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Theorizing European Societies Marinus Ossewaarde Theorizing European Societies This page intentionally left blank Theorizing European Societies Marinus Ossewaarde University of Twente, Netherlands © Marinus Ossewaarde 2013 All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced,copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House,6–10 Kirby Street,London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England,company number 785998,of Houndmills,Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue,New York,NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom,Europe and other countries ISBN 978-0-230-25151-9 hardback ISBN 978-0-230-25152-6 paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.Logging,pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Contents in Brief Analytical Contents vii List of Boxes ix Acknowledgements x Introduction 1 1 The Idea of Europe: Past and Present 9 2 Sociology and the Image of European Societies 30 3 The Modernization of European Societies 54 4 The Individualization of European Societies 84 5 The Industrialization of European Societies 114 6 The Rationalization of European Societies 146 7 The Globalization of European Societies 177 8 Conclusion 211 Glossary 220 Bibliography 227 Index 245 v This page intentionally left blank Contents Analytical Contents vii List of Boxes ix Acknowledgements x Introduction 1 Chapter outlines 4 1 The Idea of Europe: Past and Present 9 Europe in crisis 9 A crisis of European values 11 Ideas of Europe 13 The concept of European society 16 The diversity of European societies 18 The diversity of Eastern and Western European societies 20 Formal European institutions 23 Conclusion 26 2 Sociology and the Image of European Societies 30 Positivist sociology 30 Positivist theory and method 30 European societies in the third stage of civilization 32 Functionalist sociology 35 Functionalist theory and method 35 European societies as diversity in unity 37 Historical materialist sociology 40 Historical materialist theory and method 40 European societies as permanent revolutions 42 Interpretative sociology 45 Interpretative sociological theory and method 45 European societies as cultural complexes 47 Conclusion 50 vii viii CONTENTS 3 The Modernization of European Societies 54 The social order of modernizing European societies 55 The city-state as the cradle of European civilization 55 Christian Europe 57 The nation-state as modernizer 59 Identities in modernizing European societies 62 The family stage 62 The European politics of identity achievement 64 Social inequalities in modernizing European societies 67 The European aristocracy 67 The European bourgeoisie 69 Power in modernizing European societies 72 Subsidiarity and the city-state 72 Sovereignty and the nation-state 74 European societies moving ‘beyond’ modernization? 76 Postmodern states 77 Alternative modernities 78 Conclusion 81 4 The Individualization of European Societies 84 The social order of individualizing European societies 84 The European communities 85 Individualizing European societies 86 The dark side of individualized Europe: the fragility of norms 89 Identities in individualizing European societies 91 The values of individualizing European societies: autonomy and emancipation 91 The struggle for recognition 93 Social inequalities in individualizing European societies 97 The rise of the meritocrats 97 The paradox of the mass society 99 Power in individualizing European societies 102 The authority of the contract 102 The exercise of sovereign power through the constitutional state 104 European societies moving beyond individualization? 107 Liquid ties 107 Restoring community bonds 109 Conclusion 111 Contents ix 5 The Industrialization of European Societies 114 The social order of industrializing European societies 114 Peasantry and slavery in ancient Europe 115 Second sector Europe 117 The dark side of industrialized Europe: the alienation of European selfhood 119 Identities in industrializing European societies 122 Ancient and modern European craftsmanship 123 Commodification as an anti-European force 124 Social inequalities in industrializing European societies 126 Theclass consciousness of the European mind 127 The Matthew effect 129 Power in industrializing European societies 132 The provision of care 132 The exercise of sovereign power through the welfare state 134 European societies moving beyond industrialization? 137 The post-industrial society 137 The post-materialist society 139 Conclusion 142 6 The Rationalization of European Societies 146 The social order of rationalizing European societies 146 Ideal types of European rationality 147 The caging of European societies 150 The dark side of rationalized Europe: the loss of European values 152 Identities in rationalizing European societies 155 The monitoring of identities 155 Total institutions 157 Social inequalities in rationalizing European societies 159 Rationalized inequalities 159 Inequalities of mind 161 Power in rationalizing European societies 164 Rational leadership 164 The exercise of sovereign power through the bureaucratic state 165 European societies moving beyond rationalization? 168 The post-rational condition 169 The promise of reflexivity 170 Conclusion 173