Theory and Approach of Information Retrievals from Electromagnetic Scattering and Remote Sensing

392 Pages·2006·6.439 MB·English

by  Ya-Qiu Jin (auth.)

THEORY AND APPROACH OF INFORMATION RETRIEVALS
FROM ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING
AND REMOTE SENSING
Theory and Approach of Information
Retrievals from Electromagnetic
Scattering and Remote Sensing
by
YA-QIU JIN
Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-4029-6 (HB)
ISBN 13 978-1-4020-4029-0 (HB)
ISBN 10 1-4020-4030-X ( e-book)
ISBN 13 978-1-4020-4030-6 (e-book)
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Printed in the Netherlands.
Contents
Preface
ix
Chapter 1
Vector Radiative Transfer (VRT) Theory
Of In homogeneous Random Media 1
1-1 Iterative Solution of Multiple Scattering and Emission from Inhomogeneous
Dense Scatter Media 2
1-2 Iterative Solution of High-Order Scattering Solution for Inhomogeneous
Non-Spherical Scatter Media 11
1-3 An Approach of the Three-Dimensional Vector Radiative Transfer Equation
(3D-VRT) 20
1-4 References 33
Chapter 2
Fully Polarimetric Scattering of Non-Spherical Scatter
Media 34
2-1 Polarimetric Scattering Indexes and Information Entropy of the SAR
Imagery for Surface Monitoring 35
2-2 Temporal Mueller Matrix Solution for Polarimetric Scattering from
Inhomogeneous Random Media 42
2-3 Pulse Echoes from a Inhomogeneous Layered Canopy and Random
Targets Beneath the Canopy 58
2-4 Retrievals of Underlying Surface Roughness and Moisture from
PolarimetricPulseEchoes 65
2-5 Statistics of Four Stokes Parameters in Multi-look Polarimetric
SAR Imagery 70
2-6 Image Simulation of High-Resolution Radar for Fully Polarimetric
Scattering from Heterogeneous Canopy Surface 82
2-7 References 88
v
vi
Chapter 3
SAR Imagery and Applications 91
3-1 Terrain Topographic Inversion from Single-Pass Polarimetric SAR
ImageData 92
3-2 Change Detection of Multi-temporal ERS-2 SAR Images by Using
Two-Thresholds EM and MRF Algorithms 100
3-3 Deorientation Theory of Polarimetric Scattering Targets and
Application to Terrain Surface Classification 111
3-4 An Algorithm for Ship Wake Detection from the SAR Images 1 3 5
3-5 An Improved Method of the Minimum Entropy for Refocusing
Moving Target Image 140
3-6 References 147
Chapter 4
Remote Sensing Data Validation and Applications 151
4-1 Terrain Surface Moisture Mapping Based on Multi-Year Passive
Microwave Remote Sensing 152
4-2 Monitoring the Sandstorm Using the SSM/I Data and Getis
Statistics 164
4-3 A Genetic Algorithm to Simultaneously Retrieve the Land
Surface Roughness and Soil Wetness 170
4-4 Correlation of the ERS and SSM/I Observations over Snowpack
and Numerical Simulation 175
4-5 Correlated Observations by the ERS-1 and SSM/I over Ocean
and Numerical Simulation 183
4-6 Data Fusion of RADARSAT SAR and DMSP SSM/I for Monitoring Sea
Ice of China’s Bohai Sea 190
4-7 Spatial Auto-Correlation Using Optimal Multi-Layering Multi-Scale Getis
Statistic 198
4-8 A Hybrid BP-ANN/GA Algorithm for Data Fusion of Landsat ETM+
and ERS-2 SAR in Classification of Urban Terrain Surfaces 205
4-9 References 213
vii
Chapter 5
Numerical Forward-Backward Method (FBM)
for Scattering from Randomly Rough Surface
and Target 218
5-1 Bistatic Scattering from a Composite Model of Rough Surface and a Target
at Low Grazing Angle Incidence Using the GFBM/SAA Method 219
5-2 Numerical Simulation of Radar Surveillance for the Ship Target and
OceanicClutters 230
5-3 Parameterization of the Tapered Incident Wave for Numerical Simulation
of EM Scattering from Rough Surface 235
5-4 Bistatic Scattering from a Fractal Rough Dielectric Surface Using
the FBM/SAA 241
5-5 Bistatic Scattering of a Fractal Rough Surface with High Permittivity
Using the PBTG-FBM/SAA 252
5-6 References 257
Chapter 6
Numerical Finite Element Method (FEM) for Scattering
from Randomly Rough Surface and Target 260
6-1AngularCorrelationFunctionofScatteringfromanObjectover a Randomly
Rough Surfa c e i n a FEM Approach 261
