Table Of Content

CONTENTS 1 EMPLOYEES Ralph D. Mawdsley Introduction / 2 Discrimination in Employment / 2 Race / 3 Religion / 5 Sex / 5 National Origin / 7 Age / 7 Handicap / 9 Substantive Constitutional Rights / 9 Speech / 9 Association / 11 Religion / 12 Privacy / 12 Substantive Due Process / 12 Procedural Due Process / 13 Liberty and Property Interests / 13 Aspects of Notice / 15 Aspects of Hearing / 16 Dismissal, Nonrenewal, Demotion, and Discipline / 17 Insubordination / 17 Unprofessional Conduct, Unfitness, Willful Neglect of Duty / 18 Immorality / 19 Incompetency / 20 Compliance with School Board Policies and State Statutes / 20 Reduction-in-force and Involuntary Leaves of Absence / 25 Necessity for Reduction-in-force / 26 Elimination of Position / 26 Selection of Employees / 27 Realignment/Reassignment / 27 Call-back Rights / 28 Contract Disputes / 29 Board Policies and Contract Stipulations / 29 Administrative Regulations and Statutory Provisions / 31 Tenure / 32 Tenure Status / 32 Tenure by Default or Acquiescence / 33 Certification / 33 Certification Standards / 33 Decertification, Revocation, or Suspension / 34 VIII / Contents 2 BARGAINING Charles J. Russo Introduction / 37 Constitutional Issues / 37 Recognition and Representational Issues / 39 Supervisory, Managerial, and Confidential Employees / 39 Elections / 39 Rights and Obligations of Exclusive Bargaining Representatives / 40 Union Rights / 40 Obligations of Exclusive Representatives / 41 Scope of Bargaining / 42 Mandatory Topics of Bargaining / 42 Permissive Topics of Bargaining / 43 Prohibited Topics of Bargaining / 44 Grievability and Arbitrability / 45 Presumption and Arbitrability / 45 Who Determines / 48 Procedural Issues / 50 Management Prerogatives as a Bar / 53 Judicial Review / 53 Propriety of Arbitral Awards and Agency Decisions / 53 Salary and Benefits / 54 Use of Certified Employees / 55 Seniority Rights / 55 Promotion / 56 Retirement Benefits / 56 Discipline / 57 Suspension / 57 Dismissal / 57 Reinstatement / 58 Impasse and Fact Finding / 61 Strikes and Sanctions / 62 Miscellaneous Decisions / 63 Conclusion / 64 3 PUPILS Henry S. Lufler, Jr. Introduction / 65 Public School Assignment, Tuition, and Transportation / 66 Tuition and Assignment / 66 Home Instruction / 67 Compulsory Attendance / 68 Private and Parochial Schools / 68 Substantive Rights of Students / 70 Search and Seizure / 70 Contents / IX First Amendment Religious Rights / 72 First Amendment Freedom of Expression / 77 Sanctions for Student Misconduct / 78 Suspensions and Expulsions / 80 Corporal Punishment / 81 Desegregation / 82 Cross-district Remedies / 82 Desegregation Plan Oveisight / 85 State Court Cases / 88 4 HANDICAPPED Allan G. Osborne, Jr. Introduction / 90 Entitlement to Services / 99 Procedural Safeguards / 9! Rights of Parents or Guardians / 92 Development of Individualized Education Programs / 94 Change in Placement / 94 Administrative Remedies / 95 Court Proceedings / 96 Standing to Sue / 98 Actions Under Oth<, Statutes / 98 Placement / 99 Appropriate Educational Program / 99 Least Restrictive Environment / 102 Private Facilities / 103 Extended School Year / 104 Rclated Services / 104 Discipline / 106 Remedies / 106 Damages / 107 Tuition Reimbursement / 107 Compensatory Services / 108 Attorney Fees / 109 State Immunity / 110 Other EHA Issues / 111 State Laws / 112 Discrimination Under the Rehabilitation Act, Section 504 / 113 Students / 113 Elementary and Secondary / 113 Higher Education / 115 Employees / 116 