The World of Children

624 Pages·2013·19.858 MB·English

by  Greg Cook, Joan Littlefield Cook

The
World Children
of
THIRD EDITION

Joan Littlefi eld Cook
University of Wisconsin, Whitewater
Greg Cook
University of Wisconsin, Whitewater

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
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Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
To our children: Will, Rachel, Lily, and Andy.
They enrich our lives and remind us that the most
important thing in life is the development of children.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cook, Joan Littlefi eld
Th e world of children / Joan Littlefi eld Cook, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater,
Greg Cook, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater. – Th ird edition. pages cm
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-94014-1
ISBN-10: 0-205-94014-5
1. Child development. 2. Children. I. Cook, Greg. II. Title.
HQ767.9.C666 2014
305.23—dc23
2013015332
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-205-94014-5
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-94014-1
BRIEF CONTENTS

PART 1 BEGINNINGS
1 Exploring Child Development 1
2 Heredity and the Environment 3 8
3 Prenatal Development and Birth 7 7
PART 2 INFANTS AND TODDLERS: The First Years [Birth through 2 years]
4 Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers 113
5 C ognitive Development in Infants and Toddlers 143
6 S ocioemotional Development in Infants and Toddlers 179
PART 3 E ARLY CHILDHOOD: The Playful Years [3 through 6 years]
7 Physical Development in Early Childhood 210
8 C ognitive Development in Early Childhood 237
9 S ocioemotional Development in Early Childhood 273
PART 4 M IDDLE CHILDHOOD: The School Years [7 through 11 years]
10 Physical Development in Middle Childhood 302
11 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood 3 35
12 Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood 3 76
PART 5 A DOLESCENCE: The Transition toward Adulthood [12 years and beyond]
13 Physical Development in Adolescence 415
14 Cognitive Development in Adolescence 4 50
15 S ocioemotional Development in Adolescence 485
iii
CONTENTS
Preface x i Personal Perspective Using
About the Authors xx
Artifi cial Insemination 47
How Traits and Genetic Abnormalities Are
PART 1 BEGINNINGS Inherited 49
Dominant–Recessive Traits 50
Chapter 1 Exploring Child Development 1 Chromosome Abnormalities 54
Defi ning the Field 2 Prenatal Screening and Genetic Testing 56
What Develops? 3 Professional Perspective Career
Themes in Child Development 4
Focus: Meet a Genetic
Theories of Child Development 7 Counselor 57
What Is a Theory, and Why Are Theories
How Genes and Environments Interact 5 9
Useful? 8
Range of Reaction, Canalization, and
Psychoanalytic, Behavioral, and Social
Niche-Picking 6 0
Learning Theories 1 0
Probabilistic Epigenesis: Activating Your
Cognitive, Biological, and the Contextual
Genes 6 3
and Systems Theories 14
Behavior Genetics: Measuring the
Research in Child Development 19
Heritability of Traits 66
Descriptive Research Methods 20
Behavior Genetics, Heritability, and Shared
Correlational Research Methods 21
and N onshared Environments 6 6
Experimental Research Methods 23
How Is Heritability Estimated? 6 7
Methods for Assessing Development 25
Heritability of Complex Characteristics 68
Ethics in Research with Children 27
Thinking Back to Juan and Tracey . . . 7 3
Applications and Careers Related to
Children 29 CHAPTER REVIEW 74
Practical Applications of Child Development
REVISITING THEMES 76
Research 29
KEY TERMS 76
Personal Perspective Meet
