The World of Child Labor: An Historical and Regional Survey PDF
Preview The World of Child Labor: An Historical and Regional Survey
The World of Child Labor Volume Editor Hugh D. Hindman, Professor of Labor and Human Resources, Appalachian State University Editorial Board Constance Finlay, Director (retired), Carey Library, School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers University Frank Hagemann, Coordinator, Statistical Information and Monitoring Program on Child Labor (SIMPOC), International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC), International Labor Organization Colin Heywood, Reader in Modern French History, University of Nottingham G.K. Lieten, Professor of Child Labor Studies at the International Institute of Social History and the University of Amsterdam; Director of the International Research on Working Children (IREWOC) Foundation Furio C. Rosati, Understanding Children’s Work (UCW) Project Coordinator and Professor of Economics, University of Rome, Tor Vergata Deborah J. Schmidle, Social Sciences Librarian, Olin Library, Cornell University The World of Child Labor An Historical and Regional Survey Hugh D. Hindman , editor First published 2009 by M.E. Sharpe Published 2015 by Routledg e 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Copyright © 2009 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher s. Notices No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwi se, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ide as contained in the material herein . Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience a nd knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, o r experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they shou ld be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibilit y. Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, an d are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infring e. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hindman, Hugh D. The world of child labor : an historical and regional survey / Hugh D. Hindman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7656-1707-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Child labor--History. 2. Child labor. I. Title. HD6231.H56 2009 331.3'1--dc22 2008048167 ISBN 13: 9780765617071 (hbk) Contents Editor and Contributors xv Child Labor in the Developed Acknowledgments xxi Nations Today Abbreviations xxiii Phil Mizen 62 Editor’s Introduction: Child Labor in Global Trade and Child Labor Global and Historical Perspective Drusilla K. Brown 67 Hugh D. Hindman xxv Visual Representations of Child Labor in Editor’s Note: Measuring Child Labor xxix the West George Dimock 72 PART 1: WORLD Section 3. Less Developed Regions of the World 78 Section 1. Understanding Child Labor 3 Worst Forms of Child Labor The Economic View of Child Labor Hugh D. Hindman 78 Patrick M. Emerson 3 Worst Forms of Child Labor: Agriculture Social Science Views on Working Children Alec Fyfe 82 Ben White 10 Worst Forms of Child Labor: Child A Brief Historiography of Child Labor Domestic Labor Colin Heywood 18 Jonathan Blagbrough 86 Toward an Integrative Theory of Child Labor Worst Forms of Child Labor: Street G.K. Lieten 26 Children and Street Trades David Maidment 91 Section 2. More Developed Regions of Worst Forms of Child Labor: Commercial the World 33 Sexual Exploitation of Children Carmen Madrinan 95 Periods of History: Childhood and Worst Forms of Child Labor: Children Child Work, c. 1800–Present and War Harry Hendrick 33 Zoë Marriage 102 Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution Worst Forms of Child Labor: Child Peter N. Stearns 38 Bonded Labor Coming to Terms with Child Labor Garance Genicot 106 Hugh D. Hindman 45 The Puzzle of “Idle” Children, neither Coming to Terms with Child Labor: The in School nor Performing Economic Historical Role of Education Activity Alec Fyfe 49 Mario Biggeri, Lorenzo Guarcello, Coming