The World Book Encyclopedia, Volume 20

468 Pages·79.4 MB·English

by  Umair Mirza

-^iBSBi
Boston Public Library
REFERENCE
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011
http://www.archive.org/details/worldbooken20cycloworl

u-v
Volume 20
The World Book
Encyclopedia
World Book, Inc.
aSrottFctzcr(oiiipdny
Chicago
The World Book Encyclopedia
©World Book,Inc.All rights reserved.Thisvolume maynotbe
reproduced inwholeorin partinanyformwithoutpriorwritten
permissionfromthe publisher.
World Book,Inc.
233North Michigan
Chicago, IL60601
www.worldbook.com
WORLDBOOKandtheGLOBEDEVICEareregisteredtrademarksortrademarksofWorldBook,Inc.
Copyright©2003,2002,2001,2000,1999,1998,1997,1996,1995,1994,1993,1992,1991,1990,1989,1988,1987,
1986,1985,1984,1983byWorldBookInc.
Copyright©1982,1981,1980,1979,1978byWorldBook-ChildcraftInternational,Inc.
Copyright©1977,1976,1975,1974,1973,1972,1971,1970,1969,1968,1967,1966,1965,
1964,1963,1962,1961,1960,1959,1958,1957byFieldEnterprisesEducationalCorporation.
Copyright©1957,1956,1955,1954,1953,1952,1951,1950,1949,1948byFieldEnterprises,Inc.
Copyright1948,1947,1946,1945,1944,1943,1942,1941,1940,1939,1938byTheQuarrieCorporation.
Copyright1937,1936,1935,1934,1933,1931,1930,1929byW.F.Quarrie&Company
TheWorldBook,Copyright1928,1927,1926,1925,1923,1922,1921,1919,1918,1917byW.F.Quarrie&Company
Copyrightsrenewed 1990,1989,1988,1987,1986,1985,1984,1983byWorldBook,Inc.
Copyrightsrenewed 1982,1981,1980,1979,1978byWorldBook-ChildcraftInternational,Inc.
Copyrightsrenewed 1977,1976,1975,1974,1973,1972,1971,1970,1969,1968,1967,1966,1965,
1964,1963,1962,1961,1960,1958byFieldEnterprisesEducationalCorporation.
Copyrightsrenewed 1957,1956,1955,1954,1953,1952,1950byFieldEnterprises,Inc.
InternationalCopyright©2003,2002,2001,2000, 1999, 1998, 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993, 1992, 1991, 1990, 1989,
1988, 1987, 1986, 1985, 1984, 1983byWorldBook,Inc.
InternationalCopyright© 1982, 1981, 1980, 1979, 1978byWorldBook-ChildcraftInternational,Inc.
InternationalCopyright© 1977, 1976, 1975, 1974, 1973, 1972, 1971, 1970, 1969, 1968, 1967, 1966, 1965,
1964, 1963, 1962, 1961, 1960, 1959, 1958, 1957byFieldEnterprisesEducationalCorporation.
InternationalCopyright©1957, 1956, 1955, 1954, 1953, 1952, 1951, 1950, 1949, 1948byFieldEnterprises,Inc.
InternationalCopyright1948, 1947TheQuarrieCorporation.
ISBN0-7166-0103-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber2002068987
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
03 54321
L
1
Uisthe21stletterofouralphabet. Itcamefromaletter Uses.Uoru\saboutthe 12th mostfrequentlyused
whichthe Semitic peoplesofSyriaand Palestinecalled letterin books, newspapers,and otherprinted material
waw. kVau'wasalsothesourceofthe letters F,V,W, in English.Asan abbreviationon reportcards,umeans
and Y.Theword wawmeanthook, andwas represented unsatisfactory. In geographic names, itmaymean
byasymbol ofatenthook.Thesymbol was probably united, union, orupper Itoften standsforuniversity. In
borrowedfroman Egyptianhieroglyphic(picturesym- chemistry, L'isthe symbolfortheelementuranium.