6-2 Numerical Simulation of Bistatic Scattering from a Target above Rough
Sea Surface under an EM Wave Incidence at Low Grazing Angle by Using
the FEM 267
6-3 Bistatic Scattering from the Comprehensive Model of a Ship on and a
Target above Large-Scale Rough Sea Surface Using the FEM-DDM 276
6-4 Numerical Simulation of the Doppler Spectrum of a Flying Target above Dynamic
Oceanic Surface by Using the FEM-DDM Method 286
6-5 The Difference Field of Scattering from the Target above a
Rough Surface 296
6-6 References 306
viii
Chapter 7
Inverse Scattering and Parameter Retrievals 310
7-1 Reconstruction of Roughness Profile of Fractal Surface from Scattering
Measurement at Grazing Incidence 311
7-2 Iterative Inversion of the Scalar Radiative Transfer Equation for a Layer
of Random Spheroids 317
7-3 Iterative Inversion of the Vector Radiative Transfer Equation for a Layer
of Random Spheroids 324
7-4 Iterative Inversion of Canopy Parameter and Surface Moisture by Using
Multi-Order Mueller Matrix Solutions 331
7-5 References 339
Chapter 8
Electromagnetics of Complex Particulate Media 341
8-1 Polarimetric Scattering and Transmitting of the Stokes Vector from a Layer
of Chiral Small Spheroids 342
8-2 Polarimetric Scattering from a Layer of Spatially Oriented Metamaterial Small
Spheroids 354
8-3 Time-Frequency Analysis of EM Pulse Response from a Spherical Target 362
8-4 Monte Carlo Simulation for Correlated Scattering of Very Densely
Random Spherical Particles 367
8-5 References 379
Index
383
Preface
Advances in space-borne remote sensing have significantly changed the mankind
viewpoint how to observe our own Earth planet. Great amount of remote sensing data and
images presents new resources to quantitatively describe and monitor our Earth environment,
atmosphere, oceanic and land surfaces. In remote sensing, electromagnetic (EM) scattering,
emission and wave propagation, as interaction with the Earth environment, lay the physical
basis for understanding and extracting geoscientific information. Study of electromagnetic
waves with remote sensing application has become an active and interdisciplinary area.
This book presents some new progress on the theoretical and numerical approaches for
information retrieval of the remote sensing via EM scattering and emission.
We begin in Chapter 1 with the vector radiative transfer (VRT) theory for inhomogeneous
scatter media. The VRT takes account of multiple scattering, emission and propagation of
random scatter media, and quantitatively leads to insights of elucidating and understanding
EM wave-terrain surface interaction. Meanwhile, it is extensively applicable to carrying out
data interpretation and validation, and to solving the inverse problem, e.g. iteratively,
physically or statistically. In Chapter 1, iterative solutions of multiple scattering and
emission from inhomogeneous dense scatter media, and inhomogeneous non-spherical
scatter media are discussed. Three-dimensional VRT equation (3D-VRT) for spatially
inhomogeneous random scatter media for high resolution observation is also investigated.
The polarimetric imagery of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology is one of most
important advances in space-borne microwave remote sensing during recent decades.
Chapter 2 deals with fully polarimetric scattering theory. The parameterized model of
random non-spherical scatter media is developed. The theories of polarimetric Mueller
matrix with coherency matrix, entropy, copolarized and cross-polarized indexes, and the
probability density functions of multi-look four Stokes parameters are discussed. When a
pulse wave is propagating through the media, its echo shows temporal variation due to time
delay, and is able to identify different volumetric and surface scatterings. In this chapter, a
theoretical model of layered media of random non-spherical scatterers under a polarized
pulse incidence, and its Mueller matrix solution are developed, and applied to estimation of
the canopy height and surface geophysical properties.
