, Coimbatore, India Nandakumar Kalarikkal Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India Obey Koshy Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India Sravanthi Loganathan Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India R.K.N.R. Manepalli The Hindu College, Machilipatnam, India Raghvendra Kumar Mishra Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India;Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India Oluwatobi S. Oluwafemi University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa G.Pugazhenthi Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India Nanoth Rasana Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University, Coimbatore, India xi xii List of Contributors El Hadji Mamour Sakho Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India Ashin Shaji Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India Lakshmanan Subramanian Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University, Kollam, India Sabu Thomas Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India Ravi Babu Valapa Centre for Biopolymer Science and Technology, A Unit of Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Kochi, India Ajesh K. Zachariah Mar Thoma College, Tiruvalla, India Editor Biographies Professor (Dr.) Sabu Thomas is the Director of International and Interuniversity Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. He is also a full professor of Polymer Science and Engineering and School of Chemical Science of the same University. He is a fellow of many professional bodies. Professor Thomas has co-authored many papers in international peer-reviewed journals in the area of polymer processing. He has organized several international conferences. Professor Thomas’s research group is in specialized areas of polymers, which includes polymer blends, fiber-filled polymer composites, particulate-filled polymer composites and their morphological characterization, aging, and degradation, pervaporation phenomena, sorption, and diffusion, interpenetrating polymer systems, recyclability and reuse of waste plastics and rubbers, elastomeric cross- linking, and dual porous nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering. Professor Thomas’s research group has extensive exchange programs with different industries, research, and academic institutions all over the world and is performing world-class collaborative research in various fields. The Professor’s Center is equipped with various sophisticated instruments and has established state-of-the-art experimental facilities which cater to the needsofresearchers withinthecountryandabroad.Hehasmorethan700 publications, 50 books, H Index-78 and 3 patents to his credit. He is a reviewer to many international journals. Professor Thomas has attained 5thPositioninthelistofMostProductiveResearchersinIndiain2008e16. Professor(Dr.)RajuThomasiscurrentlyViceChancellorofMiddleEast University FZE, Al Hamra, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates. Dr. Thomas started his Professorship from the Research and Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, Mar Thoma College, Thiruvalla-3, Kerala, India. Dr. Thomas procured his PhD under the supervision of Professor (Dr.) Sabu Thomas, Director of International and Interuniversity Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. He has extensive research experience in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. He has 12years of research experience in the Organic Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry laboratories of the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India. He has also worked in the laboratory of Applied Rheology and Polymer processing of Katholieke University, Leuven, Belgium, and in the laboratory at Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Dresden, xiii xiv Editor Biographies Germany. He has widely studied the kinetics of curing, morphology development, and structural characteristics of in situ-cured nanocompositesbasedonepoxyresinandreactiverubbers.Hisresearchis reflectedinhissixpublishedresearcharticlesininternationaljournals,and additional articles which are currently under review. In addition, many articleshavebeenpublishedinpopularjournals.Hehasco-authoredmany chapters and is co-editor of a book entitled Micro and Nanostructured Epoxy/Rubber Blends which was recently published by Wiley and Sons. He hasattended