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Theory and Technology of Drilling Engineering PDF

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Zhichuan Guan Tinggen Chen Hualin Liao Theory and Technology of Drilling Engineering Theory and Technology of Drilling Engineering Zhichuan Guan (cid:129) Tinggen Chen (cid:129) Hualin Liao Theory and Technology of Drilling Engineering 123 Zhichuan Guan Tinggen Chen Schoolof Petroleum Engineering Schoolof Petroleum Engineering ChinaUniversity of Petroleum (East China) ChinaUniversity of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao,Shandong,China Qingdao,Shandong,China HualinLiao Schoolof Petroleum Engineering ChinaUniversity of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao,Shandong,China ISBN978-981-15-9326-0 ISBN978-981-15-9327-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9327-7 JointlypublishedwithChinaUniversityofPetroleumPress TheprinteditionisnotforsaleinChina(Mainland).CustomersfromChina(Mainland)pleaseorderthe printbookfrom:ChinaUniversityofPetroleumPress. ©ChinaUniversityofPetroleumPressandSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublishers,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublishers,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721, Singapore Preface The textbook Theory and Technologyof Drilling Engineering (Chinese version) is a professional course textbook according to the teaching plan and talent training requirements of petroleum engineering. The first edition of the book was formally printedandpublishedinAugust2000.Overthepast20yearssinceitspublication, thebookhasbeenrevisedandreprintedfor12times.Ithasbeenusedbymorethan dozens of undergraduate students majoring in petroleum engineering, as well as a large number of adult education students and online education students. By continuously enriching the teaching contents and soliciting opinions and suggestionsfromfieldengineersandpreviousgraduates,thecontentofthetextbook hasbeenenhanced.Thecontentofthebookisbasedonthecombinationoftheory and practice in terms, and it is compacted and refined, covering a wide range, reflectingasmuchaspossiblethenewtechnologyandnewachievementsindrilling technologies. Theprincipalteachersofthedepartmentofoilandgaswellengineering,School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China) jointly wrote this book in the Chinese language. Chief Editors Prof. Zhichuan Guan and Prof.TinggenChenorganizedthecompilationofthebook.Prof.TinggenChenand Prof.RuiheWangwroteandmodifiedtheintroductionandChap.8,Prof.Yuanfang Chen modified Chap. 1, Prof. Deyong Zou and associate Prof. Yequan Jin wrote andmodifiedChap.2,Prof.ZhengsongQiumodifiedChap.3,Prof.ZhichuanGuan wrote and modified Chap. 4. Professor Zhiyong Han wrote and modified Chap. 5. ProfessorGangLiumodifiedChap.6.ProfessorZhichuanGuanandProf.Yuhuan Bu wrote and modified Chap. 7. Associate Editor Prof. Hualin Liao conducted translation, correction, and the overall revision of the book. During the phase of translation and correction, many teachers and experts provided various kinds of help, the editors representing the whole writing group would like to express their thanks to all of them, who are Chichen Xu, Xiaochun Jin in the USA, Chunyuan ZenginCanada,LeiWanginKazakhstan,associateprofessorsYucaiShi,Xunchen Song, Jiafang Xu, Genlu Huang, Ph.D. candidates Alaa Dandash, Alex William Mwang’ande in UPC. Also, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to Ms. Lina Mu of China University of Petroleum Press for her excellent work in pub- lishing this book. v vi Preface This textbook presents the theories and technologies of drilling operations. It covers the gamut of the formulas and calculations for petroleum engineers. Some of these formulas and calculations have been used for decades, while others are meant to help guide engineers through some of the more recent breakthroughs in the industry’s technology. However, there are inevitably improprieties and mis- takes, and readers are kindly asked to criticize and correct them. July 2020 Editors About This Book Thisbookmainlydescribesthefundamentaltechnologicaltheoriesintheprocessof oilandgaswelldrillingandmodernmajordrillingtechnologies.Thisbookconsists of eight chapters as well as tutorials for readers to self-learn and to master the necessaryknowledge.Themaincontentsincludeengineeringgeologicalconditions ofdrilling,rigsanddrillingtools,drillingfluids,optimizationofdrillingparameters, well trajectory design and inclination control, well control, cementing and com- pletion, and other drilling technologies and operations. This book has a complete system, clear levels, and appropriate depth and breadth, which can be used as a textbook for petroleum engineering majors in ordinary colleges and universities, as well as a reference book for engineers and researchers engaged in oil and gas well drilling and production. vii Introduction I Drilling plays a significant role in various tasks of oil and gas exploration devel- opment, such as finding and confirming oil and gas bearing structures, obtaining industrial oil or gas flow, proving geological and development data about oil, and finally taking crude oil to the ground, etc., all of which are completed by drilling. Drilling is an important link in the exploration and exploitation of petroleum and naturalgasresources,anditisanessentialmeansofexplorationandexploitationof oil and gas resources as well. Theprocessofoilandgasexplorationanddevelopmentconsistsofmanyphases with different requirements and missions. The purpose and task of drilling are differentatdifferentphases.Someareforprovingreservesstructures,andothersare foroilfielddevelopmentandcrudeoilexploitation.Therefore,oilandgaswellsare generallydefinedascylindricalholeswithacertaindepthdrilledintheformationto explore and exploit underground resources such as oil and natural gas, and obtainingunderground information.Torealizethese aboveobjectives,thetypes of drilling could be categorized as follows: Datum Well The well is drilled during a regionally general investigation to understand the sedimentary characteristics of