Theory and Technology of Drilling Engineering

573 Pages·2021·16.599 MB·English

by  Zhichuan Guan, Tinggen Chen, Hualin Liao

Zhichuan Guan
Tinggen Chen
Hualin Liao
Theory and
Technology
of Drilling
Engineering
Theory and Technology of Drilling
Engineering
Zhichuan Guan (cid:129) Tinggen Chen (cid:129)
Hualin Liao
Theory and Technology
of Drilling Engineering
123
Zhichuan Guan Tinggen Chen
Schoolof Petroleum Engineering Schoolof Petroleum Engineering
ChinaUniversity of Petroleum (East China) ChinaUniversity of Petroleum (East China)
Qingdao,Shandong,China Qingdao,Shandong,China
HualinLiao
Schoolof Petroleum Engineering
ChinaUniversity of Petroleum (East China)
Qingdao,Shandong,China
ISBN978-981-15-9326-0 ISBN978-981-15-9327-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9327-7
JointlypublishedwithChinaUniversityofPetroleumPress
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Preface
The textbook Theory and Technologyof Drilling Engineering (Chinese version) is
a professional course textbook according to the teaching plan and talent training
requirements of petroleum engineering. The first edition of the book was formally
printedandpublishedinAugust2000.Overthepast20yearssinceitspublication,
thebookhasbeenrevisedandreprintedfor12times.Ithasbeenusedbymorethan
dozens of undergraduate students majoring in petroleum engineering, as well as a
large number of adult education students and online education students.
By continuously enriching the teaching contents and soliciting opinions and
suggestionsfromfieldengineersandpreviousgraduates,thecontentofthetextbook
hasbeenenhanced.Thecontentofthebookisbasedonthecombinationoftheory
and practice in terms, and it is compacted and refined, covering a wide range,
reflectingasmuchaspossiblethenewtechnologyandnewachievementsindrilling
technologies.
Theprincipalteachersofthedepartmentofoilandgaswellengineering,School
of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China) jointly
wrote this book in the Chinese language. Chief Editors Prof. Zhichuan Guan and
Prof.TinggenChenorganizedthecompilationofthebook.Prof.TinggenChenand
Prof.RuiheWangwroteandmodifiedtheintroductionandChap.8,Prof.Yuanfang
Chen modified Chap. 1, Prof. Deyong Zou and associate Prof. Yequan Jin wrote
andmodifiedChap.2,Prof.ZhengsongQiumodifiedChap.3,Prof.ZhichuanGuan
wrote and modified Chap. 4. Professor Zhiyong Han wrote and modified Chap. 5.
ProfessorGangLiumodifiedChap.6.ProfessorZhichuanGuanandProf.Yuhuan
Bu wrote and modified Chap. 7. Associate Editor Prof. Hualin Liao conducted
translation, correction, and the overall revision of the book. During the phase of
translation and correction, many teachers and experts provided various kinds of
help, the editors representing the whole writing group would like to express their
thanks to all of them, who are Chichen Xu, Xiaochun Jin in the USA, Chunyuan
ZenginCanada,LeiWanginKazakhstan,associateprofessorsYucaiShi,Xunchen
Song, Jiafang Xu, Genlu Huang, Ph.D. candidates Alaa Dandash, Alex William
Mwang’ande in UPC. Also, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to Ms.
Lina Mu of China University of Petroleum Press for her excellent work in pub-
lishing this book.
v
vi Preface
This textbook presents the theories and technologies of drilling operations. It
covers the gamut of the formulas and calculations for petroleum engineers. Some
of these formulas and calculations have been used for decades, while others are
meant to help guide engineers through some of the more recent breakthroughs in
the industry’s technology. However, there are inevitably improprieties and mis-
takes, and readers are kindly asked to criticize and correct them.
July 2020 Editors
About This Book
Thisbookmainlydescribesthefundamentaltechnologicaltheoriesintheprocessof
oilandgaswelldrillingandmodernmajordrillingtechnologies.Thisbookconsists
of eight chapters as well as tutorials for readers to self-learn and to master the
necessaryknowledge.Themaincontentsincludeengineeringgeologicalconditions
ofdrilling,rigsanddrillingtools,drillingfluids,optimizationofdrillingparameters,
well trajectory design and inclination control, well control, cementing and com-
pletion, and other drilling technologies and operations.
This book has a complete system, clear levels, and appropriate depth and
breadth, which can be used as a textbook for petroleum engineering majors in
ordinary colleges and universities, as well as a reference book for engineers and
researchers engaged in oil and gas well drilling and production.
vii
Introduction
I
Drilling plays a significant role in various tasks of oil and gas exploration devel-
opment, such as finding and confirming oil and gas bearing structures, obtaining
industrial oil or gas flow, proving geological and development data about oil, and
finally taking crude oil to the ground, etc., all of which are completed by drilling.
Drilling is an important link in the exploration and exploitation of petroleum and
naturalgasresources,anditisanessentialmeansofexplorationandexploitationof
oil and gas resources as well.
Theprocessofoilandgasexplorationanddevelopmentconsistsofmanyphases
with different requirements and missions. The purpose and task of drilling are
differentatdifferentphases.Someareforprovingreservesstructures,andothersare
foroilfielddevelopmentandcrudeoilexploitation.Therefore,oilandgaswellsare
generallydefinedascylindricalholeswithacertaindepthdrilledintheformationto
explore and exploit underground resources such as oil and natural gas, and
obtainingunderground information.Torealizethese aboveobjectives,thetypes of
drilling could be categorized as follows:
Datum Well
The well is drilled during a regionally general investigation to understand the
sedimentary characteristics of the formation and the oil and gas bearing situation,
and verify the results of geophysical exploration, and provide geophysical param-
