therapeutic and safety evaluation of curcumin's antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties on

133 Pages·2016·1.23 MB·English

Southern Illinois University Carbondale
OpenSIUC
Dissertations Theses and Dissertations
8-1-2016
THERAPEUTIC AND SAFETY EVALUATION
OF CURCUMIN'S ANTIMICROBIAL AND
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES ON
CANINE AND EQUINE
Stephanie Bland
Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected]
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Recommended Citation
Bland, Stephanie, "THERAPEUTIC AND SAFETY EVALUATION OF CURCUMIN'S ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTI-
INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES ON CANINE AND EQUINE" (2016).Dissertations.Paper 1228.
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THERAPEUTIC AND SAFETY EVALUATION OF CURCUMIN’S ANTIMICROBIAL AND
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES IN CANINE AND EQUINE

by

Stephanie D. Bland

B.S., Murray State University, 2012
M.S., Murray State University, 2014

A Dissertation
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Doctoral Degree

Department of Agriculture Sciences
in the Graduate School
Southern Illinois University Carbondale
August 2016
DISSERTATION APPROVAL

THERAPEUTIC AND SAFETY EVALUATION OF CURCUMIN’S ANTIMICROBIAL AND
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES IN CANINE AND EQUINE

By

Stephanie D. Bland

A Dissertation Submitted in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

in the field of Animal Science, Food & Nutrition

Approved by:

Dr. Rebecca Atkinson, Chair

Dr. Erin Venable

Dr. Clay Nielsen

Dr. Buffy Ellsworth

Dr. Amer AbuGhazaleh

Graduate School
Southern Illinois University Carbondale
March 2, 2016
AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF

Stephanie D. Bland, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Agriculture Sciences, presented on
March 2, 2016, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale.

TITLE: THERAPEUTIC AND SAFETY EVALUATION OF CURCUMIN’S
ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES IN CANINE AND
EQUINE

MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Rebecca Atkinson

In total, four experiments were conducted to determine the therapeutic and safety effects
of the nutraceutical, turmeric, and its active ingredient curcumin on canines and equines. Two
studies were conducted on client-owned, moderately arthritic canines, studying the therapeutic
and safety effect of curcumin’s anti-inflammatory properties. In Exp. 1, two different dosages,
500 mg, SID of 95% curcumin and 250 mg, BID of 95% liposomal-curcumin, were evaluated in
ten moderately arthritic dogs over five months. The dogs in the 95% curcumin group, overall,
had a greater reduction in pain by Day 60. Exp. 2, was a follow-up experiment to Exp. 1. In Exp.
2, two different dosages, 500 mg, SID or 100 mg, SID of 95% curcumin, were evaluated in ten
moderately arthritic dogs over five months. We observed that dogs in the 500 mg, SID group had
an overall greater significance in pain reduction by Day 60. Experiment 3 and 4 were conducted
as a two-part project looking at the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of turmeric,
curcumin, and liposomal-curcumin. The purpose of these studies were to investigate both form
and dose of turmeric and its active ingredient, curcumin, on reducing opportunistic bacteria
found in the equine hindgut. The bacterial strains of interest included Streptococcus
bovis/equinus complex (SBEC), Escherichia coli K-12, Escherichia coli general, Clostridium
difficile, and Clostridium perfringens. Exp. 3, was a two-part in vitro study; the first part looked
at the antimicrobial effects of turmeric, curcumin, and liposomal-curcumin (LIPC) on reducing
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opportunistic bacteria found in the equine hindgut, including SBEC (P = 0.006), E. coli K-12 (P
= 0.50), E. coli general (P = 0.11), C. difficile (P < 0.0001), and C. perfringens (P = 0.24). The
follow-up in vitro 24 h batch culture examined four different dosages (15 g, 20 g, 25 g, and 30 g)
of 500 mg/g of LIPC, at reducing the concentration of opportunistic bacteria. These results were
utilized to determine the dosing rate in vivo. Exp. 3, in vitro, evaluated the efficacy of
antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of LIPC dosed at 15, 20, 25, and 35 g. These
results were utilized to determine the dosing rate in vivo. Exp. 4, in vivo, evaluated the efficacy
of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of LIPC dosed at 15, 25, and 35 g compared to
a control. In vivo, LIPC’s antimicrobial properties, at 15 g, significantly decreased (P = 0.02)
SBEC compared to other treatments. In addition, C. perfringens tended (P = 0.12) to decrease as
LIPC dose increased. Non-significant results in digestion, blood parameters, and range of motion
suggest there were no adverse side effects from oral dosing increasing doses of curcumin.
Valerate decreased (P = 0.005) linearly as LIPC dose increased. As LIPC dose increased,
butyrate and iso-valerate decreased (P ≤ 0.03) linearly. However, acetate tended (P = 0.10) to
increase linearly as the dose of LIPC increased. Treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.19) any of the
other individual VFAs measured, but increasing doses of LIPC tended (P = 0.10) to increase
total VFA concentrations. Additionally, LIPC tended (P = 0.11) to increase total VFA
concentrations when compared to control. In the future, further work should be conducted
examining liposomal-curcumin’s antimicrobial properties in canine and anti-inflammatory
properties in equine over a longer period of time

