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II Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 http://www.archive.org/details/1990worldbookencyclo17worl • S-Sn Volune17 The World Book Encyclopedia World Book, Inc. aScotlFetzercompany Chicago London Sydney Toronto The World Book Encyclopedia Copyright© 1990,U.S.A. by WorldBook,Inc. Allrightsreserved.Thisvolumemaynotbereproducedinwhileor inpartinanyformwithoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublis.ers. "WorldBook"Reg.U.S.Pat.Off.MarcaRegistrada Copyright©1989,1988,1987,1986,1985,1984,1983byWeldBook,Inc. CopyrightC 1982,1981,1980,1979,1978byWorldBook-OildcraftInternational,Inc. CopyrightB1977,1976,1975,1974,1973,1972,1971,1970,1969,1968,1967,1966,1965, 1964,1963,1962,1961,1960,1959,1958,1957byFieldEnteprisesEducationalCorporation. Copyrighte1957,1956,1955,1954,1953,1952,1951,1950.1949,1948byFieldEnterprises,Inc. Copyright1948,1947,1946,1945,1944,1943,1942,1941,1940,1939,1938byTheQuarrieCorporation. Copyright1937,1936,1935,1934,1933,1931,1930,1929byW.F.Quarrie&Company. 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PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica ISBN0-7166-0090-0 LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber89-51290 S 1 Sisthe 19thletterinouralphabet.Itwasalsoaletterin beringrammartextbooksand indictionaries.Itisalso thealphabetoftheancientSemites,whooncelived in usedasanabbreviationforsizeinadvertisementsand Syriaand Palestine.Theycalledthelettershin, meaning catalogues. tooth.ThePhoenicianstookovertheSemiticletterand Pronunciation.5hastwocommonsoundsin Eng- gaveitamoreregularshape,andtheGreeksturnedit lish.Itcanhaveahissingsound,asinsat.Aperson pro- onitsside.SeeAlphabet. ducesthissound byforcingthebreaththroughthe Uses.5or5isabouttheeighth mostfrequentlyused open lipswiththetonguebelowthelowerteethridge letterin books,newspapers,andotherprinted material andthevocalcordsrelaxed.5canbepronouncedasz inEnglish.Whenusedonareportcard,5maymeansu- inthemiddleorattheend ofaword(season,has).This periororsatisfactory.Asageographicabbreviation,it sound isproduced in muchthesameway,butwiththe standsforsouthorsouthern.Asanabbreviation intitles, vocalcordsvibrating.Insuchwordsasaisleordebris, 5oftenmeanssociety,state,orschool. Inmusic,sis the5issilent.Shasthesamesoundsin French,German, usedasanabbreviationforsopranoorsolo. Itstandsfor and mostotherEuropean languagesthatithasinEng- theelementsulfurinchemistry,andforsingularnum- lish.SeePronunciation. MarianneCooley DevelopmentoftheletterS TThhee;smalllettersdevelopedduringtheA.D.500sfrom RRoommeanwriting.Bythe1500s,theletterhadtheformthat ^=> isusedtoday. TheancientEgyptiansdrewthissym- s bolofatuskabout3000B.C -f S A.D.500 1500 Today \y^*~\^ TheSemites,about1500B.C,devel- opedalettertheycalledshin,whichwas P| theirwordfortooth. w SpecialwaysofexpressingtheletterS ThePhoenicianssquaredofftheletter about1000B.C International Braille I MorseCode TheCreeks,about600B.C,turnedthe letteronitssideandcalleditsigma. s TheRomansgavetheletterSitscapital formaboutA.D.114. International