bol).TheGreeks borrowedthe letterfromthe Phoeni- Pronunciation.(7isavowel,and has manysounds in
ciansand gaveitaYshape.The Romans,whenthey English.The soundweassociatewith its name,/ot/, is
adoptedthe letter,dropped its bottom strokeandwrote reallyadiphthong, itis made bylinkingtwo separate
itasV.Theyused itforthevowel sound,u, andthecon- sounds pronounced continuously.Apersonformsthis
sonantsound, V.AboutA.D.900, people begantowrite sound byroundingthe lips,withthetipofthetongue
uinthemiddleofaword and vatthe beginning.During belowthe lowerteeth,and raisingthe backofthe
the Renaissance, itbecamecustomaryamongthe peo- tongue.Othersoundsofuarethose insun, duty,pre-
pleto useuasavoweland »/asaconsonant.SeeAlpha- sume,bull, andfurAsilentumayoccurafter5^,as in
bet. guardandguess. SeePronunciation. Mariannecooiey
DevelopmentoftheletterU ^^^^^1 Thesmallletteruwasusedinspellingsomewordsas
earlyastheA.D.500s.itdidnotcomeintoregularuseas
Uavoweluntilthe1500's.
VV« TheancientEgyptiansusedthissym- u
bo!ofasupportingpoleabout3000B.C. U
1 TheSemitesadaptedthesymboland
' nameditwaw,theirwordforhool(. A.D. 500 1500 Today
Nr
ThePhoenicians,about1000B.C,made
1 aletterlikeahook. SpecialwaysofexpressingtheletterU
' ¥ "" TheGreeltsaddedtheletterupsilonto
1 theiralphabetabout600B.C. International
MorseCode Braille
\y/ TlehtteerRVomfoarnbso,thabUouatndA.VD.s1o1u4n,dsu.sedthe 5
1 1 MedievalscholarsbeganwritingUfor
V X avowelandVforaconsonant. International SemaphoreCode SignLanguage
FlagCode Alphabet
CommonformsoftheletterU
Uu26^ Uu Uu UuUu J
Handwrittenlettersvary Romanlettershavesmall Sans-seriflettersarealso Computerlettershavespe-
frompersontoperson.Manu- finishingstrokescalledserifs calledgothicletters.They cialshapes.CoiTiputerscan
script(printed)letters,left, thatextendfromthemain havenoserifs.Thetypeface "read"theseletterseitheropti
havesimplecurvesand strokes.Thetypefaceshown shownaboveiscalledFutura. callyorbymeansofthemag-
straightlines.Cursiveletters, aboveisBaskervilJe.Theitalic TheitalicformofFuturaap- neticinkwithwhichthelet-
right,haveflowinglines. formappearsattheright. pearsattheright. tersmaybeprinted.
2 U-boat
U-boat.See Submarine(World Wars I and il);World born on May10, 1960.Heand Mullen,born on Oct31,
WarII(The BattleoftheAtlantic). 1961,are both natives ofDublin, Ireland.The Edge,
LThant.SeeThant,U. whose real name is David Evans,was born in Barking,
IJ2,a rockgroupfrom Ireland, isoneofthe mostpopu- London,onAug.8, 1961.Claytonwas born in Chinnor,
larbands in rockmusic history.Thegroupconsistsof Oxfordshire,on March 13, 1960. wiiiiamMcKeen
Bono,thelead singer;the Edge,who playsguitar,Adam Seealso Rockmusic(picture:U2).
Clayton,the bassist;and LarryMullen,Jr.,thedrummer. IJ.A.R.See UnitedArabRepublic.
U2has maintained its international popularitysince UbangiRiver,yooBANGgee,isthechiefnorthern
the 1980'swhile remaining oneofthe mostadventurous tributaryoftheCongo RiverinAfrica.With its main
bands in rockmusic.The group has incorporated strong headstream,theMbomu,theUbangi—also spelled
pacifist.Christian,and politicalthemes into its music Oubangui—isabout 1,400miles(2,250kilometers) long.
since itsearlyyears,and its influence has extended be- Itisformed bythe union ofthe Mbomu and Uele rivers,
yondthe musicworld.Bono, in particular, has becomea and empties intotheCongo nearLakeTumbainCongo
spokesmanforsuch causesasaidforimpoverished (Kinshasa). Forabout700miles(1,100kilometers),the
African nationsand banning nuclearweapons. Ubangiformsthe boundarylineseparating Congo(Kin-
U2wasorganized in Dublin in 1976asagroup named shasa)from Congo(Brazzaville)onthewest,and Central
Feedback.Thegroupchanged its nametothe Hype be- African Republiconthe northwest. Itis navigablethe
forefinallytakingthe name U2 in 1978.The band record- yeararound belowBangui,CentralAfrican Republic.
