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Theory and numerics of open system continuum thermodynamics PDF

224 Pages·2004·10.59 MB·English
by  Kuhl E.
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“absolut” — 2004/6/7 — 9:09 — page 1 — #1 Theory and Numerics of Open System Continuum Thermodynamics – Spatial and Material Settings – dem Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Verfahrenstechnik der Technischen Universita¨t Kaiserslautern zur Erlangung der venia legendi fu¨r das Fach Mechanik vorgelegte Habilitationsschrift von Dr.–Ing. Ellen Kuhl aus Hannover Gutachter: Prof. Dr.–Ing. P. Steinmann Prof. Dr. G. A. Holzapfel Prof. Dr.–Ing. C. Miehe Tag der Einreichung: 30. Juli 2003 Vollzug des Habilitationsverfahrens: 25. Februar 2004 “absolut” — 2004/6/7 — 9:09 — page 2 — #2 “absolut” — 2004/6/7 — 9:09 — page 3 — #3 nother value in science i(cid:141) the fun called intellectual enjoyment A whi(cid:133) some people get from reading and learning and thinking about it, and whi(cid:133) other(cid:141) get from working in it. Thi(cid:141) i(cid:141) an important point, one whi(cid:133) i(cid:141) not considered enough by those who tell u(cid:141) it i(cid:141) our social responsibility to reflect on the impact of science on society. RichardP.Feynman, TheMeaningofitAll,1963 “absolut” — 2004/6/7 — 9:09 — page 4 — #4 “absolut” — 2004/6/7 — 9:09 — page 5 — #5 Abstract The present treatise aims at deriving a general framework for the thermodynamics of open systems typically encountered in chemo– or biomechanical applications. Due to the fact that an open system is allowed to constantly gain or lose mass, the classical conservation law of mass has to be recast into a balance equation balancing the rate of change of the current mass with a possible in- or outflux of matter and an additional volume source term. The influence of the generalized mass balance on the balance of momentum, kinetic energy, total energy and entropy is highlighted. Thereby, special focus is dedicated to the strict distinction between a volume specific and a mass spe- cific format of the balance equations which is of no particular relevance in classical thermodynamicsofclosedsystems. The change in density furnishes a typical example of the local rearrangement of mate- rialinhomogeneitieswhichcanbecharacterizedmostelegantlyinthematerialsetting. Thesetofbalanceequationsforopensystemswillthusbederivedforboth,thespatial and the material motion problem. Thereby, we focus on the one hand on highlighting theremarkabledualitybetweenbothapproaches. Ontheotherhand,specialemphasis is placed on deriving appropriate relations between the spatial and the material mo- tionquantities. The second part of this work suggests different numerical solution strategies based on the finite element technique. Three different problem classes, i.e. adiabatic closed systems, closed systems and open systems are elaborated. Each of them can be cast into a two–field finite element formulation whereby either the material motion map, the temperature or the density is introduced as a second continuous field next to the classicalspatialmotionmap. Alternatively,thissecondfieldcanbeintroduceddiscon- tinuously on the integration point level. While for the former approach, the discrete balance equations are solved simultaneously on the global level, the latter strategy is typically related to a staggered solution with the second field treated as internal vari- able. The resulting algorithms of the alternative solution techniques are compared in termsofstability,uniqueness,efficiencyandrobustness. Finally, a number of numerical examples is given to illustrate the features of the pro- posed approach. Applications range from mesh optimization to thermo-, chemo- and biomechanical problems,whereby thelatter ismaybe themost attractiveone. Numer- ical solutions are presented not only for the classical spatial motion problem but also forthematerialmotionproblem. “absolut” — 2004/6/7 — 9:09 — page 6 — #6 “absolut” — 2004/6/7 — 9:09 — page 7 — #7 Zusammenfassung Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Bereitstellung eines allgemeinen Rahmens zur Beschreibung der Thermodynamik offener Systeme, wie sie u¨blicherweise in der Che- mo-oder BiomechanikAnwendungfinden. Um einerpermanentstattfindenden Mas- sena¨nderung Rechnung zu tragen, muss die klassische Massenbilanz fu¨r offene Sys- teme um zusa¨tzliche Zu- oder Abflussterme sowie um Volumenquellterme erweitert werden. DiesegeneralisierteMassenbilanzbeeinflusstkonsequenterweisealleho¨heren Bilanzgleichungen,dieentsprechendzumodifiziertsind. EineBesonderheitdieserAr- beit liegt in der strikten Unterscheidung zwischen der sogenannten volumenspezifis- chenunddermassenspezifischenFormulierungderBilanzgleichungen. ImGegensatz zuklassischengeschlossenenSystemenistdieseUnterscheidungbeioffenenSystemen vonbesondererBedeutung. Dichtea¨nderungen sind ein typisches Beispiel fu¨r die lokale Reorganisation materi- eller Inhomogenita¨ten, die sich ausgesprochen elegant in der materiellen Darstellung charakterisieren la¨sst. Aus diesem Grund wird der Satz der Bilanzgleichungen nicht allein in der allgemein gebra¨uchlichen ra¨umlichen Form, sondern auch in der ma- teriellenDarstellunghergeleitet. EinbesondererSchwerpunktliegthierbeiinderHer- ausarbeitung der Dualita¨t beider Darstellungen. Daru¨berhinaus werden Transforma- tionsbeziehungenzwischenra¨umlichenundmateriellenGro¨ssenbereitgestellt. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit ist der numerischen Umsetzung im Rahmen der Finite Element Methode gewidmet. Dabei werden exemplarisch drei unterschiedliche Prob- lemklassen na¨her analysiert, adiabate geschlossene Systeme, geschlossene Systeme undoffeneSysteme. DieselassensichjeweilsineineZweifeldformulierungu¨berfu¨hren, wobeientwederdiematerielleDeformationsabbildung,dieTemperaturoderdieDichte als kontinuierliches zweites Feld neben der ra¨umlichen Deformationsabbildung be- ru¨cksichtigt wird. Alternativ kann dieses zweite Feld auch diskontinuierlich auf Inte- grationspunktebeneeingefu¨hrtwerden. Wa¨hrenddiediskretenBilanzgleichungenim ersten Fall simultan auf globaler Ebene gelo¨st werden, fu¨hrt die zweite Strategie auf einegestaffelteLo¨sungmitdemzweitenFeldalsinterneVariable. DieresultierendeAl- gorithmen der alternativen Lo¨sungsverfahren werden im Hinblick auf Stabilita¨t, Ein- deutigkeit,EffizienzundRobustheitmiteinanderverglichen. Schliesslich werden die Eigenschaften der entwickelten Algorithmen anhand zahlrei- cher numerischer Beispiele veranschaulicht. Die Anwendungen reichen hierbei von der Optimierung der Finiten Element Vernetzung bis hin zu thermo-, chemo- und biomechanischenProblemstellungen. NumerischeLo¨sungenwerdennichtnurfu¨rdas klassische ra¨umliche Problem, sondern auch fu¨r das materielle Problem bereit gestellt unddiskutiert. “absolut” — 2004/6/7 — 9:09 — page 8 — #8 “absolut” — 2004/6/7 — 9:09 — page 9 — #9 Preface The research presented in this thesis was carried out at the Chair of Applied Me- chanics at the Technical University of Kaiserslautern. Part of the work was financed through the DFG habilitation grant KU 1313/3-1 the support of which is gratefully acknowledged. I would like to thank Professor Paul Steinmann for creating the most stimulating and inspiring working environment i have ever experienced. Those who have had the chance to work with him should know this exceptional synthesis of serious tensor crunchingandnon-seriousjokingwhich,tome,wasasourceofcreativityandmotiva- tionthatmademeenjoymyworkoverthepasttenyears. Thanks! Moreover, I would like to thank Professor Gerhard Holzapfel and Professor Christian Miehe for accepting to be correferees of this thesis. Stimulating discussions with both of them at various occasions had a great impact on the present work. Special thanks go to Professor Rene´ de Borst who supported my post doc stay at the TU Delft. He encouragedmetoworkinacompletelydifferentfieldandalwaysgavemethefeeling ofhavingasecondhomeintheNetherlands. Finally, I would like to thank all the people who have contributed to this research, in onewayortheother,andmadetheselastfouryearsanunforgettableperiodofmylife: Tadessefish-in-the-damAbdi,Harmwhat-do-you-mean-by-low-humor-thresholdAs- kes, Swantje addicted-to-nederlandse-dropjes Bargmann, Franz Josef hilfe-herr-barth- nichts-geht-mehr Barth, Peter master-of-fem Betsch, Alberto that-don’t-impress-me- muchBordallo,Alexandrucall-me-alConstantiniu,Ralfschmeiss-das-aus-dem-fenster Denzer, Aitor que`-pasa Elizondo, Inna gehaktballen-voor-het-ontbijt Gitman, Ju¨rgen le-dictionnaire-courant Glaser, Michael was-ist-schlimmer-als-verlieren Gross, Oliver muss-ich-jetzt-beisitzer-machenHa¨sner,Grietawir-grillen-heute-bei-dirHimpel,Steve what’s-a-rieman-solverHulshoff,Ninakind-im-hortKirchner,Berndisst-du-das-nicht Kleuter, Natalia mit-vergnu¨gen-qua¨len Kondratieva, Detlef lord-of-the-board Kuhl, Sigridpiesporter-glu¨h-weinLeyendecker,Tinaalways-on-the-runLiebe,ErikJanthat’s- very-simpleLingen,Kurthappy-birthdayMaute,Andreasone-more-fishMenzel,Julia singula¨r-diskontinuierlich-nachtblind Mergheim, Christian het-groene-boek Michler, WolfChristianwelt-rettungs-zentraleMu¨ller,Jerzydo-it-yourselfPamin,Areticocktails- haben-eine-jahrtausende-alte-tradition-in-griechenlandPapastavrou,Gunnarhauptsa- che’s-das’s-klebtPossart,Joriswo-ist-der-bahnhofRemmers,Geraldimmer-noch-kein- park-ticket Scheday, Rolf customer-oriented-twenty-four-seven Schneider, Angelo ita- lian-habilitation-is-better-than-german-habilitation Simone, Bert look-me-in-the-ice Sluys,Holgerdas-muss-man-immer-machenSteeb,Martijnsunglasses-collectorStroe- ven,Garthzack-zackWells,Christopherkauft-ihr-schon-mal-den-salatWissmannand, ofcourse,myfamily,mymotherandmysistersAnkeandKatja. Kaiserslautern,February2004 EllenKuhl “absolut” — 2004/6/7 — 9:09 — page 10 — #10

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