eters. The datum well isgenerally drilled to thebedrock andrequires full wellbore
coring.
Profile Well
The well is drilled along a large regional profile. The purpose of drilling is to
expose local geological sections, to study stratigraphic lithology and lithofacies,
and to find structures. Profiles are mainly used during the regionally general
investigation.
Parameter Well
The well is drilled in petroliferous basins to understand regional structures and
provide rock physical parameters. Parameter wells are mainly used in the com-
prehensive investigation stage.
ix
x Introduction
Tectonic Well
The well isdrilledto make the structuralmap ofa standard layer in theformation,
to understand its geological structural characteristics, and to verify the results of
geophysical exploration.
Exploration Well
Thewellisdrilledtodeterminetheexistenceofoilandgasreservoirs,todelineate
theboundariesofoilandgasreservoirs,toperformatechnicalevaluationofoiland
gas reservoirs, and to obtain the geological data required for oil and gas develop-
ment in the favorable oil and gas collection structures or oil and gas fields. The
wells drilled in each exploration stage can be divided into pre-exploration wells,
preliminary exploration wells, and detailed exploration wells.
Information Well
Thewellisdrilledtomakeoilandgasfielddevelopmentplans,ortoobtaindatafor
particular thematic research during the development process.
Production Well
Thewellisdrilledforoilandgasexploitationduringoilandgasfielddevelopment.
Production wells can be divided into oil-producing and gas-producing wells.
Water or Gas Injection Well
Thewellisdrilled for injectingwater orgastosupply andmake reasonable useof
formationenergy toimproveoilandgasrecoveryanddevelopmentprocess.Wells
drilled specifically for injecting water or gas are called water injection or gas
injectionwells,respectively.Sometimestheyarecollectivelyreferredtoasinjection
wells.
Inspection Well
The well is drilled to clarify the pressure and distribution of oil, gas, and water in
various oil and gas layers, and the distributions and changes of remaining oil
saturation in oil and gas fields to a particular water-cut stage, to understand the
effect of the adjustments of various submerged excavation measures.
Observation Well
The well is drilled during the development of oil and gas fields, which are used to
understand the dynamics of underground oil or gas fluids, for observing the pres-
sures variations of oil or gas at different layers, water cuts, and flooding as
examples. Observation wells are generally not used for production.
Adjustment Well
Thewellisdrilledtoadjustthewellnetworktoimprovethedevelopmenteffectand
recoveryrateinthemiddleandlaterstagesofoilandgasfielddevelopment,which
includes production wells, injection wells, observation wells, etc. The production
layerpressureofsuchwellsmaybelowduetothelaterstageofoilproductionorbe
high pressure due to the energy held by the injection well.
The whole oilfield development process is divided into several stages of
exploration, construction, and production, and each stage is interrelated, where a
Introduction xi
largeamountofdrillingworkisrequired.High-quality,fastandefficientdrillingis
an important approach to develop oil and gas fields.
II
Drillingisnotonlyappliedinthepetroleumindustrybutalsoinnationaleconomic
construction. For example, drilling methods are often used to obtain relevant
information.Theyareusedinengineeringconstructionintheareas ofprospecting,
hydrogeology,railway,hydraulics,andvarioustypesofinfrastructureconstruction.
In ancient times, humans began to dig wells to obtain underground resources. The
development of drilling technology can generally be divided into four stages:
manual digging, manual percussion drilling, and mechanical percussion drilling,
rotary drilling. China has a long history of using drilling to develop underground
resources. According to records, salt wells were drilled in Sichuan area more than
2000yearsagousingthemethodsimilartothemodernpercussivedrillingmethod,
andthebasicprincipleisstillusedbypeopletoday.IntheNorthernSongDynasty,
themanualropedrillingmethodwasdeveloped.In1521,oilandfirewells(natural
gas wells) were drilled. In 1835, a fire well with a depth of 1200 m was drilled in
Sichuan, which was the deepest well in the world at that time. It is generally
believed that mechanical drilling (1859) was the beginning of modern oil drilling.
Later, in 1901, a rotary drilling method was developed, using a turning table to
drive the drill string, and a drill bit to break the rock at the bottom of the hole, as
well as to circulate drilling fluid to clean the wellbore. Former Soviet engineers
developed turbine drilling tools in 1923, which have been widely used since the
1940s. Later, electric drilling tools and screw drilling tools appeared, collectively
known as downhole power drilling tools, which have particular advantages in
drilling directional wells.
So far, the rotary drilling method is still the primary method of oil and gas
drilling. With the development of modern science and technology, the rotary
drillingtechnologyhasalsobeenrapidlydeveloped.Itscharacteristicsare:①From
empirical drilling to scientific drilling; ② From shallow wells to deep wells or
ultra-deep wells; ③ Development from vertical and directional wells to highly
deviated directional wells, cluster wells, and horizontal wells; ④ Development
from land drilling to offshore and deep-water drilling.
Drilling researchers have divided the development of rotary drilling technology
into the following four periods:
(cid:129) Concept period (1901–1920): This period began to combine drilling and
washingwells, and thetechniques ofrollerbit and cementedcasing were used.
(cid:129) Development period (1920–1948): During this period, technologies such as
roller cone bit, cementing technology, drilling fluid were further developed.
High-power drilling equipment appeared at the same time.