ed itsfirstalbum. Boy, in 1980. U2gained itsfirstmajor HartmutS.Walter
recognitionwiththealbum l4/ar(1983),which dealtwith Uccello, ooCHEHLoh,Paolo, PAHohloh(1397-1475),
manypolitical subjects,suchas religiousstrife in North- wasan Italian Renaissance painter.Uccello'sdecorative
ern Ireland.Theband had a hitalbum in 1987 in The worksemphasize patternsofcolorand simplifiedforms.
Joshua Tree,which includedtwo number-onesongs, His paintingsalso showhisfascinationwith perspective.
"With orWithoutYou"and"I Still Haven'tFoundWhat Uccello's best-knownworksarethree scenescalled
I'm Looking For." TheBattleofSanRomano(about1456-1460).Despitethe
Inthe 1990'sand early2000's, U2consolidated its posi- violenceofthesubject,the paintings havean ornamen-
tion asperhapsthe mostpopularband in rockmusic tal,theatricalappearance.Adetail ofoneofthe paint-
with exciting liveconcertsand such albumsasAchtung ings is reproduced inthisarticle. Uccello'sothersignifi-
Baby(^m^],Zooropa(1993), Pop(1997),andAllThatYou cantworks include several frescoes(ph\nWnqsonwet
Can'tLeaveBehind(2000).Bonocontinuedto gainatten- plaster).Among his importantfrescoesarethe portrait
tion beyond his musicperformanceswith hisfrankpolit- SirJohnHawkwood[\^'i&andthe Biblical scenes The
ical activism.He metwithworld leaders, including Pope SacrificeofNoah, TheDrunkennessofNoah,and The
John Paul II,British PrimeMinisterTonyBlair,and Unit- Flood(a\\ 1447-1448).
ed States PresidentsBill Clintonand GeorgeW.Bush. Uccellowas born in Florence.Hisgivenandfamily
Bono,whose real name is Paul David Hewson,was namewas Paolo di Dono, buthewas nicknamed Uccel-
AnUccellopaintingshowstheartist'sfascinationwithpeiipectiveanddOhIi,satdeemcpeorraaptaiinvteingstoynlwe.ooTdhipasnel;UtfjziGallery,Florence,ItalyISCALA/ArtResource!
workisoneofthreescenesUccellopaintedtocommemorateFlorencesdefeatofSienain 1432.
Uganda 3
lo.Hewasfond ofbirds,and uccelloisan Italianword Factsinbrief
meaning bird.Little isknown ofhisearlylife. Duringthe Capital:Kampala.
late 1420's,Uccelloworked onthe mosaics inthe Basili- Officicdlanguage:English.
caofSaintMarkinVenice.Twofrescoesdatingfrom Area:93,065mi'(241,038km').
about1431 arethoughtto behisearliestsurviving Population:Estimated2002population—ll,\22JXX);density,249
works. VernonHydeMinor permi'(96perkm');distribution,85percentrural,15percent
UFO.See Unidentifiedflyingobject. urban. 755/ce/75U5-16,671,705.
Uganda,yooCANduhor ooGAHNdah,isathickly Chiceofttporn,odsuwcetest:pAogtraitcouels,tutreea.—Mbaiinnaiinn&gs—,ccoapsspaevra.,coffee,corn,
populated countryineast-centralAfrica.Uganda's peo- Nationalcinthem: Uganda.
ple belongtoseveral ethnicgroups.English isUganda's Flag:Awhite-crestedcraneIscenteredonhorizontalstripesof
official language, butthe people speakmanyAfrican black(forAfrica),yellow(sunshine),andred(brotherhood).
lanUgguaangedsa.hKaasmmpaaglnaifisicUegnatndscae'nsercyap,itianlclaunddinlgarsgneostw-city. MonSeeey:FlBaagsi(pcicf/t/u7r/er:—sFhliallgisngo.fOAfnreicah)u.ndredcentsequalone
shilling.
capped mountains,thicktropicalforests,semidesertar-
eas,and manylakes.PartofLakeVictoria,theworld's
second largestfreshwaterlake, lies inthecountry.Many ManyUgandans practicetraditionalAfrican religions.
wildanimals roamthevastnational parks. Butabouttwo-thirdsareChristians.Asmall minorityare
Foralmost70years,theUnited Kingdomgoverned Muslims.Morethan halfthe peoplecan readandwrite.
theterritoryastheUganda Protectorate.Ugandawon in- ForUganda's literacyrate,see Literacy(table:Literacy
dependence in 1962. rates).Makerere Universityisin Kampala.