manynationaland international seminars/conferences and presented many research papers. He is an approved research guide in Chemistry at Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India and has availed projects from University Grants Commission (UGC), Department of Science and TechnologyeScience and Engineering Research Board (DSTeSERB) and Kerala Science Council for Science, Technology, and Environment(KSCSTE). Dr. Ajesh K. Zachariah is working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Mar Thoma College, Kerala, India. He has many publications in the field of materials chemistry, and polymer nanocomposites and has one national patent. He is an expert in sophisticated techniques such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction Technique (XRD), Gas Permeability Tester, and Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA). He has many years’ experience in the field ofnanoscienceandnanotechnology. Raghvendra Kumar Mishra is currently working as Senior Research Fellow at the International and Interuniversity Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, India. He has received India’s most prestigious Visvesvaraya Research Fellowship, and he is currently serving as Visvesvaraya Fellow. He has widely studied the processing of blends, in situ generation micro- and nanofibrillar composites, electromagnetic shielding effect of nanocomposites, decorating and alignment of carbon nanotubes, and thermal, dynamic mechanical, and structural relationships in polymer blends and nanocomposites. He has won several awards from different organizations and technology events. He is serving as reviewer in many international journals,forexample,EnvironmentalChemistryLetters(Springer).Hehas research experience in Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Technology, and Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. His areas of research are multidisciplinary, which include thermodynamics, heat transfer, refrigeration and air-conditioning, fluid mechanics, machine design, solid mechanics, machine theory, power plant engineering, metal and ceramic Editor Biographies xv processing.Inaddition,hespecializesinpolymers,whichincludepolymer recycling, polymer blends, fiber-filled polymer composites, particulate- filled polymer composites and their morphological characterization, aging and degradation, nanomaterials e.g., metallic, metallic oxide, carbon nanotubes, graphene, conducting polymer blends, composites and nanocomposites, biodegradable polymer blends and composites. He has expertise in sophisticated characterization techniques such as dynamic mechanical analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, spectroscopy, vector network analyzer, scanning electron microcopy,andatomicforcemicroscopy(AFM). 1 Chapter Instrumental Techniques for the Characterization of Nanoparticles Cintil Jose Chirayil1, Jiji Abraham2, Raghvendra Kumar Mishra2, Soney C. George3and Sabu Thomas2 1NewmanCollege,Thodupuzha,India;2MahatmaGandhiUniversity,Kottayam,India;3AmalJyothiCollege ofEngineering,Kottayam,India CHAPTEROUTLINE 1.1 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 2 1.2 Classification of Nanomaterials 3 1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanomaterials 4 1.4 Opportunities Presented by Nanomaterials 5 1.5 Characterization Techniques of Nanomaterials 5 1.5.1 Optical(Imaging)Characterization Techniques 6 1.5.1.1 ConfocalLaser-ScanningMicroscopy 6 1.5.1.2 ScanningNear-FieldOpticalMicroscopy 8 1.5.1.3 Two-PhotonFluorescenceMicroscopy 10 1.5.1.4 DynamicLightScattering 10 1.5.1.5 BrewsterAngleMicroscopy 11 1.5.2 Electron ProbeCharacterizationTechniques 13 1.5.2.1 ScanningProbeElectronMicroscopy 13 1.5.2.2 ElectronProbeMicroanalysis 14 1.5.2.3 TransmissionElectronMicroscopy 15 1.5.2.4 ScanningTransmissionElectronMicroscopy 17 1.5.3 PhotonProbeCharacterization Techniques 18 1.5.3.1 PhotoelectronSpectroscopy 18 1.5.3.2 UVeVisibleSpectroscopy 19 1.5.3.3 AtomicAbsorptionSpectroscopy 20 1.5.3.4 InductivelyCoupledPlasmaSpectroscopy 20 1.5.3.5 FluorescenceSpectroscopy 20 1.5.3.6 LocalizedSurfacePlasmonResonance 21 1.5.4 Ion ParticleProbeCharacterization Techniques 22 1.5.4.1 RutherfordBackscattering 22 1.5.4.2 Small-AngleScattering 22 ThermalandRheologicalMeasurementTechniquesforNanomaterialsCharacterization.