The World Book Encyclopedia - M

1000 Pages·1986·145.284 MB·English

"^ ::•;,: •:-^^
.•Sixl^l:'. .BAi2-U..J»S3S«SHb:^j3u^
W^
^^- -^ I
^A
r
^01
imx
1^
;"Nl >MBeE>oifc^.i ii-'+r'-inrA-^-.-'-'r--// ?>::'
?r;;r:3:a 'T WVT'W' xrvmrMii^mBf*-

Digitized by the Internet Archive
2009
in
http://www.archive.org/details/worldbookencyclo13chic
The
World Book
Encyclopedia
M
Volume 13
World Book, Inc.
aSconFetzercompany
Chicago London Sydney Toronto
The World Book Encyclopedia
Copyright® 1986, U.S.A.
by
WorldBook, Inc.
Allrightsreserved. Thisvolumemaynotbereproducedinwholeor
inpaninanyformwithoutwrittenpermissionIromthepublishers.
"WorldBook"Reg.U.S.Pal Off l^arcaRegislrada
Copyright® 1985.1984.1983byWorldBook,Inc.
Copyright s 1982. 1981. 1980. 1979. 1978byWorldBook-ChildcraftInternational.Inc
Copynghl c 1977. 1976. 1975. 1974, 1973, 1972, 1971. 1970. 1969. 1968, 1967. 1966.1965.
1964, 1963.1962. 1961, 1960,1959. 1958, 1957byFieldEnterprisesEducationalCorporation.
Copyrigtit c 1957, 1956. 1955. 1954. 1953. 1952. 1951. 1950. 1949. 1948byFieldEnterprises.Inc
Copyright1948. 1947. 1946. 1945. 1944. 1943. 1942, 1941. 1940. 1939. 1938byTheQuarrieCorporation.
Copyright 1937. 1936,1935. 1934. 1933,1931, 1930. 1929byW F Quarrie&Company
TheWorldBook,Copyright 1928, 1927. 1926, 1925, 1923, 1922. 1921, 1919,1918, 1917byW F Quarrie*Company.
Copyrightsrenewed1985, 1984, 1983byWorldBook.Inc
CCooppyyrriigghhttssrreenneewweedd11997872,, 11997861,,11997850., 11997794,, 11997738,b1y97W2o,rl1d97B1o,ok1-9C7h0i,ld1c9r6a9f.t1I9n6te8r,na1t9i6o7na,l,Inc.
1966. 1965. 1964, 1963, 1962, 1961, 1960, 1958byFieldEnterprisesEducationalCorporation
Copyrightsrenewed 1957. 1956. 1955. 1954. 1953, 1952. 1950byFieldEnterprises.Inc.
InternationalCopynght c 1986. 1985. 1984. 1983byWorldBook.Inc
InternationalCopyright c 1983. 1981. 1980. 1979. 1978byWorldBook-ChildcraftInternational. Inc
InternationalCopyright c 1977. 1976. 1975. 1974. 1973. 1972. 1971. 1970. 1969. 1968. 1967 1966.
1965. 1964. 1963. 1962. 1961. 1960. 1959. 1958. 1957byFieldEnterprisesEducationalCorporation
InternationalCopynght c 1957. 1956. 1955. 1954. 1953. 1952. 1951. 1950. 1949. 1948byFieldEnlerpnses.Inc.
InternationalCopyright 1948. 1947byTheQuarrieCorporation.
