The Zechstein Facies in Europe

272 Pages·1987·12.842 MB·English

by  Tadeusz Marek Peryt (auth.), Dr. Tadeusz M. Peryt (eds.)

Lecture Notes ni
Earth Sciences
Edited by Somdev Bhattacharji, Gerald M. Friedman,
Horst .J Neugebauer and Adolf Seilacher
01
Tadeusz M. Peryt ).dE(
The Zechstein Facies
ni Europe
Springer-Verlag
Heidelberg NewYork Berlin London Paris oykoT
rotidE
Dr. Tadeusz M. Peryt
tutytsnI Geologrczny
.lu Rakowiecka 4, PL-00-975 Warszawa, Poland
ISBN 3-540-17710-8 Springer-Verlag Berlin Hetdelberg New kroY
ISBN 0-387-17? 10-8 Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg
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Preface
During the last few years, evaporites have increasingly
been regarded as sediments and not only as chemical preci-
pitates. Especially the intensive study of the Zechstein
facies has resulted in a vast amount of observations and
interpretations which are of general significance, offer-
ing important information to all sedimentologists inter-
ested ni carbonates and evaporites. It seems therefore
useful to introduce the sedimentological approach ni a ba-
sin where various chemical concepts have been developed.
This si the aim of the present volume, and this approach
will be recognized by the reader ni most of the chapters.
The idea of publishing a collection of papers on the Zech-
stein facies and related rocks found an enthusiastic
response, although later some contributors were, for va-
rious reasons, unable to meet the deadline. However, the
papers submitted cover all major fields and will certainly
stimulate further research.
The resulting volume si dedicated by the editor and con-
tributors to Professor .rD Gerhard Richter-Bernburg, the
father of modern Zechstein research, on the occasion of
his 80th birthday. The help of Krzysztof G6rlich and
Szczepan Porebski during work on the volume si gratefully
acknowledged.
Tadeusz Marek Peryt
Table of Contents
Introduction
T.M. Peryt ........................................................... ....
Cyclic carbonate dna sulphate from the Upper Permian Karstryggen Formation,
East Greenland
L. Stemmerik ....... 11 ......................................................
ehT Upper Permian (Zechstein) Tunstall Reef of North East England: palaeo-
ecology dna early diagenesis
N.T.J. Hollingworth dna M.E. Tucker ...................................... 32
Dissolution effects dna reef-like features in the Zechstein across the Mid
North aeS High
M.K. Jenyon dna J.C.M. Taylor ........................ . ................... 15
Regional salt tnemevom effects in the English Southern Zechstein Basin
M.K. Jenyon .............................................................. 77
Facies dna geochemical aspects of the Dolomite-Anhydrite Transition enoZ
(ZechsteJn I-2) in the Batum 13-well, northern Jutland, :kramneD a yek to
the evolution of the Norwegian-Danish Basin
.M S~nderholm ............................................................ 39
Sedimentology dna facies development of the Stassfurt Main Dolomite in
emos wells of the South O]denburg region smE-reseW( area, WN )ynamreG
.S Mausfeld dna .H Zankl .................................................. 321
ehT Zechstein sulphates: ehT state of the art.
.R Langbein ...................................... ........................ 341
Palaeogeography dna sedimentary model of the Kupferschiefer in Poland
S. OszczepalsKi dna A. Rydzewski ......................................... 981
Sedimentary facies of the Oldest Rock Salt (Nal) of the Leba elevation
(northern Poland)
.G Czapowski ............................................................. 702
ehT Zechstein (Upper Permian) Main Dolomite deposits of the Leba e]eva-
tion, northern Poland: diagenesis
T.M. Peryt ............................................................... 522
ehT peritidal sabkha type stromatolites of the Platy Dolomite (Ca3) of
the Leba elevation (northern Poland)
A. Gasiewicz, .G Gerdes dna W.E. Krumbein ................................ 352
INTRODUCTION
lhe extent of the Permian Zechstein basin, contoured in Fig. I, is well known. ehT
attempt sah been edam to gather information from a wLde distribution of localities
(see numbers in Fig. I), in order to give na almost complete overview of the whole
area. Since for the understanding of basin development the rocks underlying the eva-
porites are equally important, investigations of both Kupferschiefer dna carbonate
facies have been included in this volume.
Fig. .1 Approximate location of areas discussed in the papers of this volume.
