The world of children

620 Pages·2010·23.073 MB·English

by  Cook, Greg L., Cook, Joan Littlefield

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Why Do You Need
This New Edition?
(cid:2) This edition of The World of Children now contains neuroscience, diversity and multiculturalism, and positive
new chapter-opening stories based on a real family or a development/resilience. These themes have been inte-
childwho is in a situation where more knowledge of child grated into the narrative to help illustrate the link to per-
development can be helpful. These real-life stories are refer- sonal and professional applications of the research. The
enced throughout the chapter through the use ofnotes and themes are then revisited and summarized briefly at the
questions, and recapped at the end. You can log onto end of each chapter in the Revisiting Themessection for
MyDevelopmentLab (www.mydevelopmentlab.com) to easy review.
watch video interviews with these individuals and learn (cid:5) We also updated many topics and areas of coverage
what steps they have taken to overcome their real-life throughout the text to keep the research in this edition
problems! current. We added updated information on artificial
(cid:3) Additional videos, simulations, and assessments can be insemination, risks for prenatal testing, and teen sexual
activity and pregnancy. We also added sections on sleep
found at MyDevelopmentLab. Icons in the margins
patterns and co-sleeping in infants and toddlers, plastic-
indicate that additional features are available online. An
ity in brain development, and the ADHD medication
exciting new feature of this edition is the collection of
controversy. We hope these and the many other
exclusive podcasts, recorded by us, your authors,
changes we have made to this edition (for a complete
which further explore specific topics referenced in the text.
list of changes, see pages xxii-xxv of the Preface) will
These podcasts are a great way for students to explore
teach students to think critically about the content and
topics they are really interested in, while allowing us to
about other people’s perspectives, backgrounds, and
keep a manageable amount of content in the textbook.
beliefs. With this new edition, professors and students
(cid:4) Also new to this new edition, we have highlighted four alike can expect real people, real experiences, real
central research themes: nature/nurture interaction, learning.
i
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second edition
GREG COOK
University of Wisconsin, Whitewater
JOAN LITTLEFIELD COOK
University of Wisconsin, Whitewater
Allyn & Bacon
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Copyright © 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Allyn & Bacon, 75 Arlington Street, Boston,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cook, Greg (Greg L.)
The world of children/Greg Cook, Joan Littlefield Cook. -- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Prev. ed. entered under: Cook, Joan Littlefield.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-68592-9 (alk. paper)
ISBN 13: 0-205-68592-7 (alk. paper)
1. Child development. 2. Children. I. Cook, Joan Littlefield. II. Title
HQ767.9.C666 2010
305.23—dc 22
2009033183
Student Version:
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-68592-9
ISBN-10: 0-205-68592-7
Exam Version:
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-76283-5
ISBN-10: 0-205-76283-2
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To our children: Will, Rachel, Lily, and Andy.
They enrich our lives and remind us that the most
important thing in life is the development of children.
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Brief Contents
1
PART B
EGINNINGS
1 EXPLORING CHILD DEVELOPMENT 1
2 HEREDITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 37
3 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH 74
2
PART INFANTS AND TODDLERS: The First Years [Birth through 2 years]
4 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS AND TODDLERS 108
5 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS AND TODDLERS 137
6 SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS AND TODDLERS 173
3
PART EARLY CHILDHOOD: The Playful Years [3 through 6 years]
7 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD 203
8 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD 229
9 SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD 262
4
PART MIDDLE CHILDHOOD: The School Years [7 through 11 years]
10 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD 291
11 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD 321
12 SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD 360
5
PART ADOLESCENCE: The Transition toward Adulthood [12 years and beyond]
13 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE 399
14 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE 434
15 SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE 469
vii
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Contents
PREFACE xix
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxxix
1
PART B
EGINNINGS
CHAPTER 1 Exploring Child Development 1
Defining the Field
2
What Develops? 2
Themes in Child Development 3
Theories of Child Development
6
What Is a Theory, and Why Are Theories Useful? 7
Psychoanalytic, Behavioral, and Social Learning Theories 9
Cognitive, Biological, and the Contextual and Systems
Theories 13
Research in Child Development
19
Descriptive Research Methods 20
Correlational Research Methods 21
Experimental Research Methods 23
Methods for Assessing Development 25
Ethics in Research with Children 27
Applications and Careers Related to Children
29
Practical Applications of Child Development Research 29
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Meet First-Time Parents 30
Careers Related to Children 31
SOCIAL POLICY PERSPECTIVE Every Day in America 31
PROFESSIONAL PERSPECTIVE Career Focus: Meet a Child Social Worker 32
THINKING BACK TO SHERYL AND ADAM . . . 33
CHAPTER REVIEW 34
REVISITING THEMES 35
KEY TERMS 36
CHAPTER 2 Heredity and the Environment 37
Genes and Human Reproduction
38
Genes and the Magical Four-Letter Code 38
Human Reproduction and Cell Division 41
SOCIAL POLICY PERSPECTIVE Protecting the Genetic Privacy
of Citizens 42
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Using Artificial Insemination 44
How Traits and Genetic Abnormalities Are Inherited
49
Dominant–Recessive Traits 49
Chromosome Abnormalities 53
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Contents ix
Prenatal Screening and Genetic Testing 54
PROFESSIONAL PERSPECTIVE Career Focus: Meet a Genetic Counselor 57
How Genes and Environments Interact
58
Range of Reaction, Canalization, and Niche-Picking 59
Probabilistic Epigenesis: Activating Your Genes 62
Behavior Genetics: Measuring the Heritability
of Traits
63
Behavior Genetics, Heritability, and Shared and Nonshared
Environments 64
How Is Heritability Estimated? 64
Heritability of Complex Characteristics 66
THINKING BACK TO JUAN AND TRACEY . . . 70
CHAPTER REVIEW 71
REVISITING THEMES 72
KEY TERMS 73
CHAPTER 3 Prenatal Development and Birth 74
Prenatal Development
75
Conception 75
Stages of Prenatal Development 76
Teratogens: Health Risks for the Baby
81
Alcohol, Cocaine, and Cigarette Smoking During
Pregnancy 83
PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE Meet a Family Who Adopted a Child with
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 85
The Mother’s Health and Age 87
SOCIAL POLICY PERSPECTIVE The Case of Malissa Ann Crawley 88
Critical Periods 90
The Role of Fathers 91
The Process of Birth
93
Stages of Birth 93
Cultural Differences Surrounding Birth 95
Modern Birthing Practices in the United States: Choices
and Alternatives 96
PROFESSIONAL PERSPECTIVE Career Focus: Meet a Certified
Nurse-Midwife 97
Birthing Complications: Something Isn’t Right 99
Here’s the Newborn! 99
Becoming a Family: Psychological Adjustments to Having
a Newborn
101
The Transition to Parenthood 101
Becoming the Big Brother or Sister 102