SemaphoreCode SignLanguage Flag Code Alphabet CommonformsoftheletterS L Ss J^ Ss Ss Ss Ss Handwrittenlettersvary Romanlettershavesmall Sans-seriflettersarealso Computerlettershavespe- frompersontoperson.Manu- finishingstrokescalledserifs calledgothicletters.They cialshapes.Computerscan script(printedlletters,left, thatextendfromthemain havenoserifs.Thetypeface read theseletterseitheropti- havesimplecurvesand strokes.Thetypefaceshown shownaboveiscalledFutura. callyorbymeansofthemag- straightlines.Cursiveletters, aboveisBaskerville.Theitalic TheitalicformofFuturaap- neticinkwithwhichthelet- right,haveflowinglines. formappearsattheright. pearsattheright. tersmaybeprinted. Saadi Saadi,sahD£FU213?-1292),wasafamousPersianau- 19»8,hisdesignofagiantstainlesssteelarchwona thorwhowrotemanyworksin bothproseandpoetry. competitionforamemorialinSt.Louis.Saarinenwas Hisbest-knownworkistheGolestan(RoseGarden!,a mostnotedforhisdaringuseofform.Hebecamefa- collectionofshortprosetaleswithmoralizingversesat- mousforhisboxlikesteel-framebuildingsfortheGen- tached.Saadi'swritingsarecharacterizedbyaclearand eralMotorsTechnicalCenter(1955)inWarren,Mich. modeststyle,andbythetoleranceand humanityoftheir HisKresgeAuditorium(1955)attheMassachusettsInsti- sentiments.Theclarityand high moralqualityofhis tuteofTechnology(M.I.T.)isaconcretedomewithonly workhavemadehimperhapsthemostpopularofall threepointsofsupport.HisM.I.T.chapel(1955)isasmall Persianwriters. brickcylinder.Saarinen'sTransWorldAirlinesTerminal SaadiwasborninShiraz.Helivedinpoliticallyunsta- (19621atKennedyInternationalAirportinNewYorkCity bletimesandspentmuchofhislifemovingfromplace useswinglikeforms.HisDullesInternationalAirport toplaceandpatrontopatron. DickDavis (1962)nearWashington,D.C,isnotedforitspassenger Saar,zahrorsahr, isastateinWestGermanyonthe lounges,whichcanbedriventotheairplane.Seealso Franco-Germanborder(seeGermany(politicalmap]!. Architecture(picture:Anairlineterminal);Furniture TheSaarcovers994squaremiles(2,574squarekilome- IRecentdevelopments;picture);Interiordecoration ters)and hasapopulationof1,051,600.Itisnamedafter (picture:Formininteriordesign);SaintLouis(picture: theSaarRiver,whichflowsthroughthearea.Theregion DowntownSt.Louis). StanfordAnderson isalsocalledtheSaarTerritory,ortheSaarBasin.The SabbathistherestdayoftheJews.ItcomesonSatur- GermannamefortheSaarisSaarland.TheSaarisvalu- day,theseventhdayoftheweek.Today,Christiansalso ableforitsmanycoal minesandsteel plants.Itscapital usethewordSabbathfortheirSunday. isSaarbrucken. In Biblicaltimes,theSabbathwasajoyous,holyday. BeforeWorldWarI,theSaarbelongedtoGermany. Peoplestoppedworking,visitedtheTemple,andof- Afterthewar,FrancewantedtoannextheSaarinpay- feredextrasacrifices.OneoftheTenCommandments mentforwardamages.TheTreatyofVersaillesgave (Exod.20:8-11)requiresrestingontheSabbath. FrancetheuseoftheSaarcoal minesfor15yearsin JewstookobservanceoftheSabbathseriously.They paymentforFrenchlosses.TheLeagueofNationsgov- suffered manylossesandinsultsratherthan breakthe ernedtheSaarduringtheFrenchoccupation.Thegov- Sabbathlaws.IntheOralLaw,39kindsoflaborwere