the formation and the oil and gas bearing situation, and verify the results of geophysical exploration, and provide geophysical param- eters. The datum well isgenerally drilled to thebedrock andrequires full wellbore coring. Profile Well The well is drilled along a large regional profile. The purpose of drilling is to expose local geological sections, to study stratigraphic lithology and lithofacies, and to find structures. Profiles are mainly used during the regionally general investigation. Parameter Well The well is drilled in petroliferous basins to understand regional structures and provide rock physical parameters. Parameter wells are mainly used in the com- prehensive investigation stage. ix x Introduction Tectonic Well The well isdrilledto make the structuralmap ofa standard layer in theformation, to understand its geological structural characteristics, and to verify the results of geophysical exploration. Exploration Well Thewellisdrilledtodeterminetheexistenceofoilandgasreservoirs,todelineate theboundariesofoilandgasreservoirs,toperformatechnicalevaluationofoiland gas reservoirs, and to obtain the geological data required for oil and gas develop- ment in the favorable oil and gas collection structures or oil and gas fields. The wells drilled in each exploration stage can be divided into pre-exploration wells, preliminary exploration wells, and detailed exploration wells. Information Well Thewellisdrilledtomakeoilandgasfielddevelopmentplans,ortoobtaindatafor particular thematic research during the development process. Production Well Thewellisdrilledforoilandgasexploitationduringoilandgasfielddevelopment. Production wells can be divided into oil-producing and gas-producing wells. Water or Gas Injection Well Thewellisdrilled for injectingwater orgastosupply andmake reasonable useof formationenergy toimproveoilandgasrecoveryanddevelopmentprocess.Wells drilled specifically for injecting water or gas are called water injection or gas injectionwells,respectively.Sometimestheyarecollectivelyreferredtoasinjection wells. Inspection Well The well is drilled to clarify the pressure and distribution of oil, gas, and water in various oil and gas layers, and the distributions and changes of remaining oil saturation in oil and gas fields to a particular water-cut stage, to understand the effect of the adjustments of various submerged excavation measures. Observation Well The well is drilled during the development of oil and gas fields, which are used to understand the dynamics of underground oil or gas fluids, for observing the pres- sures variations of oil or gas at different layers, water cuts, and flooding as examples. Observation wells are generally not used for production. Adjustment Well Thewellisdrilledtoadjustthewellnetworktoimprovethedevelopmenteffectand recoveryrateinthemiddleandlaterstagesofoilandgasfielddevelopment,which includes production wells, injection wells, observation wells, etc. The production layerpressureofsuchwellsmaybelowduetothelaterstageofoilproductionorbe high pressure due to the energy held by the injection well. The whole oilfield development process is divided into several stages of exploration, construction, and production, and each stage is interrelated, where a Introduction xi largeamountofdrillingworkisrequired.High-quality,fastandefficientdrillingis an important approach to develop oil and gas fields. II Drillingisnotonlyappliedinthepetroleumindustrybutalsoinnationaleconomic construction. For example, drilling methods are often used to obtain relevant information.Theyareusedinengineeringconstructionintheareas ofprospecting, hydrogeology,railway,hydraulics,andvarioustypesofinfrastructureconstruction. In ancient times, humans began to dig wells to obtain underground resources. The development of drilling technology can generally be divided into four stages: manual digging, manual percussion drilling, and mechanical percussion drilling, rotary drilling. China has a long history of using drilling to develop underground resources. According to records, salt wells were drilled in Sichuan area more than 2000yearsagousingthemethodsimilartothemodernpercussivedrillingmethod, andthebasicprincipleisstillusedbypeopletoday.IntheNorthernSongDynasty, themanualropedrillingmethodwasdeveloped.In1521,oilandfirewells(natural gas wells) were drilled. In 1835, a fire well with a depth of 1200 m was drilled in Sichuan, which was the deepest well in the world at that time. It is generally believed that mechanical drilling (1859) was the beginning of modern oil drilling. Later, in 1901, a rotary drilling method was developed, using a turning table to drive the drill string, and a drill bit to break the rock at the bottom of the hole, as well as to circulate drilling fluid to clean the wellbore. Former Soviet engineers developed turbine drilling tools in 1923, which have been widely used since the 1940s. Later, electric drilling tools and screw drilling tools appeared, collectively known as downhole power drilling tools, which have particular advantages in drilling directional wells. So far, the rotary drilling method is still the primary method of oil and gas drilling. With the development of modern science and technology, the rotary drillingtechnologyhasalsobeenrapidlydeveloped.Itscharacteristicsare:①From empirical drilling to scientific drilling; ② From shallow wells to deep wells or ultra-deep wells; ③ Development from vertical and directional wells to highly deviated directional wells, cluster wells, and horizontal wells; ④ Development from land drilling to offshore and deep-water drilling. Drilling researchers have divided the development of rotary drilling technology into the following four periods: (cid:129) Concept period (1901–1920): This period began to combine drilling and washingwells, and thetechniques ofrollerbit and cementedcasing were used. (cid:129) Development period (1920–1948): During this period, technologies such as roller cone bit, cementing technology, drilling fluid were further developed. High-power drilling equipment appeared at the same time.

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