Theory and Technology of Rock Excavation for Civil Engineering

710 Pages·2017·30.814 MB·English

by  Dingxiang Zou (auth.)

Dingxiang Zou
Theory and
Technology of
Rock Excavation
for Civil
Engineering
Theory and Technology of Rock Excavation
for Civil Engineering
Dingxiang Zou
Theory and Technology
of Rock Excavation for Civil
Engineering
123
Dingxiang Zou
Hong Kong
Hong Kong
ISBN978-981-10-1988-3 ISBN978-981-10-1989-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1989-0
Jointlypublished with Metallurgical Industry Press
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Foreword I
Rock excavation is a complex, nuanced, and hard work. The book “Theory and
Technology of Rock Excavation for Civil Engineering” not only outlines various
theoretic topics on rock excavation, but also introduces various excavation tech-
niquesundertheguidanceofthesetheories.Thisbook,whichcombinestheoryand
practice with an abundance offigures, data and illustrations, can be applied as the
reference material for the relevant subjects in addition to being an invaluable
handbook.
Mr.D.Zou,theauthorofthisbook,isoneofthestandingdirectorsoftheChina
Society of Explosives and Blasting. “A Three-Dimensional Mathematic Model in
Calculation the Rock Fragmentation of Bench Blasting in the Open Pit” (BMMC
model)—which was developed by the author during the period of working in the
Maanshan Institute of Mining Research in early 1980s—is described as “the first
complete numerical model for blasting in China” by Prof. Jun Yang, and was
included in the teaching materials of postgraduate study of blasting. Finally, this
text was also introduced in “Theory and Technology of Engineering Blasting,”
chiefly edited by Prof. Yalun Yu, as well as the “Blasting Handbook,” chiefly
edited by me.
The author has a solid theoretical foundation and rich experience accumulated
during long-term on-site engineering practice. More recently, in particular, more
than twenty years of working in Hong Kong has conferred upon Zou better access
tothemostadvancedtheoriesandtechnologiesonrockexcavationintheworld.All
of these are fully delineated in this book.
The author has worked tirelessly in dedicating himself to the field of rock
excavation,afactthatisreflectedinhiscompletionofthisbookinbothEnglishand
Chinese within the three years since his retirement. I agreed with pleasure and
v
vi ForewordI
enthusiasmtowritethisforewordathisrequest,andIherebyrecommendthisbook
toallmycolleaguesinthefieldandthoselearningthenuancesofrockexcavation.
Ialsosincerelyhopethattheyoungergenerationwouldupholdthissamescientific
spiritinthefutureandcontributetothetheoryandtechnologyofrockexcavationin
the service of humanity.
Professor Xuguang Wang
Academician
China Academy of Engineering
Foreword II
Rock excavation changes the profile of rock mass of the earth’s surface, in which
blasting is the most effective method. In layman’s terms, blasting is a matter of
“changing the ground with a big bang,” through varying amounts of magic and
bewilderment.Theblastingexpert,however,feelsarushofexcitementandjoyafter
everysuccessfulblastashereshapestheearthbyhisownhand.Itiswiththissense
of wonder that the author writes this book and applies his over 50 years of pro-
fessional experience.
Afterretiringandreviewingeveryblastinhiscareer,Zoufeltcompelledtopass
on his singular knowledge to the younger generation of earth scientists and engi-
neers.Afteraccumulatingallofhispracticalexperienceandknowledge,Zouwrote
“Theory and Technology of Rock Excavation for Civil Engineering” within three
years. Though the book adds only a drop to the sea of knowledge, it reflects his
passion and expertise on a deep and palpable level, while providing an invaluable
account to the next generation of rock excavation experts.
This book covers a wide range of topics pertaining to rock excavation, from
geological structure to engineering properties, from the equipment and tools of
excavation to explosives and blasting accessories, from smooth blasting to
pre-reinforcementofrockmasstotunnellining,fromtechnicaldataofconstruction
technology to the expert system of excavation design, from safety and environ-
mental protection to project management systems, all illustrated in detail. In many
sections of the book the author imparts unique insights, and the abundance of
reliable data and reference materials can be used as a handbook. As such, it is an
invaluable text in the field of rock engineering.
Theauthorhadcompletedthreeyearsofpostgraduatestudiesandcultivatedthe
theoretical thinking. In this book, especially in the field of blasting theory, Zou
breaks through the traditional theory of “blasting craters” and instead asserts that
the rock mass of an object is a structural mass which had been cut by various
weakened planes to form a structure of “natural blocks”. Blasting, then, is the
second fragmentation of the “natural blocks” and results in a new distribution.
Under this foundation, Zou applies the theory of strain wave transportation
vii
viii ForewordII
to develop the BMMC computer program, which more profoundly reflects the
process of rock blasting.
Having worked extensively in Hong Kong, Zou has encountered and embraced
many opportunities to work with advanced equipment, materials, as well as new
theoretical ideas and methods, all of which constitute the contents of this book.
Hong Kong is asmall city with a massive population, andwith strict requirements
on safety, environmental protection and sound construction management, this case
study is introduced in the book as a valuable reference for similar conditions in
mainland China.