Discrimination Claims / 116 Handicapped Persons / 117 Otherwise Qualified Individuals / 118 X / Contents Reasonable Accommodation / 118 Other Section 504 Issues / 119 5 TORTS William J. Evans, Jr. Introduction / 121 Negligence/ 122 Injuries/ 122 Off School Property and After School Hours / 122 School Settings During School Hours / 123 En route to and from School / 125 School Buildings and Grounds / 126 School-related Activities / 126 Negligence Defenses / 127 Immunity / 127 Common Law (Governmental Immunity) / 127 Statutory Immunity / 129 Other Defenses / 131 Comparative Negligence / 131 Notice of Claim / 132 Liability Insurance / 135 Attorney Fees / 135 Employee Injuries/Workers’ Compensation / 137 Assault and Battery / 141 Defamation / 141 Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress / 142 Products Liability / 143 Construction Contracts / 144 Constitutional Torts / 147 Student Initiated Cases / 147 Employee Initiated Cases / 151 6 SPORTS Linda A. Sharp Introduction / 153 Eligibility / 153 Admissions / 153 Academic Issues / 153 Discipline / 154 Limitation on Years of Eligibility / 154 Transfer / 155 Outside Participation / 155 Drug Testing / 156 Equality of Programs / 156 General / 156 Contents / XI Girl to Play on Boys’ Team / 157 Boy to Play on Girls’ Team / 158 Tort / 158 Intentional / 158 Assault / 158 Defamation / 159 Negligence / 160 Participants / 160 Spectators / 162 Educational Malpractice / 163 Employment / 163 Adverse Employment Decisions / 163 Contract Disputes / 164 Discrimination / 165 Race / 165 Workers’ Compensation / 165 First Amendment Issues / 165 Miscellaneous / 166 Taxation / 166 Public Records / 166 Real Estate / 167 Bond Issuance / 167 First Amendment / 167 7 FINANCE Bettye MacPhail-Wilcox and Pat Anthony Introduction / 168 Public Funds for Private Schools / 169 Sources and Allocations of Public School Funds / 171 State School Finance Programs / 171 Local Funds for Education / 173 Federal Funds for Education / 174 School Fees / 175 School Tax Issues / 177 Tuition / 177 Taxation / 178 Tax Assessment / 180 Tax Disbursement / 181 Use of School Tax Revenues / 181 Tax Exemptions / 183 Bond Issuance / 185 Delinquent Taxes / 188 XII / Contents 8 HIGHER EDUCATION Robert M. Hendrickson Introduction / 190 Intergovernmental Relations / 190 Discrimination in Employment / 197 Title VI / 197 Civil Rights Claims / 198 Title VII / 198 Age Discrimination in Employment Act / 199 The Rehabilitation Act / 201 Hiring Discrimination / 201 Faculty Employment / 202 First Amendment Rights / 202 Nontenured Probationary Faculty / 202 The Nonrenewal Decision / 202 Denial of Tenure / 203 Allegations of Civil Rights Violations in Tenure Denial / 204 Title VII / 204 Tenured Faculty / 205 Termination for Cause / 205 Termination for Financial Exigency / 207 Denial of Employee Privileges / 207 Administrators and Staff / 208 All Employees / 212 Sexual Harassment / 212 Denial of Employee Benefits / 213 Collective Bargaining / 213 Students / 215 Admissions / 215 Nonresident Tuition / 216 Financial Aid / 217 Student Organizations / 221 First Amendment / 221 Freedom of Speech / 221 Dismissal / 222 Disciplinary Dismissal / 222 Academic Dismissal / 224 Other Constitutional Issues / 225 Liability / 227 Personal Injury/ 227 Workers’ Compensation/ 229 Contract Liability / 230 Negligence / 232 Deceptive Practices / 233 Defamation / 233 Contents / XIII Educational Malpractice / 234 Medical Malpractice / 234 Indemnification / 235 Antitrust / 235 Patents / 236 Estates and Wills / 237