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmenca
ISBN0-71660086-2
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber85-50779
Mm
M M
is the 13th letter ofour alphabet. It was also the the mark, the basic unit oftheir money. In French,
13th letter in the alphabet used by the Semites, who stands formonsieur, equal to ourmister. It is the seventh
once lived in Syria and Palestine. They named it mem, letterofthe Hawaiian alphabet.
their word for water, and adapted an Egyptian hiero- Pronunciation. In English,a personpronouncesmby
glyphic, or picture symbol, for water. The Greeks called closing both lips and making the sound through the
itmu. SeeMAlph.\bet. nose. Double m usually has the same sound, as in
Uses. orm ranks as the 14th most frequently used stammer. But there are some words, like immobile, in
letter in books, newspapers, and other printed material which each m is often pronounced. These words come
in English. It standsformileormeterinmeasurementsof froma Latin prefixending inm and a Latinstembegin-
dMistance. In chemistry, m is the short form for metal. ning with m. The letter has almost exactly the same
Minthe Romannumeralsystemstandsfor 1,000,while soundin French,German, Italian, andSpanishasit has
stands for 1,000,000. A/ is also the abbreviation in English. The Romans also gave it the same sound.
for Master in college degrees, and m stMands for milli, The Portuguese nasalize the sound when it follows a
as in millimeter. In Germany, people use to stand for vowel. See Pronunciation. Marian.veCoolev
Development oTtnelelter M The Small
/i^'\y\y^< The Ancient Egyptians, about 3000
B.C., drew this symbol ofwaves ofwater.
The Semites adapted theEgyptiansym-
_y\y\^ bolabout 1500B.C.Theynomedtheletter
mem, which was their word for wafer.
The Phoenicians changed the Semitic
letter about 1000 B.C.
M
The Greelcs addedthelettermu totheir
alphabet about 600 B.C.
MThe
M itsRcoapmiatnals,ssi,haapbeo.ut A.D. 114, gave the
Common Forms ofthe LetterMM m Mm
Mm%^
Handwritten Letters vary Roman Letters hove small
from person to person. Manu- finishing strokes colled serifs
script (printed) letters, left, that extend from the main
havesimplecurvesandstraight strokes. The type foce shown
lines. Cursive letters, right, above is Baskerville. The italic
hoveflowinglines. formappearsat theright.
.
M14, M16 Scientific Classification. The macadamia tree belongs
to the protea family, Proleaceae. It is genus Macadamia,
M14, M16. See R\t's (Kinds;picture). species.V/. integri/olia. HenryV.Nakasone
MA YUAN, .\fAL> yoo ehn, was the must famous MACAO, muh KOIV, also spelled Macau, is a Portu-
mloewmbpaeirntoefraHnsi;hioniCu-.'ii,iMfaamiYlyuaonfppariontdeurcse.dWsiotmhehoisftfehle- gsiusetsseoftetrhreitcoirtyyoonftMhaecasoou,thwehaistchcooacsctupoifeCshianpae.niIntscuolan,-
greatest landscip paintings in ink during the early andthreesmallislands.Theterritoryhasapopulationof
1200's in the Southern Sung period in China. 302,000andcoversabout6squaremiles(16squarekilo-
Ma Yuan's typical compositions are severely simple, meters). It lies at the mouth ofthe Chu Chiang (Pearl
with a framework ofstrong diagonal lines usually de- River), about 40 miles (64 kilometers) west of Hong
veloped in one corner. His foregrounds may contain a Kong. Forlocation, see .'^si.\ (political map).
few boldly silhouetted forms—rocks, a mountain path, SomeareasofMacaohaveold, pastel<oloredhouses
adramaticallyangularpinetree. Therest ofthesceneb that line cobblestone streets. Other sections include
largely mist, through which river banks or silhouetted modern high-risehotelsandapartmentbuildings. More
faraway peakscan beseen. than 90 percent ofthe peopleare Chinese, and most of
MaYuanwasborn in Ho-Chung in Shansiprovince. therest are Portuguese. Macao's economy is based on
His birthanddeathdatesareunknown. .AlexanderSoper tourism and light industry, chiefly the manufacture of
MAASRIVER. See MeuseRiver. fireworks and textiles. Gambling casinos in Macao at-
MAAZEL, muh Z^HL, LORIN, LAWR ihn, (1930- tract many tourists, mainlyfrom Hong Kong.