erningbodyincludedoneFrenchcitizen,oneGerman, forbidden.Theseincludedtheproceduresrelatedto andthreepeopleofothernationalities.Germanypro- growing,preparing,and cookingfood;weavingand tested,andin 1930theLeagueorderedanendtotheal- makingclothes;slaughteringanimalsand preparing liedcontrol.Mostoftheregion'speoplewereGermans, hides;writing;building;carryingthingsfromoneloca- andtheyvoted in 1935tobecomepartofGermany. tiontoanother;and lightingfires. AsaresultofGermany'sdefeatinWorldWarII, ManyJewsstill keepstrictSabbath regulations.Their FranceoccupiedtheSaarin 1945.Francedirectedthe SabbathlastsfromsunsetFridayevening untilnightfall region'sdefenseandforeignrelationsandcontrolled its Saturday,atthetimewhenitiscalculatedthatthree heavyindustries.TheSaaralsojoinedinacustomsand starscould beseen intheeveningsky.Christianshave currencyunionwithFrance.TheSaarwasallowed par- generallyadoptedSundayastheSabbathbecausethey tialself-governmentin 1947.InOctober1955,thepeople believethatJesusChristrosefromthedeadonSunday votedagainsttransferringtheresponsibilitiesofdefense (seeSunday).ButtheSeventh-dayAdventists,aChristian andforeign relationsfromFrancetotheWesternEuro- denomination,observeSaturdayastheSabbath. peanUnion.OnDec.18,1955,theyelectedaparliament B.BarryLevy pledgedtounitetheSaarwithWestGermany.Byagree- SeealsoJudaismITheSabbath). mentbetweenFranceandWestGermany,thisunionoc- Saber-toothedcat,alsocalledsaber-toothedtiger, curredOnJan.1, 1957. |ohnW.Boyer wasacatlikeprehistoricanimal.Itwasoneofmanycat- Saarinen,SAHRuh \eh\,isthefamilynameoftwofa- likespeciesthathadenlargedcanineteeth(long, mousarchitects,fatherandson.Bothwereborn inFin- pointedteethnearthefrontofthemouth).Theteeth landand movedtotheUnitedStatesin 1923. wereshaped likesabers(curvedswords),andwere ElielSaarinen,EHiyeh/i1873-19501,wasborninRan- tasalmi,nearVarkaus.Hebecameinternationallyfamous fortheboldandsimplifiedtraditionaldesignofhisHel- sinki railroadstation(1914).Healsogainedrecognition forhisentryin1922inacompetitiontoselectadesign fortheChicagoTribuneTower.In 1925,Saarinenbegan designingthebuildingsfortheCranbrookEducational CenterinBloomfield Hills,Mich.Hetaughttherefrom 1929untilhisdeathandwaspresidentoftheCranbrook AcademyofArtfrom 1932to1948. From 1936untilhisdeath,Saarinenworkedwithhis son,Eero.ButElielischieflycreditedwithtwooftheir finestworks- theTabernacleChurchofChrist1194-1'in Columbus,Ind.,andtheChristLutheranChurchH949)in Minneapolis. EeroSaarinen,AYroh(1910-1961),wasbornin Thesaber-toothePdainctiantg,bvaChparrieehsiRstKmoqrhitcaAnniimenatla,nMhuasdeutmwootNaltournagl,History Kyrkslatt(alsoknownasKirkkonummi),nearHelsinki.In fangliketeeththathelpeditcatchandeatitsprey. Sabotage 3 about8inches(20centimeters!long.Thefirstsaber- toothedcatslivedabout40millionyearsago.Theybe- cameextinctabout 10,000yearsago.Fossilshavebeen found inAfrica,Europe,and Northand SouthAmerica. Thecatswereprobablyasheavyastoday'stigers.They probablyatethick-skinnedanimals,includingelephants, mastodons,andgroundsloths. Scientificclassification.Somespeciesofsaber-toothed