First-Time Parents 30 Chapter 3 Prenatal Development and Birth 77
Social Policy Perspective Every Prenatal Development 78
Day in America 31 Conception 78
Stages of Prenatal Development 79
P rofessional Perspective Career
Teratogens: Health Risks for the Baby 84
Focus: Meet a Child Social
Alcohol, Cocaine, and Cigarette Smoking
Worker 32
During P regnancy 87
Careers Related to Children 32
Personal Perspective Meet a
Thinking Back to Sheryl and Adam . . . 3 4
Family Who Adopted a Child with
CHAPTER REVIEW 3 5 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 89
REVISITING THEMES 3 6 The Mother’s Health and Age 91
KEY TERMS 37 Social Policy Perspective T he
Case of Malissa Ann Crawley 92
Critical Periods 9 4
Chapter 2 Heredity and the Environment 38
The Role of Fathers 95
Genes and Human Reproduction 39
The Process of Birth 9 7
Genes and the Magical Four-Letter Code 3 9
Stages of Birth 98
Social Policy Perspective Protecting Cultural Differences Surrounding Birth 1 00
the Genetic Privacy of Citizens 42 Modern Birthing Practices in the United
Human Reproduction and Cell States: Choices a nd Alternatives 101
Division 43
iv
Table of Contents v
Professional Perspective Career Motor Development 132
Focus: Meet a Certifi ed Nurse- Refl exes: The Infant’s First Coordinated
Movements 133
Midwife 102
Voluntary Movements: The Motor Mile-
Birthing Complications: Something Isn’t
stones 133
Right 104
Here’s the Newborn! 104 Professional Perspective Career
Becoming a Family: Psychological Focus: Meet a Physical
Adjustments to H aving a Therapist 135
Newborn 106 Cultural Differences in Early Experience 137
The Transition to Parenthood 106 Toilet Training 138
Becoming the Big Brother or Sister 107
Thinking Back to Jess and Darran . . . 139
Thinking Back to Elizabeth
CHAPTER REVIEW 140
and Stephanie . . . 108
REVISITING THEMES 142
CHAPTER REVIEW 109
KEY TERMS 142
REVISITING THEMES 111
KEY TERMS 111 Chapter 5 C ognitive Development in Infants
and Toddlers 143
PART ONE SUMMARY 112
Perceptual Development 144
Robert Fantz and the Early Work in
PART 2 INFANTS AND TODDLERS: THE FIRST
Testing Visual P references 144
YEARS [BIRTH THROUGH 2 YEARS] Habituation–Dishabituation Research 146
Social Policy Perspective
Chapter 4 Physical Development in Infants
Assessing Infant Intelligence: A
and Toddlers 113
Good Idea? 148
Infants at Risk: Prematurity and Infant
Intermodal Perception: Putting It All
Mortality 114
Together 149
What Is Prematurity? 115
Infant Mortality 115 Explaining Cognitive Development:
Piaget’s C onstructivist View 150
Personal Perspective
Piaget as a Child Prodigy 151
Meet the Parents of a Very
Constructivism and Interaction with the
Premature Baby 117
Environment 152
Prenatal Care: Having a Healthy
Piaget’s Stage 1: Sensorimotor Thought
Baby 117
(Birth to 2 Years) 155
Growth of the Brain and Body 119
Personal Perspective Where Did
Structure of the Brain and Nervous
It Go? 158
System 119
Forming the Brain and Nervous Learning to Communicate 161
System 121 What Is Language? 162
Learning Theory: Language as a Learned
Social Policy Perspective Can
Skill 162
Mozart Stimulate Neural
Nativist Theory: Born to Talk 164
Connections in Infants? 123
Interaction Theories: Cognitive and Social
Physical Growth, Sleep Patterns, Interactionist A pproaches 168
and Sudden I nfant Death  Early Communication: How Language
Syndrome 123 Starts 170
Feeding and Nutrition 125
Professional Perspective Career
Sensory Capabilities 129
Focus: Meet A Speech-Language
Basic Components of Vision 129
Pathologist 174
How Well Do Infants Hear? 130
Smell and Taste 131 T hinking Back to Chi Hae . . . 176
vi Table of Contents