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-46139-9.00001-3 Copyright©2017ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 1 CHAPTER 1 Instrumental Techniques for the Characterization of Nanoparticles 2 1.5.4.3 NuclearReactionAnalysis 23 1.5.4.4 RamanSpectroscopy 24 1.5.4.5 X-RayDiffraction 25 1.5.4.6 Cathodoluminescence 26 1.5.4.7 NuclearMagneticResonanceSpectroscopy 27 1.5.4.8 Matrix-AssistedLaserDesorption/IonizationTime-of-FlightMass Spectrometry 28 1.5.5 ThermodynamicCharacterization Techniques 29 1.5.5.1 ThermogravimetricAnalysis 29 1.5.5.2 DifferentialThermalAnalysis 29 1.5.5.3 EvolvedGasAnalysis 30 1.5.5.4 DifferentialScanningCalorimetry 30 1.5.5.5 Nanocalorimetry 30 1.5.5.6 BrunauereEmmetteTellerMethod 31 1.5.6 OtherImportantTechniques 31 1.5.6.1 NanoparticleTrackingAnalysis 31 1.5.6.2 TiltedLaserMicroscopy 31 1.5.6.3 Turbidimetry 31 1.5.6.4 Field-FlowFractionation 32 1.5.6.5 Size-ExclusionChromatography 32 1.5.6.6 HydrophobicInteractionChromatography 32 1.5.6.7 zPotentialMeasurements 34 1.6 Conclusions 34 Acknowledgment 34 References 34 1.1 NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOMATERIALS Nanotechnology is the art and science of handling matter at the nanoscale (downto1/10,000,000thewidthofahumanhair)tocreatenewandunique materialsandproductswithpropertiesthatdiffersignificantlyfromthoseon a larger scale [1].Earlydevelopmentsinnanotechnologywereinitiatedby NobelLaureateRichardFeynman,whointroducedtheideaofmolecularma- chines in 1959. The importance of nanotechnology comes from the tunability of material properties by assembling such materials at the nano- scale level. Norio Taniguchi’s 1974 paper is the first scientific publication in which the term “nanotechnology” was used [2]. Now nanotechnology canbeidentifiedasthedrivingforcebehindtheindustrialrevolution.Owing toitsenormouspotentialtochangesociety,bothpublicandprivatesectors arespendingalotofmoneyonthisnewtechnology.Atthesametime,sci- entistshaveanxietiesabouttheadverseeffectsofthebasicbuildingblocks of nanotechnologiesdparticles smaller than one-billionth of a meterdon health and the environment. By using nanotechnology we can design, 1.2 Classification of Nanomaterials 3 characterize,produce,andapplynanostructures,nanodevices,andnanosys- tems by controlling shapeand size at the nanometer scale. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. The difference in the properties of materials at nanoscalecomparedtobulkisduetotwomainreasons.Firstistheincreased chemicalreactivityofnanomaterialsduetotheirlargesurfaceareacompared tobulk.Thesecondisthequantumconfinementeffect.Ananomaterialisan objectthathasatleastonedimensiononthenanometerscale(approximately 1e100nm).Thereareseveralwaystoclassifynanomaterialsbasedontheir origin,dimensions,andstructuralconfiguration. 1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF NANOMATERIALS According to their origin nanomaterials are classified as follows: 1. Naturalnanomaterials Naturalnanomaterialsbelongtothenaturalnanoworldandoriginate from animals or minerals without any human modification or processing. Some important examples of natural nanomaterials include inorganic natural nanomaterials (minerals, clays, etc.), natural carbon nanoparticles (diamond and graphite), nanoparticles from space, nanomaterials from the animal and plant kingdoms (cotton, collagen, bacterial fibers, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton), and nanomaterials ininsects(chitin,sponge fibers) [3]. 2. Artificialnanomaterials These are fabricated by experimental and well-defined mechanical and fabrication processes. Examples include carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal oxides, quantumdots, etc. According to their number of dimensions, which are not confined to the nanoscale range (<100nm),nanomaterialsareclassifiedasfollows: n Zero-dimensional For this kind of material all the dimensions measured are within the nanosize range. The most common demonstration of zero- dimensional nanomaterials is nanoparticles. They are amorphous or crystalline, single crystalline or polycrystalline; composed of single ormultiplechemicalelements;existindividuallyorincorporatedina matrix; exhibit various shapes and forms; and can be metallic, ceramic,orpolymeric. n One-dimensional For these materials one dimension is outside the nanoscale, which leads to needle-like-shaped nanomaterials. One-dimensional materials include nanotubes, nanorods,and nanowires.
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