I - Stemmerik, 2 - Hollingworth & Tucker, 3 - Jenyon & Taylor, 4 - Jenyon, 5 -
,mlohredn~S 6 - Mausfeld & Zankl, 7 - Langbein, 8 - Oszczepalski & Rydzewski,
9 - Czapowski, 01 - Peryt, 11 - Gasiewicz, Gerdes & Krumbein
Oszczepalski dna ~kswezdyR summarize the data no Kupferschiefer lithofacies distri-
bution throughout Poland, dna conclude that the Kupferschiefer saw deposited in a
Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, 01 LoV
,11 M, Peryt (Ed,), The in Europe Facies Zechstein
Berlin Heidelberg $pringer-Veflag © 7891
relatively shallow, mud-dominated stratified shelf sea. ehT deposition generally
occurred below wave base, dna the variability of sequences is related to the sup-
posed fluctuating redoxcline. Hoilingworth dna Tucker reconstruct the reef palaeo-
ytinummoc structure dna the evolution of palaeocommunities through time dna space.
They stress the importance of aragonlte cementation in the formation of the Tunstall
Reef, sa sah also been recorded in the Polish dna Thuringian reefs, although without
being os convincingly documented. Mausfeld dna Zankl present the history of deposi-
tion dna the facies analysis of the Main dolomite in WN ,ynamreG According to them,
the deposition took place no a prograding distally steepened ramp with na overall
regressive facies sequence. They distinguish two distinct phases of deposition,
probably separated by a slight drop in sea level. They conclude that coated grains
in high-energy environments are mainly formed yb microbiological activity. Such
activity is well documented yb Gasiewicz, Gerdes dna niebmurK in the Platy Dolomite
of northern Poland. They describe sabkha-type stromatolites. Stromatolites of the
lower part of the Platy Dolomite are dominated yb filamentous cyanobacteria dna
those of the upper part by coccoid ones. ehT authors suggest na increase in salinity
of seawater toward the dne of Platy Dolomite deposition. Stemmerik describes four
different types of cyclically interbedded shallow marine limestones, often algal,
dna sulphates in the Upper Permian of Greenland. ehT cyclicity resulted from rapid
fluctuations of aes level dna therefore the different cycles are very localized.
Peryt presents a sequential model of the early diagenetic history of the Main
Dolomite in northern Poland which yam eb used sa a standard for comparison with
other intra-evaporitic carbonate systems, dna conc]udes that the eariy diagenetic
imprint saw decisive for later diagenetic history.
However, compared when to the earlier three volumes no Zechstein facies (edited by
F~chtbauer dna Peryt, Depowski etal., dna Harwood dna Smith), it yam eb noticed
that in the present volume wen fields are covered (or developed), both areal
(Fig. I; Greenland, Jutland, the Leba elevation in northern Poland; the latter area
is discussed in three papers) dna thematical. fO the latter, two papers using
seismic surveys of recent date contain important implications. Jenyon presents the
seismic zonation of the Zechstein. His data indicate that tnemevom of the Zechstein
salt in the EngLish Southern Zechstein Basin took the form of lateral salt flow
centrifugaliy from the basin toward the margin. Jenyon dna Taylor present evidence
that ynam features across the diM North aeS High are eud to dissolution dna removal
of salt rock. Other structures recorded yam eb carbonate buildups or anhydrite
pods.
ehT growing interest in evaporites dna evaporite-related carbonates is reflected in
half of this volume be|ng devoted to them. In his essay no Zechstein anhydrites,
Langbein summarizes his nwo research dna literature data dna concludes that the
features devresbo in the anhydrites dneped exclusively no their diagenesis, -nemec
tation being the main factor which governed the route of later compaction. -noC
siderJng cementation dna ,noitcapmoc a wen classification of anhydrites is pro-
.desop ehT breccias era related to different processes, dna specifically the giant
breccias occurring in the arreW reppU anhydrite, considered yb several workers to
eb olisthostromes, era thought yb the author to eb noitcapmoc or collapse breccias.
