Theory of International Politics

255 Pages·1979·7.62 MB·English

by  Kenneth N. Waltz

Theoryo f
International
Politics
KENNETH N. WALTZ
UniverosfCi atlyi foBrneirak,e ley
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Addison-WeslPeuyb lishiCnogm pany
ReadingM,a ssachusetts
MenlPoa rkC,a lifornia
Londo•n A msterdam
DonM illOsn,t ar•i oS ydnye
Thibso oki sin the
Addison-SWeersiilnee syP oliSticiceanlc e
Copyrig©h 1t9 7b9y A ddison-WPesulbelyi sChoimnpga nIyn,cP .h ilipcpoinpesy ri1g9h7tb9 y
Addsion-Weslye uPblshiingC ompanIyn,c .
Alrilgh tsr eserved. Nop aroftt hpisu blitoicnam ayb er eproducsetdo,re id na r etriesyvseatml,o r
tramnistt,edi na nfoyrm orb ya nmye anse,l ectromneicch,a nipcahlo,t ocorpecyoinrgd,oi rno gth;e r­
wisew,i thotuthp er iworirtt enpe rmissiono ft hpeub ilshe.rP rintientd h Ue nitSetda otfeA mse rica.
Publisshimedu ltaneo uslyi nC anadaL.i broafryC o ngresCsa taClaorgNd o .7 8-62549.
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Preface
Theyo irsf unmdeanttaosl c iceena,n dt heoraierr eoso tienid d aesT.h eN atoinal
ScieFnocuen dawtaiswo ilnl itnobg e otn a ni debae feoi rcto ubledw elelx pilnaed.
Thef ollowpiaengsgI, h op,ej sutiy fthFeo nudtaoin'jsu degmntO.th eri nstitu­
tions hmeeal lpnoegtd h een dlreosastd ot heyo.Ir nr eceyneta trhsI en sttueito f
InetrnatioSnutadlia ensdt hCeo mmieteto nR esecahar tt hUen ivseiyr otfC afloir­
niaB,ek relehye,le pdf incaemn yw orka,s t hCee ntfeorIr n etrnatioAnfafilara st
Harvarddi eda rlFielelros.wh ifprso tmh Geu ggenhFeoiumn daatnidfo rno tmh e
Insttief toutrh Seut dyo fW orlPdo tliiecsn albed tmoce o mptleae drafotf t he
manusicpartn da lstoor leaept robmlsoe fi tnerntaionpaotlli-ictahle otryo dweir
issuiens pthhielo opshoyfs cienFcoer. l taheterpt uprosteh,pe h ilohysd oeppa­rt
mento ft hLeo ndoSnc hooofEl c onompirocvisd eadne xtciinagn df rnideleyn vi­
ronmte.n
RobeJretr vainsdJ ohRnu ggrieea mdy n ext-tdor-alwfaitst tcha re and in­
sitgt hhtaw ouladma zaen ynoeu nacqauitnewdi tthh ecirirt itcaallte sRn.o bert
Arta ndG lennS nyder maaldseto e llcionmmge ntsJ.o hCna vanha cgollected
quanttiioefsp reilmianryd at;Sa etphePne tercsoontnsru ctetdh Tea beJsf oudni n
thAep pnedxi;H arryH ansocno mipletdh bei bglriaophayn,d dNianZee linis k
expertcloyp ewdi tahn u nerletninflgo wo f t.aT phersohu mganyd isscsuiso,n
mainwliyt mhy w ifaen dw itghr dauaet sutdenattBs r andeainsdB erkye,la e
numbeorft hpeo inItm sa kewe rdee voepled.
Mosotf C haeprt2sa nd3 ,a nd soofmC eh aeprt1sa nd6ap, peairn m y1 975
essayt;hy e werpea sro tft hoeri ginpallaf no trh sib ookH.e raend thee rhIa ev
drawpna ssafgoremso hteers ysasa ndf roamn e arlbiooekrT. h esean do hter
soucreasp peairnt hbebi liaopghrnye rat heen do ft hbeoo k.
Becauas teh ery oisn evecro mptleedI,h avbee ernle ucnttta od eclea trhe
manucsrtid pon.eI d os on ow-wihtouats enosfec omplteiobnu,wt iht dae ep
sihgo fr elainedafd eespe nosfeg rtaitudteot hmea noyr gantiziaoannsdi ndiidv­
uals hwehlop meed.