to Terms with Child Labor: Scott Lyon, and Furio C. Rosati 110 History of Child Welfare Child Labor Policy for Developing Nations Bengt Sandin 53 Deborah Levison 112 Coming to Terms with Child Labor: Education and Child Labor: A Global The Role of Technology Perspective Carolyn Tuttle 57 Ranjan Ray 118 v vi CONTENTS Special Health Risks of Child Labor Section 2. Western Africa 194 Anaclaudia Gastal Fassa and Trafficking for Labor Exploitation in David H. Wegman 127 West and Central Africa Albertine de Lange 194 Section 4. Action Against Child Labor 131 Koranic Schools and Child Labor in The United Nations and UNICEF West Africa Alec Fyfe 131 Mahir Saul 199 Millennium Development Goals Jaap E. Doek 135 Burkina Faso 201 International Labor Organization (ILO) Child Labor in Burkina Faso and the International Program for the Albertine de Lange 202 Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC) G.K. Lieten 139 Côte d’Ivoire 206 The Role of Nongovernmental Children’s Work, Child Domestic Organizations Labor, and Child Trafficking in Mike Dottridge 143 Côte d’Ivoire Yacouba Diallo 207 The Role of Trade Unions Alec Fyfe 149 Gambia 212 Organization of Working Children William E. Myers 153 Ghana 213 The Economics of Consumer Actions Child Labor in Ghana Against Products with Child Martin Verlet 214 Labor Content Eric V. Edmonds 158 Guinea-Bissau 218 Global March Against Child Labor Risto F. Harma 163 Mali 219 Child Labor in Mali PART 2: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Richard Marcoux 220 Section 1. Introduction 169 Niger 223 Child Labor in Postcolonial Africa Nigeria 224 Michel Bonnet 169 Child Labor in Nigeria Child Labor in Colonial Africa Risto F. Harma 225 Beverly Grier 173 Children in Street Trading in Nigeria HIV/AIDS and Child Labor in A.A. Aderinto 229 Sub-Saharan Africa Child Labor in Nigeria: Historical Anita Amorim and Nadine Osseiran 177 Perspective Influence of Orphanhood on Children’s Adelaja Odutola Odukoya 231 Schooling and Labor: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa Senegal 236 Lorenzo Guarcello, Scott Lyon, Child Labor in Senegal: Contemporary Furio C. Rosati, and Cristina Valdivia 185 and Historical Perspective Children’s Work Among Traditional Loretta E. Bass 237 Healers in Africa Eddy Joshua Walakira 187 Sierra Leone 242 Child Labor Unions in Africa G.K. Lieten 191 Togo 243 CONTENTS vii Section 3. Middle Africa 244 Zambia 288 Child Soldiers in the Great Lakes Child Labor in Zambia Region of Africa Peter Jensen 289 Alison Dilworth 244 Zimbabwe 292 Angola 249 Working Children in Zimbabwe Michael Bourdillon 293 Cameroon 250 Child Labor in Colonial Zimbabwe Child Labor in Cameroon Beverly Grier 297 Roger A. Tsafack Nanfosso 251 Section 5. Southern Africa 299 Central African Republic 255 Lesotho 299 Chad 256 Namibia 300 Section 4. Eastern Africa 257 South Africa 301 Burundi 257 Mapping Children’s Work in South African History Ethiopia 258 Susan Levine 302 Child Labor in Ethiopia: Overview and Policy Challenges Swaziland 307 Tassew Woldehanna and Nicola Jones 259 Attending School, Learning, and Child PART 3: LATIN AMERICA AND Work in Ethiopia CARIBBEAN Arjun Singh Bedi and Assefa Admassie 265 Section 1. Introduction 311 Kenya 268 Child Labor in Latin America Walter Alarcón Glasinovich 311 Child Labor in Kenya Janet Wamsley 269 History of Childhood and Child Labor in Latin America Children and Forced Labor in Elizabeth Anne Kuznesof 317 Colonial Kenya Opolot Okia 271 Child Labor and Education in Latin America Mirellise Vazquez 321 Madagascar 273 Children’s Social Movements in Malawi 274 Latin America Marten van den Berge 325 Rwanda 275 Section 2. South America 329 Tanzania 276 Worst Forms of Child Labor in the Child Labor in Tanzania Andes Region Karen A. Porter 277 Marten van den Berge 329 Uganda 283 Bolivia 334 Child Labor in Uganda Child Labor in Bolivia Eddy Joshua Walakira 284 Marten van den Berge 335 viii