CHAPTER REVIEW 176 Growth and Development of the
Brain 214
REVISITING THEMES 178
The Role of Experience in Brain
KEY TERMS 178 Development 216
Chapter 6 Socioemotional Development in Larger Developmental Patterns in
the Brain 217
Infants and Toddlers 179
Motor Development and Physical
Attachment 180
Activity 219
The History of Attachment
Gross-Motor and Fine-Motor
Research 181
Development 219
Factors Related to Attachment 185
Physical Activity and Exercise 222
Social Policy Perspective
Cerebral Palsy 223
Parental Leave Policies in Personal Perspective Living with
the United States and Other
Cerebral Palsy 224
Nations 190 Health and Safety Issues 225
Early Attachment and Long-Term Childhood Deaths and Safety Issues 226
Outcomes 190 Child Maltreatment: Abuse and
Temperament and Emotion 193
Neglect 227
Types of Temperaments 194 Effects of Abuse and Neglect 229
Other Approaches to Temperament 196
Social Policy Perspective
Personal Perspective Meet the Protecting Children from
Parent of a Diffi cult Child 197 Neglect 232
Infant Responses to Emotions 197
Thinking Back to the Rodriguez
Toddler Self-Conscious Emotions 200
Children . . . 234
Social Relations and Play 201

Infant Social Interactions and CHAPTER REVIEW 234
Sensorimotor Play 201
REVISITING THEMES 235
Toddler Friends 202
KEY TERMS 236
Professional Perspective Career
Focus: Meet a Toy Company Chapter 8 Cognitive Development in Early
Executive 203 Childhood 237
Toddler Confl icts and Symbolic Piaget’s Stage 2: Preoperational
Play 204 Thought 238
Thinking Back to Lisa . . . 206 Flourishing Mental
Representations 239
CHAPTER REVIEW 206
Emergence of Intuitive Thought: “It Seems
REVISITING THEMES 208 Like . . .” 240
Conservation Problems 241
KEY TERMS 208
Professional Perspective Career
PART TWO SUMMARY 209
Focus: Meet a Constructivist
Teacher 242
PART 3 EARLY CHILDHOOD: THE PLAYFUL
Piaget and Education 243
YEARS [3 THROUGH 6 YEARS] Vygotsky’s Sociocultural View of
Cognitive D evelopment 244
Chapter 7 Physical Development in E arly
Vygotsky’s Background: The Sociocultural
Childhood 210 Context for a New Theory 245
Growth of the Body and Brain 211 The Role of Speech and Language 245
Physical Growth and Nutrition 211 Mediation: With a Little Help from Your
Professional Perspective Career Friends 246
The Zone of Proximal Development 246
Focus: Meet a Family Nutrition
Scaffolding and Collaborative
Counselor 213
Learning 247
Table of Contents vii
Information Processing 249 Types of Play 295
What Is the Information-Processing Thinking Back to Julie and Tom . . . 298
Approach? 250

CHAPTER REVIEW 298
The Development of Basic Cognitive
Processes 250 REVISITING THEMES 299
Metacognition and the Child’s Developing
KEY TERMS 300
Theory of Mind 252
Language Development 255 PART THREE SUMMARY 301
An Expanding Vocabulary 256
Learning Grammar and the Social Rules
PART 4 MIDDLE CHILDHOOD: THE SCHOOL
of Discourse 257
Bilingual Children: Learning Two YEARS [7 THROUGH 11 YEARS]
Languages 258

Chapter 10 Physical Development in Middle
Personal Perspective Meet a
Childhood 302
Bilingual Family 260
Growth of the Body and Brain 303
Early Childhood Education and
Physical Growth and Problems with Being
Kindergarten Readiness 261
Overweight 303
Early Childhood Education 262
Growth and Maturation of the
Social Policy Perspective Brain 305
Project Head Start: What Lies Motor Development and Physical
Activity 308
Ahead? 266
Motor Development 308
Kindergarten Readiness 266
Physical Activity and Exercise 309
Thinking Back to Sujatha and RK . . . 269
Organized Sports 311

CHAPTER REVIEW 269 Health and Safety Issues 313
Childhood Injuries and Safety
REVISITING THEMES 271
Issues 314
KEY TERMS 272
Professional Perspective
Chapter 9 Socioemotional Development in Career Focus: Meet a
Early Childhood 273 Pediatrician 316
The Social and Emotional Self 274 Child Sexual Abuse 317
The Self, Self-Regulation, and Personal Perspective Surviving
Emotions 274
Child Sexual Abuse: One
Developing Ideas about Gender 278
Survivor’s Story 319
Moral Development 279
Children with Exceptional
Parenting 282
Needs 321
Dimensions of Parenting 282
What Is Developmental
Parenting Styles 283
Psychopathology? 322
Social Policy Perspective Attention-Defi cit/Hyperactivity
Should Parents Have to Be Disorder 322
Licensed? 286 Communication and Learning
Discipline: What’s a Parent to Disorders 324
Do? 286 Autism Spectrum Disorders 3 27
Personal Perspective Carrots or Social Policy Perspective Social
Sticks? Family Discipline Policy Educating Children with
at Different Ages 289 Exceptional Needs 330
Friends and Play 291 Thinking Back to Brad . . . 331
Gender Segregation 292
CHAPTER REVIEW 332
Professional Perspective Career
REVISITING THEMES 334
Focus: Meet the Director of a Child
Care Center 294 KEY TERMS 334
viii Table of Contents

Chapter 11 Cognitive Development in Middle Chapter 12 Socioemotional Development in
Childhood 335 Middle Childhood 376
Piaget’s Stage 3: Concrete Operational The Social and Emotional Self 377
Thought 336 Self-Evaluations 377
What Is Concrete Operational Emotional Development 378
Thinking? 336 Gender Differences 380
Class Inclusion, Seriation, and Transitive Moral and Prosocial Reasoning 381
Inference Skills 337 Aggression, Bullying, and Resilient
Information Processing: Memory Children 383
Development 338 Families 386
Two Models of Memory: Stores and Children and Divorce 387
Networks 339 Never-Married Households and
Working Memory 341 Stepfamilies 391
Long-Term Memory 343 Play, Friends, and Peer Popularity 395
Other Characteristics of Memory Play and Best Friends 395
Development 344
Personal Perspective We Are
Social Policy Perspective
Best Friends 396
Children’s Eyewitness Testimony:
Peer Popularity 396
The Truth, the Whole Truth, A Social Cognition Model of Peer Relations,
Nothing But the Truth? 346 and Helping R ejected Children 399
Professional Perspective Career Schools and the Media 401
Schools: Beliefs and Expectations 402
Focus: Meet a Child and Family
Therapist 347 Social Policy Perspective Bilingual
Information Processing: Knowledge, Education in the Schools 404
Strategies, and New A pproaches 348 Children and the Media 404
Knowledge Base 349 Children and Television 405
Strategy Development 351 Video Games, Computers, and the
Newer Approaches to Understanding Internet 407
Cognitive D evelopment 353
Professional Perspective Career
Information Processing: Where Does It
Focus: Meet a Marketing
Stand? 357
Executive 409
Learning to Communicate: Language in