HarbosdrieM,a ine K.N.W.
Jul1y9 78·
Contents
l
Chapter lawasn dT heories 1
2
Chapter ReductiTohneiosrti es 18
3
Chaprt e SysteAmpipcr oacahnedTs h eories 38
4
Chapter ReductiaonndSiy sstt emTihce ories 60
5
Chapter PolitSitcruaclt ures 79
16
Chapter AnarcOhridce arnsdB alanocfPe osw er 102
7
Chapter StructCuaruasle sE caonndo mic Effects 129
8
Chapter StructCuaruasalen sdM ilitEafryf ects 161
9
Chapter TheM anagemoefnI tn ternaAtfifoaniarls 194
Appendix 211
Bibliography 223
Index 241
I
LaW'sa ndTh eories
Iw ritteh ibso okw itthh raeiesm inm indf:is tr,t oe xamitnhee oroifei stn er­
natiopnoalli taincdas p proacthote hsse u bjmeacttt tehra mta kes omcel aitmo
beintgh eoretiimcpaolrltya nt;t osc eocnosntdrat,u h ceto orfiy n ternatpiooln­al
ititchsa rte medtiheeds e feocftp sr esetnhte orainedst ;h irtdoe, x amisnoem e
applicaotfit ohntesh eocroyn struTchteere dqu.ri epdr elimitnota hryae c com­
plishmoeftn hte tsae sikstso s ayw hatth eoraireaens d t os tatthere e quirements
fotre sttihnegm .
I
Studeonfti sn ternaptoiiltoicnsua slte h tee rm" theofryr"ee l,yo fttenoc ovearn y
workt hadte parftrso mme rdee scripiotn andse ldmo tor efoenrl tyo w ortkh at
meetpsh ilosophy-osft-asncdiaeTrnhdecas e.i mIsi ntetnodp ursuree qutirhea t
definiotfit ohneks ey termst heoarynd lawb ec aerfulclhyo s.eWh nereast wo
definiotfit ohneryso vief oarc ceptaan cisempl,e definiotfil oanwi sw iedly
acceptLaedws. e stablrieslha tbieotnwse veanr iabvlaerisa,b lbeesig n concepts
thactan taek diffevraelnute Isfa. ,t hebn, w herea satndfso orn eo rm ore
idnepnednetv arisaa bnldbes atndsf otrh dee pendveanaritb lInef :o rm,t ihsits he
sttaemeonfat l a.wI f rtehalieto bnet weeana n db i sin vriaant,th lea wi sa bso­
ltu.eI ft hree latiisho ing hclonys t,at nhtoungho itn viaanrtt,hl ea ww oulrdae d
likteh: iI fsa , thenb w itphr boaibliyt.x . A lawis b asenodt s ipmylo na r ealtion
thahtab se efno u,nb duotn o net hahtasb eenf ounredp etaedlRyepetiotnig ives
.
risteot heex pteactitohnai tfIf ina din thfeut rue,t hewni tshpec fiiedp roabbility
Iw illo f ailnbsd.I nt hnea tusrcali enecveepsnr obabilicsotnitcaa s ilrtnao wnsg
imputaotfin oencse tisy.I nt hseo cisacli esn tcose ayt hapetrs onso fs pecified
incmoev otDee moctriwaci tahc ertparionbb ialiistt yo mea klaa w-lsitkaet e­
mentT.h ew ord limiplkiese lase seserns eo fn ecessiyt. St,it lhlset atement would
nobte a ta lllie k laa wun lsset hree lahtaidos ono fteann ds ore liabylb eefonu nd
2 ChaptIe r
int hpea stth atthe ex epctatofii othnso ldiinn gft uhrteeuw itcho mparparbolbe­
abiliithsiy g .h•
Byo ndee fiiitnon,t heoarriceeo sl lecotrsi teoson fls wa sp ertaitnoaip nagr ­
tciulbaerh avoirop rh enomne.nI ona ddittioio nnc o,mf eoerx amplaes,s o­
ciatmiaoynb see stablbiesthweevdeo ntr ese'd utcia,ot nheriegrli ioann,dt heir
partesnp'o tliilcc aommit,mo ennt thoen eh an,da ndt hwea yt hevyo toen,t he
othhearn .dI ft he apbriolbliaswttsih csue stablairsteha ekdte oneg thehgrih,e r
corlraetnisao raec hiebvetewde evnot ercsh'aa rctetriisc(hste i ndepetnv daerni­
ablesan)d c hoiocfpe a rt(yt hdee pendveanrbtil aeT)h.e oraire,ets h e,mn oer
compltehxal na wbsu,ot n lqyu atnittiavyse ol.B etweewns a lnadt heioenrso d if­