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Accomplishing this great achievement has been nothing short of a life-changing journey.
I would not be standing where I am today without everyone’s support, sacrifices, and words of
encouragement and inspiration.
I would first like to thank my advisor, Dr. Rebecca Atkinson, for her constant words of
wisdom, encouragement, and being an aspiring role model. Dr. Atkinson is not only an
outstanding scientist, I achieve to be one day, but also she is a great motivator and has constantly
cheered me on through my Ph.D. journey. I know my questions seemed never ending, but thank
you for never giving up on me and constantly staying patient with all my inquires. Thank you for
your mentorship and support.
I would also like to thank the rest of my committee members, Dr. Amer AbuGhazaleh,
Dr. Erin Venable, Dr. Clay Nielsen, and Dr. Buffy Ellsworth, for their support and guidance
through my education and research projects.
This incredible journey would have been impossible without the help and support from
my fellow graduate and undergraduate students. I would like to give a big thank you to Brandy
Strohl, Jennifer McPherson, and Victoria Braner for their unwavering friendship and help during
sampling, especially in -6° F weather at 3 A.M. I would also like to thank Darcie Hastings for
her never-ending lab knowledge and always been a great friend when lab analysis never went the
way it should have. You ladies have made my time her much more enjoyable and for that I will
never be able to thank you enough.
Lastly, I would like to give a heart-felt thank you to my entire family, who has supported
my nomadic lifestyle over the past years while I was in graduate school and made countless
sacrifices for my success. I would like to thank my Dad for being my “words of wisdom” when
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things got tough and my Mom for constantly giving me strength and compassion. I would also
like to thank my fiancé, Jonathan, all the while serving our country in the United States Air
Force. He supported my dreams, constantly provided words of encouragement, and never gave
up on me. Thank you for allowing me to fulfill my dreams; for that I will always be grateful.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................x
CHAPTERS
CHAPTER 1 – Literature Review ...................................................................................................1

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..1

Nutraceuticals……………………………………………………………………………..1

Turmeric…………………………………………………………………………………...3

Osteoarthritis………………………………………………………………………………6

Joint Anatomy……………………………………………………………………………..7

Stages of Osteoarthritis…………………………………………………………………..10

Types of Osteoarthritis…………………………………………………………………...11

Treatments of Osteoarthritis……………………………………………………………..12

Osteoarthritis in Dogs……………………………………………………………………16

Osteoarthritis in Horses………………………………………………………………….17

Equine Gastrointestinal Health…………………………………………………………..19

Equine Hindgut Microbiome…………………………………………………………….21

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….32

CHAPTER 2 – Therapeutic and Safety Evaluation of Curcumin and Liposomal-Curcumin in

Moderately Arthritic Dogs .............................................................................................................39
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Abstract………………………………………………………………………………….39

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………40

Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………………...43

Results……………………………………………………………………………………45

Discussion.……………………………………………………………………………….46

CHAPTER 3 – Therapeutic and Safety Evaluation of Curcumin and Liposomal-Curcumin in

Moderately Arthritic Dogs: Phase 2 .............................................................................................59

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..59

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………60

Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………………...62

Results……………………………………………………………………………………64

Discussion………………………………………………………………………………..66

CHAPTER 4 – Effects of Turmeric, Curcumin, and Liposomal-Curcumin on Bacteria Found in

the Equine Hindgut-An in vitro Study ...........................................................................................78

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..78

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………78

Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………………...79

Results and Discussion…………………………………………………………………..83

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….85

CHAPTER 5 – Effects of Turmeric, Curcumin, and Liposomal-Curcumin on Bacteria Found in

the Equine Hindgut-An in vivo Study ............................................................................................89

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..89

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………90
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Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………………...91

Results……………………………………………………………………………………96

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….98

CHAPTER 5 – Conclusion ..........................................................................................................102
BILIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................................................105
APPENDICES

Appendix A – Murray State University IACUC Approval Form ....................................118

Appendix B – Southern Illinois University ICAUC Approval Form ..............................119

VITA ..........................................................................................................................................120

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