Government,Apresident,who iselected bythepeo- Land.MostofUgandaisaplateau about4,000feet
ple,headsthegovernmentofUganda.The presidentap- (1,200meters)abovesealevel.Thickforestsgrowinthe
pointsaCabinet,which helpscarryouttheoperations south.Mostofthe north is savanna(grassland with low
ofgovernment.A276-memberParliamentmakesthe trees),butsome northeasternareasaresemidesert.
country's laws.Boththe presidentandthe membersof Highlandsrise neartheeastandwestborders. Inthe
Parliamentservefive-yearterms. east.MountElgontowers 14,178feet(4,321 meters).
People.MostUgandansareblackAfricans. Nearlyall MargheritaPeakrises 16,763feet(5,109meters)inthe
ofthemorethan20ethnicgroupshavetheirown lan- Ruwenzori Range inthesouthwest.TheGreatRiftValley
guage.Ugandahasno languagethatis understood by liesjusteastofthewestern highlandsand contains
everyone.TheGanda,alsocalledtheBaganda,arethe LakesAlbert,Edward,and George.Theheadwatersof
largestandwealthiestgroup.Theylive in centraland theWhite Niledrain Uganda(see NileRiver).
southern Uganda.Theirpoliticaland social organization Theequatorcrosses southernUganda.Butbecauseof
isoneofthe mosthighlydeveloped in centralAfrica. the highaltitude,temperaturesare mild.In mostareas,
Until 1967,theGandahadtheirown kabaka(king)and thetemperatureseldomgoesabove85°F(29°C)atmid-
Lukiko(parliament). day,orbelow60°F(16°C)atnight.MostofUgandare-
MostGandaarefarmers.Women do much ofthe ceivesover40inches(100centimeters)ofrainayear.
farmwork.TheGandalive in houseswithcorrugated Economy.Ugandaisanagricultural country.The
iron roofsandwallsofcement,cinderblock,ormud. chieffood cropsare bananas,beans,cassava,corn, mil-
LiketheGanda,threeotherethnicgroups in southern let,and sweetpotatoes.Coffee,cotton,sugarcane,and
Ugandahadtheirown kings until 1967.Mostofthepeo- teaare raised mostlyforexport.
plearefarmers.Butthe Karamojong inthe northeastand Thecountryhas rich depositsofmanyminerals,but
several otherethnicgroups inthedrierpartsofthe onlycopperis mined onalargescale.TheOwen Falls
north leadwandering livesas herders.Karamojong men DamatJinja,Uganda's main industrialtown, hasoneof
mattheirhairwithcolored clayin elaborate patterns. Africa's largesthydroelectric powerstations.Copperore
©LeonardLeeRueIII
Kampala,thecapitalofUgan-
da,Isalsothecountryschief
commercialcenterAgovern-
mentbuildingIsshownhere.
4 Uganda
Uganda tesaII,the kabakaofBuganda,was elected president.
Butserious differencesarose betweenthe kabakaand
Obote. In 1966,Obotedismissed Mutesaand an-
nouncedanewconstitutionthatmade Obote president.
Mutesafled when governmenttroopsattacked his pal-
ace.Anotherconstitutionwasadopted in 1967. Itmade
Ugandaarepublicand abolishedthecountry'stradition-
al kingdoms, including Buganda.
In 1967,Uganda, Kenya,andTanzaniaformedthe East
African Communityto promotetradeamongthethree
nations. Butstrained relationsamongthethreecaused
theorganizationtofall apartin 1977.
The UgandaArmyoverthrewObote in 1971 and set
upamilitarygovernment. MajorGeneral IdiAmin Dada,
commanderofthecountry'sarmedforces, headedthe
newgovernmentas president.
