The World's Major Languages. PDF
Preview The World's Major Languages.
The World’s Major Languages The World’s Major Languages features over 50 of the worldʼs languages and language families. This revised edition includes updated bibliographies for each chapter and up-to-date census fi gures. The featured languages have been chosen based on the number of speakers, their role as offi cial languages and their cultural and historical importance. Each language is looked at in depth, and the chapters provide information on both grammatical features and on salient features of the languageʼs history and cultural role. The World’s Major Languages is an accessible and essential reference work for linguists. Bernard Comrie is Distinguished Professor of Linguistics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The World’s Major Languages Third Edition Edited by Bernard Comrie Third edition published 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 selection and editorial matter, Bernard Comrie; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Bernard Comrie to be identifi ed as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Croom Helm 1987 Second edition published by Routledge 2009 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Comrie, Bernard, 1947- editor. Title: The world’s major languages / edited by Bernard Comrie. Description: Third edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2018] | “First edition published by Croom Helm 1987.” | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifi ers: LCCN 2017039531| ISBN 9781138184824 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315644936 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Language and languages. Classifi cation: LCC P371 .W6 2018 | DDC 410—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017039531 ISBN: 978-1-138-18482-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-64493-6 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman and Helvetica by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of Contributors ix Preface xii List of Abbreviations xiv Introduction 1 Bernard Comrie 1 Indo-European Languages 23 Philip Baldi and Pierluigi Cuzzolin 2 Germanic Languages 51 John A. Hawkins 3 English 60 Edward Finegan 4 German 87 John A. Hawkins 5 Dutch 112 Jan G. Kooij and Geert Booij 6 Danish, Norwegian and Swedish 127 Einar Haugen and Lars Borin 7 Latin and the Italic Languages 151 R.G.G. Coleman and James Clackson 8 Romance Languages 170 John N. Green 9 French 177 Monique Monville-Burston and Linda R. Waugh v CONTENTS 10 Spanish 203 John N. Green 11 Portuguese 224 Stephen Parkinson 12 Italian 240 Nigel Vincent 13 Romanian 260 Graham Mallinson and Oana Uță Bărbulescu 14 Slavonic Languages 277 Bernard Comrie 15 Russian 282 Bernard Comrie 16 Polish 298 Gerald Stone 17 Czech and Slovak 314 David Short 18 Serbo-Croat: Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian 339 Greville Corbett and Wayles Browne 19 Greek 357 Brian D. Joseph 20 Indo-Aryan Languages 383 George Cardona and Silvia Luraghi 21 Sanskrit 390 George Cardona and Silvia Luraghi 22 Hindi-Urdu 409 Yamuna Kachru and Tej K. Bhatia 23 Bengali 427 M.H. Klaiman and Aditi Lahiri 24 Iranian Languages 447 J.R. Payne and Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari 25 Persian 455 Gernot L. Windfuhr and Carina Jahani 26 Pashto 470 D.N. MacKenzie and Anne Boyle David vi CONTENTS 27 Uralic Languages 496 Robert Austerlitz and Bernard Comrie 28 Hungarian 501 Daniel Abondolo 29 Finnish 515 Michael Branch and Ritva Laury 30 Turkish and the Turkic Languages 536 Jaklin Kornfi lt 31 Afroasiatic Languages 562 Robert Hetzron and Zygmunt Frajzyngier 32 Semitic Languages 568 Robert Hetzron, Alan S. Kaye and Ghil’ad Zuckermann 33 Arabic 577 Alan S. Kaye 34 Hebrew 595 Robert Hetzron, Alan S. Kaye and W. Randall Garr 35 Amharic 611 Grover Hudson 36 Hausa and the Chadic Languages 635 Paul Newman 37 Tamil and the Dravidian Languages 653 Sanford B. Steever 38 Tai Languages 672 David Strecker and Pittayawat Pittayaporn 39 Thai 679 Thomas John Hudak 40 Vietnamese 696 Ðình-Hoà Nguyễn, Mark J. Alves and Hồng Cổn Nguyễn 41 The Sino-Tibetan Languages 713 Scott DeLancey 42 Chinese 721 Charles N. Li and Sandra A. Thompson vii CONTENTS 43 Burmese 742 Julian K. Wheatley 44 Japanese 760 Masayoshi Shibatani 45 Korean 783 Nam-Kil Kim 46 Austronesian Languages 799 Ross Clark 47 Malay-Indonesian 809 Uri Tadmor 48 Javanese 838 Michael P. Oakes and Bambang Kaswanti Purwo 49 Tagalog 852 Paul Schachter and Lawrence A. Reid 50 Niger-Kordofanian (Niger-Congo) Languages 877 Douglas Pulleyblank 51 Yoruba 886 Douglas Pulleyblank and Ọ lanikẹ Ọ la Orie 52 Swahili and the Bantu Languages 903 Benji Wald and Hannah Gibson Language Index 925 viii Contributors Daniel Abondolo George Cardona University of London University of Pennsylvania Mark J. Alves James Clackson Montgomery College University of Cambridge Robert Austerlitz Ross Clark Columbia University, deceased University of Auckland Philip Baldi R.G.G. Coleman Pennsylvania State University University of Cambridge, deceased Oana Uță Bărbulescu Bernard Comrie University of Oxford; University of University of California Santa Barbara Bucharest Greville Corbett Tej K. Bhatia University of Surrey Syracuse University Pierluigi Cuzzolin Geert Booij University of Bergamo Leiden University Anne Boyle David Lars Borin University of Maryland University of Gothenburg Scott DeLancey Michael Branch University of Oregon University of London Edward Finegan Wayles Browne University of Southern California Cornell University ix
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