Theory of Climate, Proceedings of a Symposium Commemorating the Two-Hundredth Anniversary of the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon

521 Pages·1983·22.78 MB·English

by  Barry Saltzman (Eds.)

ADVANCES IN
G E O P H Y S I C S
VOLUME 25
Contributors to This Volume
ROBERTE . DICKINSON
G. S. GOLITSYN
ARNOLDG RUBER
SYUKURMOA NABE
GEORGOE HRING
ABRAHAMH. OORT
JosB P. PEIX~TO
BARRYS ALTZMAN
G. J. SHUTTS
JOSEPH SMAGORINSKY
Insignia of the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon
Advances in
GEOPHYSICS
VOLUME 25
Theory of Climate
Proceedings of a Symposium Commemorating the Two-Hundredth
Anniversary of the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon
October 12-1 4, 1981, Lisbon, Portugal
Edited by
BARRY SALTZMAN
Department of Geology and Geophysics
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut
1983
ACADEMIC PRESS
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CONTENTS
CONTRIBUT.O.R..S. ................................................. ix
FOREWOR..D. ...................................................... xi
Part I. History and Application of General Circulation Models
The Beginnings of Numerical Weather Prediction and
General Circulation Modeling: Early Recollections
JOSEPH SMAGORINSKY
1. Introductory Remarks ............................................ 3
2 . Some Personal Antecedents ....................................... 4
3 . The Institute for Advanced Study 1949-1953 ........................ 5
4 . The Road to Operational Adaptation of Numerical Weather Prediction 18
5 . The Advent of the General Circulation Modeling Era ................ 25
6 . Epilogue ........................................................ 36
Carbon Dioxide and Climatic Change
SYUKURMOA NABE
1 . Introduction ..................................................... 39
2 . Historical Background ........................................... 40
3 . Radiative. Convective Equilibrium ................................. 42
4 . Distribution of the Global Climate Change .......................... 48
5 . Transient Response .............................................. 72
6 . Concluding Remarks ............................................. 77
References ...................................................... 80
Part II. Statistical-Dynamical Models
Almost Empirical Approaches to the Problem of Climate.
Its Variations and Fluctuations
G . S . GOLITSYN
1 . Introduction ..................................................... 85
2 . Determination of Mean Climate Characteristics ..................... 87
3 . Sensitivity of Climate to Variations of External Factors .............. 89
4 . Empirical Estimates of Feedback between Albedo and Temperature of
Underlying Surface .............................................. 93
5 . Empirical Estimates of the Role of Clouds in Radiation Balance ...... 96
V
vi CONTENTS
6 . Sensitivity of Climate to Changes of Atmospheric CO. Content ....... 100
7 . Statistical Properties of Climatic System ........................... 103
8 . Conclusion ...................................................... 110
Appendix ....................................................... 111
References ...................................................... 112
Parameterization of Traveling Weather Systems in a Simple Model of
Large-Scale Atmospheric Flow
G . J . SHUTTS
1 . Introduction ..................................................... 117
2 . Dynamics of Monthly Mean Climatology ........................... 119
3 . Parameterization: How and Why .................................. 130
4 . Transfer Theory of Geostrophic Turbulence ........................ 133
5 . A Highly Parameterized Climate Model ............................ 144
6 . Conclusion ...................................................... 167
References ...................................................... 169
Climatic Systems Analysis
BARRYSA LTZMAN
1. Introduction ..................................................... 173
2 . General Theoretical Considerations and Equations: The Basis for
Climate Modeling ................................................ 176
3 . Time Constants and Integral Constraints ........................... 183
4 . A Prototype Deterministic System ................................. 195
5 . Climate as a Stochastic-Dynamical System: Effects of
Random Forcing ................................................. 203
6 . Concluding Remarks ............................................. 210
Appendix A . A Resolution of Climatic Variability ................... 213
Appendix B . Time Constants and Conditions for Equilibration ........ 215
Appendix C . A Generalized SDM Governing Long-Term Changes of
the Complete Climatic System ........................ 218
References ...................................................... 230
Part Ill . Radiative. Surficial. and Dynamical Properties of the
Earth-Atmosphere System
Satellite Radiation Observations and Climate Theory
GEORGOE HRINGAN D ARNOLDG RUBER
1. Introduction ..................................................... 237
2 . The Earth's Radiation Budget ..................................... 239
CONTENTS vii
3 . Sensitivity Studies ............................................... 263
4 . Validation of Climate Models ..................................... 288
5 . Climatology from Satellites ....................................... 296
References ...................................................... 302
Land Surface Processes and Climate-Surface Albedos and
Energy Balance
ROBERTE . DICKINSON
1 . Introduction ..................................................... 305
2 . Surface Albedos ................................................. 308
3 . Surface Energy Balance .......................................... 334
4 . Further Remarks on Land Surface Processes as a Component of
Climate Models ................................................. 350
References ...................................................... 352
Global Angular Momentum and Energy Balance Requirements
from Observations
ABRAHAHM . OORTA ND JosB P. PEIX~TO
1 . Introduction ..................................................... 355
2 . Data Handling and Analysis Procedures ............................ 360
3 . Angular Momentum Balance of the Climatic System ................. 361
4 . Energy Balance of the Climatic System ............................ 386
5 . Some Implications for the Global Energy Cycle of the
Climatic System ................................................. 431
6 . Concluding Remarks ............................................. 443
Appendix A . Tables .............................................. 447
Appendix B . The Mean Meridional Circulation ...................... 479
List of Symbols and Definitions ................................... 484
References ...................................................... 486
INDEX. ............................................................ 491
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
ROBERTE . DICKINSONNat,i onal Center for Atmospheric Research, Boul-
der, Colorado 80307 (305)
G. S. GOLITSYNIn, stitute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy of Sciences
of the USSR,M oscow, USSR (85)
ARNOLDG RUBERE, arth Sciences Laboratory, National Earth Satellite
Service, NOAA. Washington, D.C. 20233 (237)
SYUKURMOA NABEG, eophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratorylNOAA,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 (39)
GEORGOE HRINGD,'e partment of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Tcl-
Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel, and National Earth Satellite Service,
NOAA, Suitland, Maryland (237)
ABRAHAMH . OORT,G eophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratorylNOAA ,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 (355)
Josfi P. PEIX~TGOe,o physical Institute, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Por-
tugal (355)
BARRYSA LTZMADNep, artment of Geology und Geophysics, Yule Univer-
sity, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 (173)
G. J. SHUTTSA,'t mospheric Physics Group, Department of Physics, Im-
perial College of Science and Technology, London, United Kingdom
(1 17)
JOSEPH SMAGORINSKGYe,o physical Fluid Dynamics LaboratorylNOAA,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 (3)
I Present address: Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences, Climate and Radiation Branch,
Code 915, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771.
'Present address: Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SZ. United King-
dom.
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