THE Y E AR 1 0 0 0 Also by Robert Lacey Robert, Earl of Essex The Life and Times of Henry VIII The Queens of the North Atlantic Sir Walter Ralegh Majesty: Elizabeth II and the House of Windsor The Kingdom Princess Aristocrats Ford: The Men and the Machine Queen Mother Little Man Grace Sotheby’s — Bidding for Class Also by Danny Danziger The Happiness Book All in a Days Work Eton Voices The Noble Tradition The Cathedral Lost Hearts The Orchestra “The ploughman feeds us all." The January page from the Julius Work Calendar, produced in the writing studio of Canterbury Cathedral, sometime around 1020 a .d. T HE Y E A R 1 0 0 0 WHAT LIFE WAS LIKE AT THE TURN OF THE FIRST M I L L E N N I U M An Englishman’s World ROBERT LACEY DANNY DANZIGER LITTLE, BROWN AND COMPANY Boston New York London Copyright © 1999 by Robert Lacey and Danny Danziger All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review. First Edition Illustrations from the Julius Work Calendar,“Labours of the Months,” B.L., Cotton Julius A VI, by kind permission of the British Library Board. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lacey, Robert. The year 1000 : what life was like at the turn of the first millennium: an Englishmans world / by Robert Lacey & Danny Danziger. — 1st ed. p. cm. ISBN 0-316-55840-0 1. England — Social life and customs — To 1066. 2. Great Britain — History — Ethelred II, 979-1016. 3. One thousand, a.d. I. Danziger, Danny. II. Title DA152.2.L33 1998 942.01 — dc2i 98-31254 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 MV-NV Book design by Melodie Wertelet Line drawings created by Mary Reilly from the illustrations in the Julius Work Calendar,“Labours of the Months.” Printed in the United States of America To our partners and colleagues at Cover magazine