),isanAmericanconductor. HewasthefirstAmer- A governor appointed by the president of Portugal
ican toserve asdirectorofthe Vienna State Opera. He heads Macao's government. A legislative assembly of
held that position from 1982 to 1984. In 1960, Maazel appointedandelectedmembersmakeslawsfortheterri-
became the first American to conduct at the famous tory. But in practice, China dominates Macao's politi-
Bayreuth Festivalin WestGermany. Maazelwasmusic cal life. The Chinesegovernment mayvetoanygovern-
director ofthe Cleveland Orchestra from 1972 to 1982 ment policiesorlawsconcerning the territory.
and hasconductedorchestras throughout theworld. The Portuguese established a permanent settlement
Maazel was born to American parents in Neuilly, in Macao in 1557. China has allowed them to remain
near Paris, France. By the age of 8, he had begun to becauseMacaocontributestoChina'seconomy. Macao
study violin, piano, and conducting. He was a child buysalmost all itsfood anddrinkingwaterfromChina.
prodigy,conductingtheNational Music CampOrches- These purchases provide China with foreign currency,
tra at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Maazel had which it uses in international trade. Donaldw Kleiv
conductedseveralmajorAmericanorchestrasbytheage MACAQUE, muh KAHK, is the name of several
of15. Hejoined the Pittsburgh SymphonyOrchestraas species of large, powerful monkeys. Some macaques
aviolinist in 1948, andserved as itsapprenticeconduc- weighmorethan30pounds(14kilograms). Mostlivein
tor from 1949 to 1951 LlonardW.\asCamp warm areas ofsouthern .^sia. One species, the Barbary
MAC,Mc. Biographiesofpersonswhosenamesbegin ape, lives in northern Africa (sec Barbary Ape). An-
with Mac, such as MacDonald, are listed alphabetically other, the Japanese ma-
under Mac. Names which begin with Mc, such as caque, lives as far north as
McKinley, are listed alphabetically under Mc, following Honshu Island, where
all namesbeginningwith Ma and Mb. snow falls in winter.
MACADAM. Sec Road (Paving). Most macaques have
MACADAMIA NUT, aha: uh DAYmee uh, isa large, gray or brown fur, with
roundseedthatgrowsonthemacadamiatree,atropical pinkorredskinontheface
Australianevergreen. Mac- andrump. Somehavelong
adamia trees were brought tails, others have short
toHawaiiinthe1800's,and tails, or no tails at all.
todaythenutsareanimpor- Males have long, sharp
tant crop there. In the late teeth which they use in
1970's, Hawaii's annual fighting. Strong males rule
macadamia nutcrop hada most groupsofmacaques.
valueofabout87^million. Many macaques live The Japanese Macaque is
Macadamia nuts have a both in trees and on the often used for scientific re-
hard, smooth shell that is ground. Most species eat searchbecauseofitsobilityto
cracked by a special ma- fruits, grains, insects, and learnquickly.
chine. The white kernels vegetables, but the
arc roasted in oil. The crab-eating monkeyeatscrabsand clams.
roasted nuts, which taste The rhesus monkey, a macaque of India, is used in
somewhat like Brazil nuts, medicalresearchandmaybeseenonmany"monkeyis-
arc salted and canned. lands" in zoos. People of Malaysia train the pigtailed
They also may be used in TheMacadamiaNut macaque to pick coconuts from trees. .\\. least one spe-
cakes, candy, and ice cies of macaque, the lion-tailed macaque of India, is
cream.Themacadamiatreegrowsmorethan40feet(12 classified asanendangeredspecies.
meters) tall and has dark green, leathery leaves and Scientific Classification. Macaques belong to the Old
creamy-white flowers. The nuts arc also called Austral- Worldmonkeyfamily,Cercopilhecidae.TheyarcgenusMacaco.
ian nuts, boppUnuts, bush nuts, and Queenslandnuts. Therhesusmonkeyis.M.mulatto. NeilC,Tappen
A
MACARONI. S« Pas MACARTHUR, DOUGLAS
I
MACARTHUR, DOUGLAS (1880-1964), was a lead-
ingAmerican general ofWorld War II and the Korean
War. He also won distinction as ."Mlied supreme com-
manderoftheoccupationofJapanafterWorld War II.