Despite differences in regions and industries, individual words and terms not in
line with the mainland can still be understood. Some terms like “chief shotfier”
evokevividimagery, andmay beacceptedand popularized somedayinthefuture.
China contains the largest quantity and scale of rock excavation in the world.
I sincerely hope the young people who are engaging in rock excavation are
enlightened by this book, contribute to the great rejuvenation of China and con-
struct a more beautiful world.
China Professor Xiaohe Xu
May 2016 Northeastern University
Preface
In order to develop and improve their living space and to get resources from the
earth, ever since human entered a civilized society, surface and deep excavations
have become an important part of civil engineering and mining, from the early
simple manual excavations to modern sophisticated blasting and mechanical
excavation mankind has experienced a long history of thousands of years, has
accumulated a lot of knowledge. A variety of theories have been developed to
explain the diversified issues appeared during the process of excavation with the
development of the science and technology.
Thisbooksummarizesthetechnicalprogressandvarioustheoriesonexcavation
inrecentdecades,developedbyscholars ofvariouscountries, including theauthor
of this book, major focus on rock excavation, which is more difficult and chal-
lengingcomparedtoexcavationofothermaterial.Takingintoaccount thatmining
engineering has more complex features, this book covers essentially the scope of
civil engineering, while majority of the content is also applicable to mining engi-
neering. As rock blasting is still the most important means of rock excavation,
theoriesandtechnologiesofrockblastingareparticularlyexpoundedinmoredetail
than other excavation methods.
The author used to work in an underground mine for 11 years on various
technical and management roles, worked in the field of research for another
11yearsaswell.Duringthisperiodhegotachancetohaveashorttermofstudyon
mining and visit Sweden in 1984. Later he came to work in Hong Kong for over
25 years. A wealth of practical experience and knowledge has been accumulated
during his long-term on-site technical work. Dedication to the research further
developedandraisedtheauthor’stheoreticallevel.HisprofessionalcareerinHong
Kong enables the author to have more accesses to the worldwide advanced tech-
nologies and theories in the field of rock excavation. The 50 years professional
experience and accumulated knowledge has laid a solid foundation for this book.
Inreadingvariouspublicationsinthefieldofrockexcavationitisnotedthatthe
authors of the Europe and United States, including India, Japan and South Africa,
rarely introduce theworksand valuable theoreticalcontributions, whicharestillin
application, made by Chinese and Russia (former Soviet Union) scholars.
ix
x Preface
Bystrikingabalance,whileintroducingEuropeandUnitedStatesscholars’works,
Chinese and Russia scholars’ are mentioned as well.
The book is divided into three parts.
The first part is the basis. It includes basic knowledge and relevant theories on
the rock and rock mass—the objectives of the excavation engineering, the basic
knowledge,techniquesandbasictheoriesonthedrillingandblastingandexplosive
materials.
The second part is on surface rock excavation. After introducing various
methods of non-blast techniques, highlights of surface blasting, the application of
computer simulation and CAD technique are illustrated in detail.
The third part is on underground rock excavation. Before comprehensively
illustratingtechnologyandtheoriesonthedrillingandblasting,ventilation,loading
and haulage, ground reinforcement and support, computer application for under-
ground excavation, varieties on mechanical excavation methods including tunnel-
ing, shaft and TBM technique are also described in detail.
Due to the complex working environment for rock excavation, especially when
explosivesareusedforrockblasting,thecomprehensivedescriptionofvarietieson
safety issues during excavation and necessary safety precautions and security
measures are provided as much as possible in the book.
To be more practical, a variety of technical methods and data from various
sources are provided in the book, making it a reference book covering both theo-
retical and practical applications.
The targeted audience of this book are engineers, researchers and academics
engaged in rock excavation, but is equally applicable as a teaching reference for
teachers and students in civil and mining engineering. The author sincerely hopes
that this book could be of some help to readers.
Attheageofseventy,theauthorspentthreeyearstofinishthisbook.Itcouldbe
the last and one of the most important achievements in his whole life. It is hoped
that the younger generation would share his experience and knowledge from this
book.
The author received strong support and encouragement from the friends and
colleagues during the writing process.
Special thanks are given to:
Theyoungerschoolmate,Dr.RuilinYang(PrincipalResearchFellowinOrica),
Mr. Archie Cheung (AMS Hong Kong), and Dr. Li Liang (Professor of
Northeastern University, China). They helped the author in reviewing some
chapters.
Mr. Guy Bridges, the Director of Aecom Asia, who reviewed the manuscript
completely,gavevaluablecommentsandhelpedmetoimprovetheEnglishofthis
book.
The staff of Atlas Copco and Sandvik who offered a lot of information and
reviewed and improved the relevant contents in the book, and
Myclassmateandbestfriend,Prof.BaozhiChen(formerDeanoftheSchoolof
Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, China) gave me active