catsbelongtothecatfamily,Felidae.OthersbelongtoNimravi- dae,anextinctfamily.ThebestknownAmericanspeciesis Smilodoncalifornicus. MichaelRVoorhies Scaanbimne,diScaAlYrbeishena,rAchlebre,rdtevBerluocpeed(t19h0e6-oral po),lainoAvamce-ri- ThesableisarareanimalthatisnWaOtRiLvDeBtOoOSKiiblelursitraat.ionSbayb|loehnsDarDaewson cine.TheSabinvaccineconsistsofweakenedformsof bredandraisedonsablefarmsfortheirluxuriousfur. thevirusesthatcausepolio.Itprotectsthebodyagainst poliowithoutcausingthedisease. grayish-yellowpatchonthethroat.Itscoatdoesnot PhysiciansintheUnitedStatesbegantousethevac- changetowhiteinwinter,asdothoseofsomeanimals. cinein 1961,theyearafterSabindevelopedit.Previ- Furriersmakeitintoexpensiveclothing(seeFur). ously,vaccinationsagainstpoliohadtobegivenbyin- Becauseofthedemandforthefur,trappershave jection.TheSabinvaccineiseasiertogivethanthe killedofftheanimalsinthewesternand southwestern earliervaccine,developed byJonasE.Salkin 1954,and portionsoftheRussianrange.Sablesarerarealmost itseffectslastlonger.Thewidespread useofbothtypes everywhere.TheSovietUnionhasclosedthetrapping ofvaccineshad nearlyeliminatedpolioinmanyregions seasonseveraltimes,and hasexperimentedsuccess- oftheworld.Sabinalsodevelopedvaccinesagainst fullywithraising sables. othervirusdiseases,includingencephalitisanddengue. Scientificclassification.Thesablebelongstothefamily Inaddition,hehasinvestigatedpossiblelinksbetween Mustelidae.ItisManeszibellina. GaryA.Heidt virusesandsomeformsofcancer. Sable,JeanBaptistePointdu.SeeDuSable,Jean Sabinwasbornin Bialystok,Poland.Hisfamilysettled BaptistePoint. intheUnitedStatesin 1921,and hegraduatedfromthe SableIslandisasmall islandintheAtlanticOcean, NewYorkUniversityCollegeofMedicinein 1931.Sabin about95miles(150kilometers)fromthecoastofNova hasservedonthestaffsofmanymedical institutions,in- Scotia.ItliesneartheNorthAtlanticshippinglanebe- cludingtheUniversityofCincinnatiCollegeofMedicine tweenNorthAmericaand Europe.Theisland isadan- andtheMedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina.Hehasre- geroushazardtonavigation.Ithasbeenthesiteofmany ceivedmanyawardsforhisresearch. |ohnf.Henahan shipwrecks.Thus,sailorshavecalled itthegraveyardof SeealsoPoliomyelitis. theAtlantic. Lighthouses Sabin,SAYbihn,FlorenceRena,REEnuh(1871- wereaddedtotheisland 1953),wasanAmericanscientist.BorninCentralCity, asasafetyprecautionbe- Canada Colo.,shestudiedandtaughtatJohnsHopkinsUniver- ginningin 1873.Today, sitySchoolofMedicine.From 1925until 1938she radarandotheraidspre- workedattheRockefellerInstituteforMedical Research ventmostaccidents. (nowRockefellerUniversity).Afterretirement,shebe- SableIsland isabout24 camefamousforpublichealthwork.Herstatuerepre- miles(38kilometers)long sentsColoradointheU.S.Capitol'sStatuaryHall. and 1 mile(1.6kilometers) Sabines,SAYbynz,weremembersofanancientItal- wide.Itconsistsoflow iantribe.TheSabineslived northeastofRome,andwere sanddunes,and issur- amongtheancestorsoftheRomans.TheSabinesarefa- rounded byshoals(sand NortOhceAtalnantic mousforalegendtoldaboutthem.Accordingtothe