Early Career. MacArthur was born in Little Rock,
Ark., onJan. 26, 1880. His father, Arthur MacArthur,
had been a hero as an officer in the Civil War (1861-
1865). The elder Mac.\rthur became a prominent gen-
eralduring the Spanish-.American War (1898) and are-
voltagainst U.S.controlofthePhilippinesfrom 1899to
1901.
Douglas MacArthur graduated from the United
States Military Academy at West Point, N.Y., in 1903.
Heachieved one ofthe highest academic records in the
school's history. During the next 10 years, he served as
anaideandjuniorengineeringofficerinthePhilippines,
Panama, and the United States. MacArthurwason the
general staffof the War Department for four years. In
1914, heservedwiththeAmericanforcesthatseized the
Mexican city of Veracruz (see W11.SON, Woodrow
[Crisis in Mexico]).
World Wor I. MacArthur held the rank of major
when the United States entered World War I in April Naiiotial,\rchivcs
1917. He became chief of staff of the 42nd Division, GeneralDouglasMacArthur,secondfromleft, returnedtothe
nicknamed the Rainbow Division, and served in Philippineswhen hewadedashoreatLeyteon Oct. 22, 1944.
France. MacArthur became known as an outstanding
combat leader, especially in the St. Mihiel and Meuse- fenseofthe Philippines. Hisfatherhad won this medal,
Aigonne offensives. He was wounded twice and re- the nation's highest military award, for his heroism in
ceivedmanydecorationsforbravery.Byjune1918,Mac- the Civil War. The MacArthursare theonly fatherand
Arthurhad risen to therankofbrigadiergeneral. son whohave both received it.
BetweenWorldWars.AfteroccupationdutyinGer- Roosevelt appointed MacArthur commander of the
many, MacArthurserved as superintendent ofthe U.S. Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific, and the general
Military Academy from 1919 to 1922. Later in the began an offensive againstJapan. Early in 1943, Mac-
1920's, he served in the Philippines and again in the Arthur's forces drove theJapanese from southeast New
United States. MacArthur married Louise Cromwell Guinea. His troops then seized northeast New Guinea,
Brooks in 1922. They weredivorcedseven yearslater. westernNew Britain, and theAdmiralty Islands. These
In 1930, attheageof50, MacArthurbecamechiefof victoriesisolatedtheJapanesebaseat Rabaul, thechief
staffofthe U.S. Army. The Great Depression, a world- port of New Britain. By September 1944, MacArthur
wide economic slump, hampered hisefforts to modern- had alsorecaptured western NewGuinea and Morotai.
izeandexpand theArmyduringhisfiveyearsinthisof- On Oct. 20, 1944, MacArthur and his forces landed
fice. From 1935 to 1941, MacArthur served as military on the Philippine island ofLeyte, thuscarrying out his
adviser to the Philippine Commonwealth. The Philip- pledge to return. His troops landed on Mindoro in the
pines, which had been a U.S. possession since 1898, central Philippines in December. MacArthur became a
were beingprepared forindependence. five-star general that same month. His troops invaded
In 1937, MacArthur married Jean Faircloth. Their Luzon inJanuary 1945 and recaptured most ofthat is-
onlychild, Arthur, was born in 1938. land by the time the war ended in August. He also re-
World War II. In July 1941, President Franklin D. took thesouthern Philippinesand Borneo.
