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THE WORLD OF THE NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS This page intentionally left blank The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms A Political and Military History TREVOR BRYCE 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DP OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #TrevorBryce2012 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2012 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby MPGBooksGroup,BodminandKing’sLynn ISBN978–0–19–921872–1 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Acknowledgements It has been a pleasure to work with OUP’s editorial staff, particularly Hilary O’Shea and Taryn Campbell, throughout this project, and I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dorothy McCarthy for her meticulous work in thecopy-editingprocess,andtoDavidPelteretforhisthoroughproofreading and many valuable suggestions. My thanks are also due to the School of History, Philosophy, Religion and Classics, University of Queensland, for its valuableinfrastructuresupport. IwouldliketodedicatethisvolumetothememoryofRobertIreland,afine youngmanwhodiedwellbeforehistime.Theworldwouldbeabetterplace weretheremorepeoplelikeRobertwithinit. TrevorBryce UniversityofQueensland December2010 This page intentionally left blank Contents Maps ix Figures x Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 PART I SETTING THE SCENE 1. TheEndofanEra 9 2. TheHittiteEmpire’sAnatolianSuccessors 33 3. DefiningtheNeo-Hittites 47 4. TheBiblicalHittites 64 PART II THE IRON AGE KINGDOMS AND DYNASTIES PrefacetoChapters5–7 79 5. TheNeo-HittiteKingdomsintheEuphratesRegion 83 6. TheNeo-HittiteKingdomsintheAnti-Taurusand WesternSyrianRegions 122 7. TheNeo-HittiteKingdomsinSouth-EasternAnatolia 141 8. TheAramaeanStates 163 9. OtherPeoplesandKingdoms 181 PART III THE NEO-HITTITE KINGDOMS IN THEIR HISTORICAL CONTEXT 10. TheKingdomsEvolve(12th–11thcenturies) 195 11. SubjectiontoAssyria(10th–9thcenturies) 209 12. AbsorptionbyAssyria(8thcentury) 253 Afterword 290 AppendixI TransliteratingtheInscriptions 297 AppendixII Neo-HittiteandAramaeanRulers:ASummary List 301 viii Contents AppendixIII TheKingsofLateBronzeAgeHatti 310 AppendixIV TheNeo-AssyrianKings 311 Notes 312 Bibliography 337 Index 347 Maps 1. LateBronzeAgeAnatolia,NorthernSyria,andNorthernMesopotamia. 8 2. TheHittiteEmpire’sAnatolianSuccessors. 32 3. TheIronAgeKingdomsofNorthernSyriaandSouth-EasternAnatolia. 46 4. TheKingdomsofTabal,Hilakku,andQue(Adanawa). 140 5. TheNeo-AssyrianEmpire. 208