fereonfkc ien adp pe.a rs
Thifsi rdsetfi itniooftn h eosruyp potrhtaess piraotfti ohosnme a nsyo cial
sicentwihsotw so ul"db uitlhde"o bryyc olleccatriuenlfglv ye reidfi,itn ercon­
nectheydp tohe.sT ehse lfoowlisntgyo sruggetssh owm ospto tliicsacelin tists
thionftk h eory:
Homerd escrtihbweea sl olfTs r oaysb eiengigh fte etth i.Ic fkhi asc coiusn t
truteh,em ni lllenatioeanr se houladb lbteeof intdh owsael blysc aredfiuggli .n g
Thitsh oguhto ccurtroHe edi nrSicchhl ieamsaa b nony a,n da sa manp uhtteh e
theotroey m pirtisectalK. a rDle ucthsu setsh set oarysa ne xamploefh own ew­
stytlhee ioearser t est(9e16d,6 p p.1 68-)6A.9 theoirybs onri nc onjeeca tnudir s
viablteh ceio nftj uecriesc onfi.rmD eedutsrcehg atrhdesio eorsf t hsei mpilfe­
thesno rats" spetchieaol,r w"ih eiscmha y' 1aotneb re coemmeb eddienadg rand
theo.ry"H et hegni voehtse erx mapleasn di nd oisnog sh"iffrtoasmy es-or-no
questtioaoh now -mucqhu est.iW"oe sn houtlrydt of inoduh to wm ucohf a c on­
tribu"tdiiofnf erentm avkatero aig aibvlreeenuss l"(t 16 96,p p2.1 9-)2.1
Whati s'spiobsulsye fiunslu cahp aetrnto ft hinkainnwdgh ,ai tns o tE7v ery­
onek nowtsh aatc oeifcfioefnc to rariteolne,v eanh igohn ed,o enso t watr ran
sayitnhgaa ct a usralelai toenx ti.ssS quianrtgh ceo efinfetihc,o wveert,e chnliyc al
permituss staoty h awteh avea ccountfeoardc ertpaeirnc enotfta hgveea rian.c e
Iitst hen teoba eslyi tehvaae t rceaauls caoln nechtaiso nbi edeetnni fainemdde a­
sur,et do tthihnatkth r ee tliaobnet weeann eipnedndaenndatd ependveanrit­
ablhea bse eens taebldai,ns dth of ortgt ehasto methhiabnseg e sna iodn ly about
dotosna p ieocfpe a paenrd rtehger ieoslnsie dn rawtnrh ougthh e.mI s ctohre­
realtisopnui rouThsa7t suggtehsrietg sth q uestwiiotnh qouuitat sek gii ntC.o r-
•onem usbte c arefulTh.e abovset atemiesln atw -loinkleiy fi tca nb ev erifiinve adr ious
ways.C ounterfacctoudnailt iofnoser,x maplew,o ulhda vteo mbeet i nt hiwsa y:P ersobn
isi nt he income coaflt eiegkloyRry e publics;ai nfb 'si ncome were rteoad cuecretda in
levehle,w ouldp robabbleyc omae D emocrta.M orep recisetlhyel, a w-klesi ttaement
establisthheesese xpectatiIofbn issa: n R witphr obabixl, aintdyi fa isa D witphr obabil­
ityy, t heinfb b ecomesa ,h et hereby beacD o wmietsph r obabiyl.i ty
Lawsa nd[ heorieJs
realtioanrnsee tihesrp urinoougrsen uintheey; amreer enluym bertsh aotne g ets
by rpfeormisnigm pmlaete hmatiocpaealirt on.s cAorr elaiotn isn eitshpeurr ious
nogre unin,b eutt hreea ltiotnh awte i nefrf roimmt a yb ee it.h uepSrposes ome­
one propaol uanwfd,ose r xa mpe,l byc aruelfleys tabltihsrehe ilnagbt eitownt> en
thaem ouonftp usihm parttoae c da ratn d atmhoeu onfti tmso vemteT.nb -· .:a­
tioens tabliifcs ohnetddii,o anrske e pcto nstaanndmt e aseumrenitsc aretiusi .
simpal fya cotfo bsveartiao lna,wt harte mains covnasl.tiT adhneet xlpy la­
natoifofne froetrdh arltea tiofop nu sahn dm ovemteh,no weevri,sr adicdai­lfly
ferednetp endoinnw ghe therc ownes Aruilsttt looer G aliolreN oe wt.oT nhe
uncriatciccteaapln ocfea n umbearsi ndicatthiaantc g o ncnteioobnat inisst he
firdsatn gteogr u aradg asitnT.o d os oi sf aieralsy.Ty hen ext priosb leme omr
improtaanntdh ardteosr o lve.