This tahwemos provocative essay will surely ekova a esnopser in the evaporitic
world. ikswopazC presents a sedimentological analysis of the Werra halites in
northern dnaloP dna concludes that muidem dna high cimanyd facies prevailed in the
basin at that time. ehT wol cimanyd secneuqes have neeb found only in the central
parts of larger bottom depressions. mumixaM water depth saw estimated to eb from
several to tens of metres. mlohredn~S describes the Zl-Z2 transition in northern
Jutland. Detailed sedimentological dna geochemical investigation edam it possible
to distinguish three facies associatidns which reflect major events in the evolution
of the basin dna era closely related to the evolution nees in the nrehtuoS Zechstein
.nisaB
zsuedaT keraM Peryt
CILCYC ETANOBRAC DNA ETAHPLUS MORF EHT REPPU NAIMREP
NEGGYRTSRAK ,NOITAMROF EAST DNALNEERG
Lars Stemmerik
etutitsnI fo lacirotsiH ygoloeG dna ygolotnoelaP
retsI~ edagdloV I0
DK- 1350 negahnepoC K
kramneD
Abstract: Four different sepyt of cycli~lly deddebretni shallow-marine limestone dna
ciasom-raludon etahplus neeb evah desingocer within eht reppU naimreP naggyrtsraK noitamroF in
central E~t .dnalneerG They era desopmoc :fo I) lime mu~tone, algal detanimal ,enotsemil dna
sulphate; nodul~'-mosaic 2) ~ limestone algal laminated sulphate; nodular-mosaic 3) intraclast
etanobrac etaremolgnoc ciasom-raludo ndna ;etahplus dna 4) oolitic enotsniarg dna ciasom-raludon
.etahplus laireabuS nailoea stnemides od ton occur within eht reppU naimreP .selcyc epyT I 2 dna
selcyc were demrof sa eht result of detaeper laireebus erusopxe of lanoogal .stnemides epyT 3 dne 1,
selcyc were demrof sa ,wollahs ygrene-hgih laohs stnemides emaceb expo~. Th~ selcyc result from
rapid fluctuations of .!evel-a~s ehT snoitautculf were oot rapid ot allow seicaf noitadergorp o~any
ecnacifingis dna eht different selcyc dna edergga era erofereht very .dezilacol
Introduction
Cyclic sedimentation comparable to the Zechstein cycles (Zl-Z5) of WN Europe
has not been recognised in the East Greenland basin (Fig. :)1 Here, deposition of
the Late Permian Foldvik Creek Group reflects an overall transgressive event
dominated by deposition of limestones and black shales followed by
progradation of elastic material filling up the basin in the latest Permian (Fig.
2).
The only deviation from this pattern occurs in the southern part of the basin.
Here, an apparently structurally controlled regression occurred in late
Karstryggen Formation times, and before deposition of the Wegener Halve and
Ravnefjeld Formations (Fig. 2) (Stemmerik, 1985).
Vol. in Earth Sciences, Notes Lecture 01
Europe Facies,in (Ed.), Peryt T.M. Zechstein The
gadeV-rcgnirpS Heidelberg Berlin 7891
! ,% °4'2
74%
i
4
i
~37
71 .~
.giF .I ytilacoL map fo tsaE dnalneer8
showing eht outcrop fo eht Upper
Permian kivdloF Oreek Oroup dna eht
proposed eniltuo fo eht lanoitisoped
.nisab A-A' setacidni eht noitisop eht'fo
noitces shown ni .giF .3
Cyclic deposition of limestones and nodular sulphates is, however, common in a
small scale within the Karstryggen Formation. The significance of cyclic
alternation of nodular anhydrite and shallow marine carbonate became evident
from observations of recent sabkhas along the Persian Gulf (5hearman, 1966).
The sabkha cycle consists of shallow-marine lagoonal limestone at the bottom,
intertidal algal carbonate and supratidal aeolian sediments with diagenetically
formed evaporite at the top (5hearman, 1966). The ideal cycle represents
progradation of a subaerial sabkha surface into a shallow marine lagoon
(Shearman, 1966). Sequence of repeated cycles separated by erosion surfaces
represent rapid relative rises in sea-level followed by renewed progradation of
the sabkha. The dynamic processes involved appear to allow correlation of
individual cycles over tong distances, exceeding 100 km along strike in the
0rdovician of Arctic Canada (Mo~sop, 1979).
In East Greenland, four different types of cyclically interbedded shallow
marine limestone and nodular sulphate Occur within the Upper Permian
Karstryggen Formation. The Late Permian cycles include algal laminated
limestone and lime mudstone of the protected lagoonal and intertidal
environments as well as intractast conglomerates and oolitic grainstone
formed in shallow, high-energy environments. Diagenetic sulphate was formed
during repeated exposure of the carbonate. The Late Permian cycles include no
aeolian deposits in contrast to the classical sabkha cycle.
In this paper the different types of cycles are described and a depositional
model explaining the dominantly aggradational depositional pattern of the
Karstryggen Formation is proposed.
Regional setting
Early Permian rifting between Greenland and Norway followed by Late Permian
thermal contraction led to the formatioh of north-south trending depositional
basin which was 400 km tong and 80-100 km wide (Fig. 1) (Surlyk eta/., 1984,
1986) Towards the west the basin is separated from the stable Greenland
craton by the post-Devonian main fault (Fig. 1 .) Maync ( 1961 ) further suggested
that the basin was closed towards the south whereas it was open towards the
north and northeast (Fig. I .)
The Foldvik Creek Group is considered to be of Late Permian age (Piasecki,
1984; Surlyk et al, 1986). The biostratigraphical control of the lowermost
part is, however, problematic and deposition may have been initiated in the
Permian. Early latest
Widespread deposition of conglomerates initiated the Upper Permian deposition
(Maync, 1961; 5urlyk eta/, 1984, 1986) (Fig. 2). The Huledal Formation
conglomerates were deposited initially in a system of coarse-grained