In 1972,Amin ordered an estimated40,000to 50,000
Asianswho had been living in Ugandato leavethe
country.ManyAsians had notbecome Ugandan citi-
zens, buttheyowned numerous businesses inthecoun-
try.Amin ruled Ugandaasadictator.Manythousands of
Ugandanswho disagreed withAmin's policieswere
killed,athis orderorbyhis supporters.
In 1978,aborderdispute ledtofighting between
UgandaandTanzania. In 1979,Tanzaniantroops,aided
byUgandanswhoopposedAmin,defeated Uganda's
armyand overthrewAmin's government.The Ugandans
who opposedAmintookcontrol ofthegovernment. In
December1980,electionsforanewcivilian government
were held.Obote,who had been living in exile,returned
to Uganda. His political partywonthe mostseats inthe
NationalAssembly,and he became presidentagain.Op-
400Kilometers ponents ofObotecharged his supporterswith election
WORLDBOOKmaps fraudand began aguerrillawarto oustObote.
InJuly1985, militaryleadersoverthrewObote.They
goesfromthe minesatKilembe, nearKasese,toasmelt- dissolvedthe NationalAssemblyandtookcontrol ofthe
eratJinja,andthento Kampalaand Mombasa,a portin government.GeneralTito Okello became president. But
Kenya.Cargoand passengershipsoperateon LakesAl- the National ResistanceMovement(NRM), led byYoweri
bert,Kyoga,andVictoria,and ontheAlbertNile.Ugan- Museveni, beganamilitarycampaignto overthrow
dahasabout3,800miles(6,120kilometers)ofroads. Okello.NRMtroopscaptured KampalainJanuary1986.
History.ByA.D. TOO,the people in parts ofwhatis Museveni became president. In March,all activitiesof
nowUgandahad developed agricultureandthe useof political partiesweresuspended. Bytheend of1986,
iron.Later,theyorganizedaform ofgovernmenthead- Museveni had restored peaceto mostofUganda.How-
ed bychiefs.Several local kingdomsdeveloped after ever,fighting between governmentforcesand rebel
1300.The mostimportantwas Bunyoro-Kitara. groups continued in someareasofthecountry,espe-
Arabtraderscametotheareaabout1850. Bythat ciallythe north. In 1995, Ugandaadopted anewconstitu-
time,theCandahadformeda rich and powerful king- tion.Electionsforapresidentand anewParliament
dom,called Buganda.This kingdom hadalargearmy were held in 1996.Museveniwaselected president. He
and a highlydeveloped system ofgovernment. British was reelected in2001.
explorersand missionariesarrived in Ugandaduringthe Inthe 1990's,anumberofcults sprang up in Uganda.
1860'sand 1870's.The United Kingdom made Bugandaa In March 2000, hundredsofmembersofacultcalled
British protectorate in 1894.Bugandathen helpedthe theMovementforthe Restoration oftheTen Command-
United Kingdom conquernearbyterritory. mentsofGod died inachurchfire in southwestern
Ugandaattained its presentboundaries in 1926.Cash Uganda. Policedeterminedthatthefire had been setin-
crops,suchascoffeeand cotton,becamethe basisfor tentionally.Theyalso discovered hundreds ofother
itseconomy.AfterWorld WarII (1939-1945),Africans be- bodiesofcultmembers in massgraves.
came increasinglyimportantin governing Uganda.A In 1999,Uganda, Kenya,andTanzaniasigned atreaty
movementforindependence causedtrouble inthe to reestablishthe EastAfrican Community.The commu-
1950's betweenthe kabakaofBugandaandthe British. nity,whichaimsto promoteeconomicand political co-
MilOtnonOcOtb.o9t,e1,9a62m,eUmgbaenrdaofbeacnaomrteheirnndeeptehnndiecngtr.oAuppo,lbleo- opeRrealtaitoend,awrtaisclefsorimnaWlolyrlldaBuonockheidncliunde2:001. Johna.Rowe
came prime minister.Bugandagotspecial powersand AminDada,Id! LakeAlbert NileRiver
was more independentofthecentra! governmentthan Ganda LakeEdward Obote,ApolloM.
theotherkingdoms. In October1963, SirEdward Mu- Kampala LakeVictoria