Eveinwf e hasvaiets foiuerds elivnve asri ous twhaaayct so rrealtipooni nts
toa connectthitar oenl ihaoblldyws es, it lhla vneo atc counftoterhd a cto nnec­
tioinnt hsee nosfhe a vienxgap ilnietdW. eh avaec cotuenfdo irt tihwnea y-and
onliynt hwea y-thaArti stoteplhiyasanic ccso tuenfdo trh ree tliaobnew teen
push maonvde nmetF.r oamp racatlsi tncadpotik,nn olwedogfet hhei ghc orrela­
tiobnet ween pumsohv eamnteid nv se ruys ue.lfT hadtec sriptkinvoelw edmgaey
suggcelsutae bso utthp er incoifpm loetsi. oI tmn aya se asbielg yr osmsisllye ad­
inga,s i ndeiettd u rnoeudtt ob e.N umbesrm ayd escriwbhea gto eosn i nt he
wolrdB.u nto m attheorws ecurweenl ayia d le srciptdioownnw itnhum besr,w e
sthialvlne oetxp lnaeidw hat hwaevd ee scerd.iS bttaisdtoin cosst h ohwo wa ny­
thing owrof ristk toseg theSrtt.ai satriseci sm pdleysci rptnisio nn umriecalf orm.
Thef ormi se cnoomicalb ecausstteait sidcessc ribae u nievres trhoughma nipu­ la
tion ofsa mples drawn froim tS.t aitciarsse t usefbule cauosfet hvea rioeft y
ingenoipoeutrsia otnhsac ta bne pe rofrm ed, somoefw hiccha bne u sedt oc heck
ont hsei gcnanicefo ifo hter.Ts her esuhltow,e verre,m aiand ses criptoino fs ome
parotft hweo rladn dn otan e xplanatoifio ntS .att isticalo peraticoannsn ot
bridgteh gea pt halti ebse tweedne scriptainonde xplanatKiaornlD. e utsch
advisuess" tfoo rmulatoerr ,eo frmulaatp er,o posiintt ieormnso fpr obabityl i
andt os ahy owm ucohft hoeu tcomceo ulbde a ccotuned bfyoo nree lmeenatn d
howm ucho ft hoe uctomceo ulbde a ccountefdo r fortoehmre lmeentosri s
autonomoaunsdf re(e1"9 6p6.2 ,2 0If) .w ef lolotwh aadtv icwee, w ilble have
lkieAri stotelain hpycsiitss. We wiltlr eaap t roblaestm oh ugh it wlieekrt eh oe ne
oft ryintgo s atyo w hate xnttea c artm'osv emenrte sulftrso pm usahn ds loapned
tow hate xteinttms o vemnetis i mpedebdyf rictioWnesw .i lclo ntintuote h inikn
sequenatnidac lo rrelatteirmosn.aB ly d oingso ,re sutlthsaa rtpe r acticuaslelfyu l
mayb ea chievaeldt,h ousgthu deonfti sn ternatipoonlailth iacevsd isappointingly
litttols eh owf osru cehf foretvse,ni np racticatle rms.An d ifu sefiunflo rmation
werune covered, them ored iffitcaulstok f fi guri ng outi ttsh eoretmiecaaln ing
wouldr emain.