Middle Childhood 359 Thinking Back to Laurel . . . 410
Experts in the Basics 359
CHAPTER REVIEW 411
Metalinguistic Awareness and Changes
in How Language I s Used 360 REVISITING THEMES 413
Connectionist Models of Language
KEY TERMS 413
Development 361
Cognition In Context 363 PART FOUR SUMMARY 414
Development of Mathematical
Skills 363
PART 5 A DOLESCENCE: THE TRANSITION
Development of Reading Skills 366
TOWARD ADULTHOOD [12 YEARS
Personal Perspective Meet a
AND BEYOND]
Literacy Volunteer 368
Development of Writing Skills 369 Chapter 13 Physical Development in

Thinking Back to Linda and Adolescence 415
Gianluca . . . 371
Growth of the Body and Brain during
CHAPTER REVIEW 372 Adolescence 416
Puberty 416
REVISITING THEMES 374
Early and Late Maturation 419
KEY TERMS 375 Brain Development 420
Table of Contents ix
Personal Perspective Meet a Professional Perspective Career
Young Adolescent 421 Focus: Meet a School
Sexual Activity during Psychologist 466
Adolescence 423 Ethnic Differences and Questions about
Patterns of Sexual Activity 424 Cultural Bias 468
Contraceptive Use in
Social Policy Perspective
Adolescence 426
Ethnicity and IQ 469
Social Policy Perspective The
Learning to Communicate: Language in
Sex Education Debate 427
Adolescence 472
Sexual Knowledge and Sex The Adolescent Register 472
Education 428 Social and Cultural Dialects 472
Special Concerns about Teenage Sexual Cognition in Context: Adolescents
Activity 429 Making Decisions 474
Sexually Transmitted Diseases and How Well Do Adolescents Make
Adolescents 430 Decisions? 475
Teenage Pregnancy 431 Making Vocational Choices 476
Forced Sexual Behavior 434 The Forgotten Third: Improving the Transi-
Adolescent Health Issues 436 tion from School to Work 4 78
Nutrition and Exercise 436 Personal Perspective I
Substance Use and Abuse 438
Graduated—Now What? 479
Professional Perspective Career Thinking Back to Leo . . . 481
Focus: Meet an Eating Disorders
CHAPTER REVIEW 482
Counselor 439
Other Health Issues during the Adolescent REVISITING THEMES 483
Years 443
KEY TERMS 484

Thinking Back to Josh . . . 446

Chapter 15 Socioemotional Development in

CHAPTER REVIEW 447 Adolescence 485
REVISITING THEMES 449 Who Am I? Adolescents’ Understanding
of Themselves 486
KEY TERMS 449
Identity 486

Chapter 14 Cognitive Development in
Personal Perspective Developing
Adolescence 450
an Ethnic Identity 489
Piaget’s Stage 4: Formal Operational
Sexual Orientation 490
Thought 451
Morality 492
What Is Formal Operational
Social Relationships: Family 496
Thought? 451
Teens Developing Autonomy: Confl ict
Adolescent Egocentrism 453
with Parents 497
Evaluating Piaget’s Theory 454
Family Structures 498
Recent Sociocultural Views of Cognitive
Social Relationships: Peers 502
Development 456
Friends and Peers in Adolescence 503
Situated Cognition 457
Cliques and Crowds 504
Guided Participation and Communities of
Peer Pressure, Delinquent Behavior, and
Practice 457
Aggression 505
Thinking as Socially Shared Cognition:
Two Heads Are B etter Than Professional Perspective Career
One 458 Focus: Meet a Juvenile
Intelligence 459 Probation O ffi cer 506
Theories of Intelligence 460
S ocial Policy Perspective How
Assessing Intelligence 464
Should We Deal with Aggressive
Extremes of Intelligence: Intellectual
Students? 507
Disability and Giftedness 465