CONTENTS Brazil 339 Costa Rica 381 Recent History of Child Labor in Brazil Ethel V. Kosminsky 340 El Salvador 382 Child Street Vendors in Brazil Child Labor in El Salvador Ana Lúcia Kassouf and Lorenzo Guarcello, Gabriella Breglia, and Andrea R. Ferro 345 Scott Lyon 383 Prostitution and Commercial Sexual Guatemala 386 Exploitation of Children and Child Labor in Guatemala Adolescents in Brazil Lorenzo Guarcello, Gabriella Breglia, and Leandro Feitosa Andrade and Scott Lyon 387 Fúlvia Rosemberg 347 Special Health Risks to Child Workers Honduras 391 in Brazil Child Labor in Honduras Anaclaudia Gastal Fassa and Adrienne Pine 392 David H. Wegman 349 The Intergenerational Persistence of Mexico 396 Child Labor in Brazil Child Labor in Mexico André Portela Souza 352 Maja Pleic, Felicia Marie Knaul, and Child Labor Labeling in Brazil Albert Berry 397 Andres Pablo Falconer 354 Street Children in Mexico Development of Child Labor Law in Brazil Felipe Peralta 404 Oris de Oliveira 357 PROGRESA/Oportunidades: Mexico’s The History of Child Labor in Brazil School Stipend Program Ana Lúcia Kassouf and Marcelo Abhra Roy 406 Justus dos Santos 361 Impact of Temporary Labor Migration Orphans and the Transition from Slave on Schooling Among Mexican Children to Free Labor in Northeast Brazil Grace Kao 409 Joan Meznar 365 History of Child Labor in Mexico Marcos T. Aguila and Chile 367 Mariano E. Torres B. 411 Colombia 368 Nicaragua 416 Child Labor in Colombia Child Labor in Nicaragua Cármen Elisa Flórez and Luis Serra 417 Diana Hincapié 369 Panama 421 Ecuador 375 Section 4. Caribbean 422 Guyana 376 Child Slaves on West Indies Paraguay 377 Sugar Plantations Jerome Teelucksingh 422 Peru 378 Dominican Republic 425 Venezuela 379 Haiti 426 Section 3. Central America 380 Child Labor in Haiti Belize 380 Tone Sommerfelt and Jon Pedersen 427 CONTENTS ix Jamaica 431 Edgar Gardner Murphy Child Labor in Jamaica James DelRosso 493 Leith L. Dunn 432 Lewis Wickes Hine Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Tom Beck 494 Children in Jamaica The U.S. Children’s Bureau Leith L. Dunn 436 Kriste Lindenmeyer 496 PART 4 NORTH AMERICA Child Labor and the United States Today 498 Section 1. Canada 443 Children in the Fields: America’s Hidden Child Labor in Canada Child Labor Problem Nancy Janovicek 443 Reid Maki 498 Children in Canadian Mining Twenty-First-Century Adolescence Elizabeth Perry 448 in America Jeremy Staff and Jeylan T. Mortimer 501 Nation Builders: Orphans in the Canadian Wilderness American Students’ Activism Against Gail H. Corbett 450 Global Child Labor Chivy Sok 506 Evolution of Child Welfare Policy in Canada PART 5: EUROPE Maureen Baker 454 Section 2. United States 459 Section 1. Introduction 515 History of Child Labor 459 Europe: An Introduction and The Work of Enslaved Children in Overview the United States Colin Heywood 515 Wilma King 459 European Proto-Industrialization David Levine 517 Orphan Trains Laura L. Leavitt 464 European Industrialization and Child Labor History of Children in U.S. Coal Mining Marjatta Rahikainen 521 Julia E. Offiong 466 History of Education in Europe: Child Labor in the American Glass Industry Schooling and Child Labor in Europe Ken Fones-Wolf 468 Since the Reformation Child Labor in American Textiles Harry Haue 527 Hugh D. Hindman 472 Apprenticeship Practices in Europe Child Labor in Commercialized Hal Hansen 532 Agriculture, 1890–1966 Church and Child Labor—Catholicism Mary Lyons-Barrett 477 Timothy Kelly 537 Evolution of U.S. Child Labor Policy Church and Child Labor—Protestant Hugh D. Hindman 482 Reformation Florence Kelley and the National Thomas Max Safley 540 Consumers League Laura S. Abrams 487 Section 2. United Kingdom 544 National Child Labor Committee History of Child Labor in Britain James DelRosso 489 Peter Kirby 544 Felix Adler Pauper Apprenticeship in England James DelRosso 491 Alysa Levene 549
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