4 Chap1t er
The" inducitlilvui,ss"ait sos nturctuarntalh ropolLeovgiit-asrSuts tse rmis t,
its hbee ltiheaftt ru tihws o na nde xplanoanat cihietvherdo utghahec cumtuiloan
ofm oraen dm ordea taan dt heex amitniaoonfm oera ndm oerc aseIsf. g waet her
moraen dm ordea taan de stabmloiersa hn dm oraes saoitcoinhso,we vewre,w ill
nofti lnlafyi ntdh awtek nwo somentgh.Wi e wsiilmlp elnydu ph avimnogr aen d
more daantdla a rgseerto sfc orerltaio.nD satnae vesrp eafko rt hemse.l ves
Observatainoden x periennecveel re addie rcttloykn owledogfec aus.e sAst he
Americapnr agtmiasCt.S, .P eriec,o ncsea i"dd,i rect eixnspe eirticheeenrrct ea in
nourn cretabiecna,ue is atf finromtishn -gitj uisstI. it n vvoelnso e rrorb,e cause
itte fsitetiosn othibnugit t osw na ppreaancFeo.tr h sea mree asioatnf ,f onrod s
certtayi("nq utoeidn N age1l9 5p6.,1 50.D) atasee,m infga catpsp,ea nrats so­
citaiontsh-earseen otc ertkanionw leodfgs eo mentghT.ih emya yb ep uzzles
thacta on ned ayb ee xpla;it nhyee mdayb et ritvhiaat nebeed penlxnoaetid a t
al.l
Iwfe f olltohwie n dtuicvriousett, we can wdietpahil e cooefnps lr yo bmls.e
Theb eltiheaftt hpe i ecceabsn e a ddeudp t,h atth ey bceta rne aatsie ndd ependent
varbilaewsh osseum mede ffectasc ocwuinfltol ar c ertpaoirnt oifoa dn e pendent
variasmb olveme'entr,et sso nn othimnoergt hafnat ih.W ed on oktn owwh atto
addu pa,n dw ed on otk noww hetheard dtiioinst haep porprioapteer a.tT ihoen
numbeorf p ieesct hamti gthb et aekna sp arotfsa p robliesim n fei,na nidts oi s
thneu mbeorf w ayisn w hicthh peei cemsay b ec ombnie.dN eitohbesre trviaon­
allnyo re xpertiamleclnayno new orwki tahn i nfionfio tbyj eacntdcs o mibna­
tionIns t.h feo lloewxianmgp Rloes,As s hbyo ffearnas p cta utiAsotrno.p hysi­
cissetesk t oe xaplitnh bee havoifos rt ar clwuist2th0e 00,r0s m embe.rT she
beginAnesrh,b y obs"ewrvieslsal,ys imptlhya htew anst tok noww hatt he
cluswtieldrlo i,e .,.h ew anttsh ter acjotreioefst hceom poenn.tI sft hiksn owl­
edg,he owveerc,ou lbde g ivetnoh i,mi tw oultdae kt hfeo romfm anyvo luems
filwlietdnh u meritcaablsl ,ae ndh ew oultdh ernae litshteah ed indo rtae llwya nt
altlht a.T"h ep rolbemA,s hbcyo ncluidhseo sw, f tniodo uwth at rweea wlalyn t
tok now wit"bheoiuontvg e rwhelmweidht u seldeestsa (i15l96"p, .1 13)T.h eo ld
mott"okn,o wledfgoetr h sea koef k nolwedgiesan" appeag loinnep,e rahps
becauosneec ank eebpu sayn da tt hsea mtei maev oitdhd ei fufliqtcu estoifo n
knowledfgoewr h atB.ec aufsaecd tosn ostp eakt hfeomrs eblevceasua,ss es ocia­
tinosn evecro ntoaric no nlcusivseulgygtt e hseoiwrne xpltaoinnat,h qeu estion
musbte f aceTdh.ei deoaf " knowlefodrg et shaeek o fkn oweldgel"o siests
charm, and iintmdsee aeindn go,n ce roeniaezl etsh atth peo sbslioeb jeocft s
knowleadrgieen n fiite.
Today'sst udteson fp oilitcnse vretlheesdsi spal satyor ngc omimmtentto
induiocntT.h eeyx aminnuem erocuasswe ist thh heo pteh acto nnecatnipodna st ­
ternwsi lelm eragned t hatth ocsoen nteicoannsdp atternwsi lrler pesentt hfer e­
quetnly moenne"tdri aelyi tthaitso utt hee.rT"h eh opea pparernetslotynst he
convictthiakotnn o wlebdeggneisw itche rteasia nntdti haitn ducctaiunon nc over
the.mB utw ec ann evesra yw itahss urancet haat s taotfafe f aiirdnusc itvely
arriavtce odr srpeontdoss o metohbjiec ntivgely r e.aWh latw et hionfk r aesa lity
iss eialtnfe alborteac onecptiocnon structaenddr ecnosutcrttehdr outghhae g e.s
Reaityl emergferso m soeeulcrt iaonndo rganizoafmt aiterioanls t haatr aev ail­
ablieni fniient uqantiyt.H owc awne d eciwhdiecm ha triealtsose lecatn dho wt o
arrantghee mN7o i ndutcievp rocecdaunar nes rwt ehqeu setiofnot,rh vee ry
probliesm f tiog ouurtte h ceri tebriyaw hicihn ducctaiunos nel flupyro cede
.