bars).ThenameSablede- legend,nowomen lived inRomewhenRomulus rivesfromaFrenchword WORLDBOOKma foundedthecity.Romulusaskedneighboringcitiesto meaningsand.Theisland's LocationofSableIsland allowRomanstochoosewivesfromamongtheir sizeand shapearecon- women.Whenthecitiesrefused,Romulusinvitedallthe stantlychanged bywindandwatererosion.Sable Island surrounding peopletoattendagreatfestival.Duringthe ispartlycovered bygrassandscrub,andsoitsupports festivalgames,theRomanscarriedoffyoungSabine alargenumberofbirdsand oceanmammals.Itisalso womenbyforce.TheSabineswenttowarwiththeRo- thehomeofaherdofwild horses.Theanimalsarede- mans,butthewomen persuadedthetwotribestostop scendantsofhorsesbroughtbypeoplewhofailed inan fightingand uniteasonenation. Herbertm.Howe attemptedsettlementinthe 1700s.Today,theonlypeo- Sable,SAYbuhl, isasmallanimalintheweaselfamily. plewholiveontheislandarethestaffofaweathersta- Ithasthemostvaluablepeltofallweasels.Sablesrange tionrunbytheCanadiangovernment.Underseadepos- fromeasternRussiaacrossSiberiaandMongoliato itsofoiland naturalgashavebeenfound intheshallow Hokkaido,in northernJapan.Theyarecloselyrelatedto watersaroundSableIsland. da.Sutherland NorthAmericanpinemartens,alsocalledAmericansa- Sabotage,SABuhtahzh,isanymeansofdeliberately bles(seeMarten).Thesableisabout20inches(51 centi- wastingordamagingthetools,machinery,orproduc- meters)long,includingits5-inch(13-centimeter)tail.Its tionofanemployerorgovernment.Thewordorigi- furrangesfromdarkbrowntoalmostblack,witha nated inthe 1800swhenFrenchworkerswouldthrow 4 Sabre theirsabots(woodenshoes)intomachinestohaltpro- pelk,andamountainpassnamedafterher.Monuments duction.InSpain,France,and Italy,sabotagewasused and memorialstoherstandatPortland,Ore.,Three bythesyndicalists, membersofanarchisttradeunions. Forks,Mont.,Bismarck,N.Dak.,Lewiston,Ida.,andnear Inwartime,sabotagebytrainedagentscalledsabo- Dillon,Mont. WilliamHGilbert teursisameansofdamagingwarproductionandcom- SeealsoLewisandClarkexpedition. municationsinenemycountries.Enemyattemptsatsab- Additionalresources otageagainsttheUnitedStateshavenevercaused impSoirntcaentWodralmdaWgeartoIIUe.Sn.dweadrineff1o9r4t5s,.anumberofcoun- CBluarartnk,,dOElClillvaaerEk.W,E.axnpSedadciEatdjiamownoe.nadU.sniW.va.tMtaosrf,gCo1at9l.7i8fS.oraFncoiaragyParoweuesnsa,geo1fr97tr9he.eadLeerwsi.s trieshaveusedsabotageincovert(secret)warstointim- idateoroverthrowothergovernments.Suchsabotage Saccharides,SAKuhrydz,arecarbohydrates—oneof sometimesbeginsasanextensionofintelligenceactivi- thethreemainclassesoffood.Fatsandproteinsform tiesbetweenhostilestatesthatareformallyatpeace theothertwoclasses.Saccharidesareclassifiedaccord- (seeIntelligenceService). EdwinBrownFirmage ingtotheirchemicalstructure.Monosaccharides,which SeealsoFifthcolumn. havethesimpleststructure,includeglucose,asugar Sabre.SeeFencing. found intheblood.Monosaccharides,unlikeothersac- SAC.SeeStrategicAirCommand. charides,cannotbebrokendownintosimplercarbohy- SacIndians.SeeSaukIndians. dratesbytreatmentwithdiluteacidsorbytheactionof Sacagawea,sakuhjuh WEEuh(1787P-1812?),wasthe