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Theoretical Fundamentals of Atmospheric Optics PDF

494 Pages·2008·2.743 MB·English
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THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS Yu.M. Timofeyev and A.V. Vasi'lev CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE PUBLISHING Published by Cambridge International Science Publishing Ltd 7 Meadow Walk, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AZ, UK http://www.cisp-publishing.com First published 2008 © Cambridge International Science Publishing Ltd Conditions of sale All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-904602-25-5 Cover design Terry Callanan Printed and bound in the UK by Lightning Source Ltd Contents PREFACE ...........................................................................................ix 1. THE SOLAR SYSTEM: PLANETS AND THE SUN...................1 1.1. The planets of the solar system............................................................1 1.2. Main parameters of the atmosphere of the planets..............................2 1.3. Special features of the orbit of the Earth .............................................8 1.4. The Sun and its radiation ....................................................................13 2. ATMOSPHERE OF THE EARTH ...............................................24 2.1. Division of the atmosphere into layers................................................24 2.2. Spatial and time variability of the structural parameters of the atmosphere .........................................................................................29 2.3. Gas composition of the atmosphere....................................................34 2.4. Atmospheric aerosol...........................................................................42 2.5. Clouds and precipitation......................................................................49 3. PROPAGATION OF RADIATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE...53 3.1. Electromagnetic waves ......................................................................53 3.2 Intensity and radiation flux..................................................................57 3.3. Characteristics of interaction of radiation with a medium..................64 3.4. Radiation transfer equation.................................................................76 3.5. Complex refraction index. Polarisation of radiation. Stokes parameters..............................................................................93 3.6. Radiative transfer equation taking polarisation into account.............104 4. MOLECULAR ABSORPTION IN THE ATMOSPHERE.......114 4.1. The general characteristic of molecular absorption in the atmosphere of the Earth................................................................... 114 4.2. Different types of molecular absorption........................................... 118 4.3. Absorption spectra of atmospheric gases.........................................123 v Theoretical Fundamentals of Atmospheric Optics 4.4. Quantitative description of molecular absorption..............................124 4.5. The shape of spectral absorption lines..............................................137 4.6. Quantitative characteristics of molecular absorption........................155 4.7. Molecular absorption in the Earth atmosphere.................................164 5. LIGHT SCATTERING IN THE ATMOSPHERE.....................170 5.1. Molecular scattering.........................................................................170 5.2. Scattering and absorption on aerosol particles..................................183 5.3. Aerosol scattering and absorption in the atmosphere.......................202 5.4. Scattering of radiation with redistribution in respect of frequency...216 5.5. Atmospheric refraction.....................................................................224 5.6. Optical phenomena in the atmosphere..............................................237 6. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF UNDERLYING SURFACES .....250 6.1. Main special features of reflection of radiation................................250 6.2. Quantitative characteristic of reflection of radiation (mirror reflection).............................................................................253 6.3. Quantitative characteristics of reflection of radiation (real surfaces) ..................................................................................258 6.4. Examples of the optical characteristics of underlying surfaces........264 6.5. Emitting properties of underlying surfaces .......................................274 7. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE THEORY OF TRANSFER OF ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION.............................................279 7.1. Transfer of thermal radiation............................................................280 7.2. Transmittance functions of atmospheric gases.................................283 7.3. Methods of determination of transmittance functions ......................286 7.4. Approximate methods of radiation transfer theory...........................305 7.5. Thermal radiation fluxes...................................................................315 7.6. Non-equilibrium infrared radiation....................................................323 7.7. Glow of the atmosphere ...................................................................326 8. MAIN CONCEPTS OF THE THEORY OF SOLAR RADIA- TION TRANSFER .................................................................335 8.1. Multiple scattering of radiation .........................................................335 8.2. Analytical methods in radiation transfer theory................................344 8.3. Numerical methods in the theory of radiation transfer.....................356 8.4. Algorithms and programmes for calculating radiation characteristics of the atmosphere (radiation codes).........................370 vi Contents 9. RADIATION ENERGETICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE– UNDERLYING SURFACE SYSTEM ..................................375 9.1. Solar insolation at the upper boundary of the atmosphere................375 9.2. Radiation balance of the surface......................................................377 9.3. Radiation balance of the atmosphere ...............................................382 9.4. Radiation balance of the planet ........................................................392 9.5. Radiation factors of climate changes ...............................................400 10. RADIATION AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION ON THE OPTICAL AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF ATMOS- PHERES OF PLANETS .........................................................407 10.1. Direct and inverse problems of the theory of transfer of radiation and atmospheric optics .....................................................................407 10.2. Remote measurement methods........................................................410 10.3. Classifications of remote measurement methods.............................414 10.4. Remote methods of measurement based on measurements of attenuation (absorption) of radiation.................................................417 10.5. Remote methods using measurements of atmospheric radiation......427 10.6. Remote measurement methods based on recording the scattered and reflected solar radiation .............................................................439 10.7. Active remote measurements methods............................................443 APPENDIX. FUNDAMENTAL UNITS IN ATMOSPHERIC OP- TICS AND PHYSICS..............................................................447 A.1. Molecular mass of dry and moist air ................................................447 A.2. Units of measurement of temperature, air pressure and gas composition of the atmosphere.........................................................451 A.3. Units of measurement of the concentration of water vapour...........457 A.4. Gas content and units of measurement ............................................461 A.5. Units of measurement of spectral intensities in radiation fluxes Planck formula in different units.......................................................463 A.6. Units of measurement of the coefficients of molecular scattering and absorption..................................................................................466 A.7. Units of measurement of the concentration of aerosols and volume coefficients of aerosol extinction .........................................467 References............................................................................................... 471 Index......................................................................................................... 477 vii Preface Various atmospheric phenomena have been of interest to man from time immemorial. The life of people and other representatives of the fauna and flora has depended greatly on the weather and climate on our planet and on illumination conditions. The dependence of the mankind on the weather and climate is still very considerable. Fluctuations of precipitation, anomalous temperatures and winds have the controlling effect on the life of people. Long-term droughts result in the deaths of tens and hundreds of thousands of people, regardless of the help provided by various international and charitable organisations and funds. Tens and hundreds of people die during flooding, cyclones and storms. One of the books written by Aristotle is titled ‘Meteorology’ and is dedicated in particular to the description and attempts to explain various atmospheric phenomena. For example, a relatively rational explanation of phenomena such as halo and rainbow is proposed. The subjects, discussed in ‘Meteorology’, are now the subjects of various sciences, not only meteorology. The Meteorology book is interesting not only as an attempt to explain natural phenomena but also as experience with the application of unified principles for explaining different phenomena. The book may be regarded as the first book on meteorology available to us. The accurate publishing date is not known, but it may be assumed that it was written more than 2300 years ago. Many optics laws were discovered a long time ago. For example, the law of direct propagation of light is found in a report on optics attributed to Euclid (300 years BCE) and it is likely that this phenomenon had been known long time prior to this date. The law of light reflection is also mentioned in the book Optics by Euclid. The phenomenon of light refraction was already known to Aristotle (400 years BCE). The sources of current atmospheric optics are found in optical sciences which have been formed to a large extent on the basis of observation of natural optical phenomena. Studies of various atmospheric optical phenomena were carried out by scientists such as Newton, Foucault, Euler, Roemer, Huygens, Lomonosov and many others. Current atmospheric optics includes information on the physical ix

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