Thosweh ob eli,eo dvdely,t haknto wledgbee giwnihstc retianttiheison fk
theoriesa se difoicftes r u,tw hhicthh ewyo uldb uiilndd ueclt.yiT vhedye fine
theoarshi yeposth estehsa atr ceo nfirmaenddc onnec.Bt ueetdm priiclak nowl­
edgiesa lwapyrsol ebmaticExperieonfcteme inls eaudssA. s H einriHcehrz pt ut
.
it",t hwahti cihsd erivde froemx periecnacnae g abienan nulldeb ye xpenrciee"
(8194p,.3 57.) otNihngi sev ebro tehm piril cnaada bsolutealp yro potsriiuoten,
estabeldbi ysI hmmauneKlan ta ndn ow wideyla cecptaetdle a stb yn atusrcaile n­
tiss.Ant d sinecmep riicakln owlgeei dspot enitalliynn fieiti ne xnttew,i thout
somgeui dnacew ec aknn ow neitwhhearit n fmoartitoogn at henroh ro wt op uitt
togetshote hrai tbt e comcoemsp rehsielbneI.fw ec oudliedrct lyap perhend the
worltdh aittn ertesus sw,e w oulhadv neo n eefdo trh eoryWec annotO.n eca n
.
reliabyl fihnidws a ya mongi fnintie temriaalson yl witthh geu diacneof t heory
defiinnte hdsee cosnedn .s e
Ratrh tehabne ing cmoelrlee cotfli oanwsts h,oeri esa re statemenst that
explaint he(mc .Nf age1l96 1p,p 8.0 -18;I sa1a9k6 p9p,1. 3 8-)3T.9h eoireasr e
qualtaitively diffefrreonmt .lL aawwsisd eny tiinafviratno rp robalbea ssoica­
tionTsh.e orsiheosww h yt hoassesc oitaioonbst a.Ei ancdhes cripteit vermi na
laiwsd iretceitdtlo yo bservatoirlo anbaloo ryra rtpocedure,sa ndl awaser e stba
­
lishoendl iyf t hepya sosbs eravtionalo re xeprmientalt es.tI sna ddiiotn to
decsrivpett eirmst,h eioercso tnaitnh eorentoiotcni.asT lh eorcinaenso btec on­
structde throuhg induocnat lionfeo,tr h eeotcrianlo tnisco anon lyb ei nven,t ed
nodti scovAreirsettdo.ld eea lwti trhe amloi tont,h aits wtihtretha isoo fe fftoor t
movemnett haaetrm attsoe frc ommoenx pecrei.Ge anlitloeook sbtoelapdws a y
frotmh reae lw ordl ino rdteore xpilnia. tAri stotle belietvheaodbt je cts are
naturaatrl eltsy n da theaftf iosrr etq uitrome odv et he;mG alilaesos umtehdta
botrhe satnd u nifocrimr cmuloatria ornne a utraaln dth aatno bjercmeta inisn
eitohfet rh ecsoedn iotniisn t haeb seoncfoe ut sifdoeer scN.ew tocno nceoivfae d
unfiorrme tcilimnoetoanirT het heyoh re edvidst eoe xlpiani ti ntdruocesdu ch
.
theoircenatolt iaospn os itn-maissnst,ta anneaoccues lateirofno,ra cndea ,b solute
spaacnet di mneo,n oefw hiccha n obbes erovree xdpr eiemnatllyd etenrmei.dA t
eacsht efpr,o Arims otlte through tGoaN lewitloento,h t eh eorectiocnacle pts
becabmoel d-etrhaitsf ,ut rherre movferdoo mu sre nesxep erei.e nc
A tehoretniotcialom na yb ea c onctes,pu chf oarsco era, na smsuptisounc,h
ast haes sutmipotnh amtas sc onctertnaeasta p onit.A theoreitcnaolt idoonen so t
expalino rp rdiecta nyth.Wi en kngow,a nsdo d iNde wtont,h amta sdso enso t