certainenzymes.Disaccharides,suchassucrose(table interpreterfortheLewisandClarkexpeditiontothePa- sugar),consistoftwomonosaccharidemoleculeslinked cificOceanin 1804and 1805.Sacagawea'snamemeans byanoxygenatom.Polysaccharides,suchasstarchand BirdWoman. ItisalsospelledSacajaweaorSakakawea. cellulose,mayconsistofthousandsoflinked monosac- ShewasbornamongtheShoshone,orSnake,Indiansof charides.Foradiagramofsaccharidemolecules,see Idaho.EnemyIndianscapturedher,andsold herasa Carbohydrate.SeealsoStarch. Dorothym.Feigi slavetoaFrench-Canadiantrader,ToussaintCharbon- Saccharin,SAKuhrihn, isasyntheticsweetener.Itis neau.CharbonneauandSacagaweajoinedtheLewis madefromtolueneand petroleum.Itisabout300times andClarkexpeditionasitpassed uptheMissouriRiver. assweetastablesugarbuthasnocarbohydratesandno WhilecrossingtheContinental Divide,thegroupmet foodvalue.Saccharinalsohasabitteraftertaste. relativesofSacagaweaamongtheShoshone.Shewas Saccharin hasbeenwidelyused in placeofsugarby abletogetfoodandhorsesthatthetravelersneededfor peopledietingtoloseweightandbypeoplewithdiabe- theirjourneytothePacificOceanand back. tes.Itismadeintheformoftinytabletsorasapowder ManydetailsofSacagawea'sliferemainunknown. oraliquid.Manufacturersusesaccharininsuch prod- OneaccountsaysshediedontheMissouri Riverin uctsaslow-caloriesoftdrinks,sugarlesschewinggum, 1812.OtherscontendSacagaweadiedandwasburied jams,jellies,puddings,and saladdressings.In 1977,the ontheWind RiverReservationinWyomingin 1884. U.S.Foodand DrugAdministration(FDA)movedtoban CaptainClark'sjournalof1825-1828listsherasdead. theuseofsaccharin in preparedfoods,aftertestsindi- Sacagaweahasbeenhonored byhavingariver,a catedthatitcouldcausebladdercancerinmalerats.But theU.S.Congressblockedthismove.In 1978,theFDA orderedmanufacturerstoincludeahealthwarningon allpackagesoffoodthatcontainsaccharin.Canada bannedtheuseofsaccharin inpreparedfoodsin 1977. Butmorethan80othercountriesapproveitsuse. Saccharinwasdiscoveredin 1879byConstantinFahl- berg,achemistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Ithasbeen soldcommerciallysinceabout1900.Itschemicalfor- mulaisC6H4S02NHCO. laneAnnRaymondBowers SeealsoArtificialsweetener. Sacco-Vanzetticase,SAKohvanZEHTee,wasa controversialmurdertrial held inMassachusettsin 1921. ThedefendantsweretwoItalianimmigrants,Nicola Sacco,ashoemaker,and BartolomeoVanzetti,afish peddler.Theywerebothexecuted. Thecase,whichattractedworldwideattention,began aftertwocustodiansofashoecompanypayrollwere robbedand murderedinSouth Braintree,Mass.,in 1920.SaccoandVanzettiwerearrestedandcharged withthecrime.Bothwerecarrying pistolswhenthey werearrested,andSacco'sgunwasofthesamecaliber asthatusedtokilloneofthemurdervictims.Bothde- fendantsalsostronglysupportedapolitical philosophy knownasanarchism,whichcalledfortheoverthrowof SacagaweawasaguideandinterpreterfortheLewisandClark allsystemsofgovernment(seeAnarchism).Saccoand expeditionacrossWesternlandstothePacific.Shehelpedthe Vanzettiwereconvictedandsentencedtodie.After partyobtaintoodandhorsesfromherShoshonerelatives. passingsentence,JudgeWebsterThayerindicatedthat