Chapter 3 devotes to applications of the SAR imagery. Making use of the Mueller matrix
solution and morphological processing, the digital elevation mapping of the earth surface is
inverted from a single-pass polarimetric SAR image data. Two-thresholds expectation
maximum and Markov random field algorithms are studied to make automatic change
detection from multi-temporal SAR images over the urban area. To make unsupervised
surface classification, the deorientation theory of polarimetric scattering targets is developed
and applied to SAR images over inhomogeneous terrain surfaces. Some other algorithms
such as for ship detection and moving target refocusing in SAR images are also discussed.
Greatamountof remote sensing data and images in temporal and spatial scales presents a
challenge how to quantitatively extract the information from data-image and make new
knowledge based on those information. Data validation from remote sensing is always
required to meet various operational demands. It might be as a final objective and process
that encompass the entire remote sensing system. This is discussed in Chapter 4 along with
several applications, for example, the terrain surface moisture mapping based on multi-year
passive microwave remote sensing, monitoring the sandstorm using the SSM/I (special
sensor microwave/imager) data and Getis statistics, a genetic algorithm to retrieve the land
ix
x
surface roughness and soil wetness, etc. Correlations of active SAR and passive SSM/I
observations over snowpack and oceanic surfaces are also demonstrated. Data fusions of
Radarsat SAR and DMSP SSM/I for monitoring sea ice, and Landsat ETM+ and ERS-2
SAR for classification of urban terrain surfaces are studied.
Chapter 5 and 6 are devoted to fast computational methods in bistatic scattering
simulation of a composite model of randomly rough surface with a target presence when a
tapered EM wave is incident upon at low grazing angle. Chapter 5 deals with the generalized
forward-backward method with the spectral accelerate algorithm (GFBM-SAA) for
numerical scattering simulations of a ship-like target on wind-driven oceanic rough surface.
Bistatic scattering from a fractal dielectric rough surface is also studied. Parameterization of
the tapered incident wave for numerical scattering simulation is discussed.
Chapter 6 deals with the finite element methods (FEM) in bistatic scattering of a target on
or above rough surface under an EM wave incidence at low grazing angle. The methods of
FEM-DDM (domain decomposition method) for large scale rough surface, FEM-TLQSA
(two level quasi-stationary algorithm) for the Doppler spectrum of a flying target above
dynamic oceanic surface are developed. The angular correlation function of scattering from
an object over rough surface in the FEM approach is also illustrated.
Inverse problems, such as inverse scattering, dielectric reconstruction and scatter
characteristic recovery and so on, require further comprehensive studies in both the
theoretical approach and operational data validation. In Chapter 7, we discuss some
inversion issues. Using the parabolic approximation, roughness profile of the fractal surfaces
is reconstructed from scattering measurements at low grazing incidence. Iterative inversions
of the scalar radiative transfer and vector radiative transfer equations for a layer of random
spheroids are developed. Iterative inversion is applied to retrievals of inhomogeneous
vegetation canopy biomass and land surface moisture in SAR observation.
Chapter 8 presents some discussions on electromagnetics of complex media, such as
polarimetric scattering from a layer of spatially oriented chiral spheroids, or metamaterial
spheroids. Time-frequency analysis of EM pulse response from a large spherical target is
demonstrated. Monte Carlo simulation for clustered scattering from very densely (fractional
volume is large than 0.4) random spherical particles is also studied.
This book, based on my works published during most recent years, is intended as a
textbook for graduate students and a reference book for scientists to see the recent progress
in my research laboratory.
I would like to acknowledge the collaboration with my colleagues and graduate students.
Research supports from the State Ministry of Science and Technology (2001CB309400),
National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Shanghai Science and Technology
Committee are gratefully acknowledged.
Chapter 1
Vector Radiative Transfer (VRT) Theory of
Inhomogeneous Random Media 1
1-1 Iterative Solution of Multiple Scattering and Emission from Inhomogeneous
Dense Scatter Media 2
1-2 Iterative Solution of High-Order Scattering Solution for Inhomogeneous
Non-Spherical Scatter Media 11
1-3 An Approach of the Three-Dimensional Vector Radiative Transfer Equation
(3D-VRT) 20
1-4 References 33
1