Theoretical Aerodynamics

561 Pages·2013·4.99 MB·English

by  Ethirajan Rathakrishnan

DO NOT PRINT PANTONE 032 RED GUIDELINES. FOR PROOFING ONLY.
Theoretical R
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Aerodynamics
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Ethirajan Rathakrishnan
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
Theoretical Aerodynamicsis a user-friendly text for a full course on theoretical aerodynamics.
The author systematically introduces aerofoil theory, its design features and performance aspects, T
beginning with the basics required, and then gradually proceeding to a higher level. The mathematics
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involved is presented so that it can be followed comfortably, even by those who are not strong in
mathematics. The examples are designed to fix the theory studied in an effective manner. Throughout e
the book, the physics behind the processes are clearly explained. Each chapter begins with an
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introduction and ends with a summary and exercises.
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• Provides a complete overview of the technical terms, vortex theory, lifting line theory, t
and numerical methods i
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• Presented in an easy-to-read style making full use of figures and illustrations to enhance
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understanding, and moves from simpler to more advanced topics
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• Includes a complete section on fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, essential background
topics for aerodynamic theory A
• Blends mathematical and physical concepts of design and performance aspects
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of lifting surfaces, and introduces the reader to thin aerofoil theory, panel method,
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and finite aerofoil theory
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• Includes a Solutions Manual for end-of-chapter exercises, and Lecture slides on the book’s
Companion Website d Theoretical
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This book is intended for graduate and advanced undergraduate students of Aerospace Engineering,
as well as researchers and designers working in the area of aerofoil and blade design. a
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Aerodynamics
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www.wiley.com/go/rathakrishnan c
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THEORETICAL
AERODYNAMICS

THEORETICAL
AERODYNAMICS
EthirajanRathakrishnan
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur,India
Thiseditionfirstpublished2013
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Rathakrishnan,E.
Theoreticalaerodynamics/EthirajanRathakrishnan.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-47934-6(cloth)
1. Aerodynamics. I.Title.
TL570.R332013
629.132(cid:2)3–dc23
2012049232
Typesetin9/11ptTimesbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
This book is dedicated to my parents,
Mr Thammanur Shunmugam Ethirajan
and
Mrs Aandaal Ethirajan
Ethirajan Rathakrishnan

Contents
AbouttheAuthor xv
Preface xvii
1 Basics 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 LiftandDrag 1
1.3 MonoplaneAircraft 4
1.3.1 TypesofMonoplane 5
1.4 Biplane 5
1.4.1 AdvantagesandDisadvantages 6
1.5 Triplane 6
1.5.1 ChordofaProfile 7
1.5.2 ChordofanAerofoil 8
1.6 AspectRatio 9
1.7 Camber 10
1.8 Incidence 11
1.9 AerodynamicForce 12
1.10 ScaleEffect 15
1.11 ForceandMomentCoefficients 17
1.12 TheBoundaryLayer 18
1.13 Summary 20
ExerciseProblems 21
Reference 22
2 EssenceofFluidMechanics 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 PropertiesofFluids 23
2.2.1 Pressure 23
2.2.2 Temperature 24
2.2.3 Density 24
2.2.4 Viscosity 25
2.2.5 AbsoluteCoefficientofViscosity 25
2.2.6 KinematicViscosityCoefficient 27
2.2.7 ThermalConductivityofAir 27
2.2.8 Compressibility 28
2.3 ThermodynamicProperties 28
2.3.1 SpecificHeat 28
2.3.2 TheRatioofSpecificHeats 29
viii Contents
2.4 SurfaceTension 30
2.5 AnalysisofFluidFlow 31
2.5.1 LocalandMaterialRatesofChange 32
2.5.2 GraphicalDescriptionofFluidMotion 33
2.6 BasicandSubsidiaryLaws 34
2.6.1 SystemandControlVolume 34
2.6.2 IntegralandDifferentialAnalysis 35
2.6.3 StateEquation 35
2.7 KinematicsofFluidFlow 35
2.7.1 BoundaryLayerThickness 37
2.7.2 DisplacementThickness 38
2.7.3 TransitionPoint 39
2.7.4 SeparationPoint 39
2.7.5 RotationalandIrrotationalMotion 40
2.8 Streamlines 41
2.8.1 RelationshipbetweenStreamFunctionandVelocityPotential 41
2.9 PotentialFlow 42
2.9.1 Two-dimensionalSourceandSink 43
2.9.2 SimpleVortex 45
2.9.3 Source-SinkPair 46
2.9.4 Doublet 46
2.10 CombinationofSimpleFlows 49
2.10.1 FlowPastaHalf-Body 49
2.11 FlowPastaCircularCylinderwithoutCirculation 57
2.11.1 FlowPastaCircularCylinderwithCirculation 59
2.12 ViscousFlows 63
2.12.1 DragofBodies 65
2.12.2 Turbulence 70
2.12.3 FlowthroughPipes 75
2.13 CompressibleFlows 78
2.13.1 PerfectGas 79
2.13.2 VelocityofSound 80
2.13.3 MachNumber 80
2.13.4 FlowwithAreaChange 80
2.13.5 NormalShockRelations 82
2.13.6 ObliqueShockRelations 83
2.13.7 FlowwithFriction 84
2.13.8 FlowwithSimpleT -Change 86
0
2.14 Summary 87
ExerciseProblems 97
References 102
3 ConformalTransformation 103
3.1 Introduction 103
3.2 BasicPrinciples 103
3.2.1 LengthRatiosbetweentheCorrespondingElementsinthe
PhysicalandTransformedPlanes 106
3.2.2 VelocityRatiosbetweentheCorrespondingElementsinthe
PhysicalandTransformedPlanes 106
3.2.3 Singularities 107