Roosevelt made Mac.^ithur commander of the Army Japan surrendered in August 1945, and MacArthur
forcesin the Far East. On Dec. 7, 1941,Japaneseplanes wasappointedAlliedsupremecommander. Hepresided
bombed the U.S. naval baseat Pearl Harborin Hawaii. overthesurrenderceremonyaboardthe U.S.S. Missouri
Thatsameday,JapaneseairplanesalsoattackedAmeri- on September 2 and then took over as commander of
can air bases in the Philippines. The United States en- the Allied occupation forces inJapan.
tered World War II when it declared war onJapan on TheOccupationofJapan. From 1945 to 1951, Mac-
December 8. .\ majorJapanese invasion ofthe Philip- Arthur headed the .\llied occupation ofJapan. Theoc-
pines began twoweeks later. cupation had the basic goals of demilitarizing Japan
MacArthur led the defense of the Philippines. He and making it ademocratic nation. MacArthuradmin-
concentrated his Filipino and American troops on Ba- istered theoccupation withgreat independence,and he
taanPeninsulaandCorregidorIslandinManilaBay. In introduced majorreforms inJapan's political, econom-
March 1942, under orders from Roosevelt, Mac- ic, and social institutions. The Japanese respected
Arthur and his family left Corregidor on a Navy PT MacArthur'scapable, firmleadership. HeusedtheJap-
boat. Soonafterward, heflew toAustralia. Upon reach- aneseemperorandgovernment tohelpcarryout there-
ing Australia, MacArthur made a pledge that became forms.
famous: "I shall return." See Bataan Peninsuu^. The occupation programs removed from powersup-
MacArthur received the Medal of Honor for his de- portersofmilitaryconquestandreducedthecontrol that
—
MACARTHl' DOU'^IAS James,D.Clayton. TheTearsofMacArthur.2vols.Houghton,
1970-1975.
ainsdmuastlrlyg.rAoulpanodfJrcafpoari-i. ^<r-ofagmrialmk;e?nhaabdleodvefrartmheersnattoioonw'ns MWiaTn1Tc8SNh0Ee-Rs19,treiLrJa.,wLr\ietVtnillcele,i,.B\rmcd.o.wAnMm,aecr1Ai9rc7ta8hn.urC.aePsraern:tiDcoeu-gHlaalsl,M1a9c7A1r.thur,
theirownland. Laii^'i nionswererecognized, the gov-
ernment improve public health and education, and MACARTHUR FOUNDATION finances organiza-
womenreccivcd ;,:righttovote. AnewJapanesecon- tionsandprojectstobenefithumanity. Itisoneofthe 10
stitution went into efTect in 1947. MacArthur also wealthiest foundations in the United States. See Foun-
headed theU.S. FarEastCommandfrom 1947to 1951. D.\TiONS (table).
The Korean War began on June 25, 1950, when The foundation's official name is the John D. and
North Korean troopscrossed the 38th parallel, the bor- Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. It has four main
derbetweenNorthandSouthKorea. PresidentHarryS. programs: Health, General Grants, Special Grants, and
Truman appointed MacArthur head of the military MacArthur Prize Fellows. The Health Program fosters
force that the United Nations (UN) sent to defend research in the field ofmental health. The MacArthur
South Korea. Mac.\rthurled a surprise landing behind Foundation ranks as the largest private source offunds
enemy lines at the South Korean port of Inchon. This for such research. The General Grants Program makes
move changed the course ofthe war, enabling the UN awards in such areas as education, justice, mass com-
forces tocapture Seoul andcausingan almost totalcol- munications, and public policy. The Special Grants
lapse of the North Korean army. Mac.\rthur then in- Program helps support cultural and community devel-
vaded North Korea. opment organizations in the Chicago area. The Mac-
Before MacArthur could win a total victory over Arthur Prize Fellows Program gives five-year grants to
North Korea, however. Communist Chinese forces en- accomplished writers, scholars, scientists, and otherdis-
teredthewaronthesideoftheNorthKoreans.TheChi- tinguished individuals. The grants range from S24,000
nesedrovetheUNforcessouthofthe38thparallel. Asa to S60,000 annually. The foundation selects the recipi-
result, MacArthurwantedtoextendthewarintoChina. ents itselfand considers no applicationsor nominations
However, some membersofthe UN feared that attack- from outsidesources.
ing China would start a third world war. MacArthur The foundation wascreated byJohn D. Mac.\rthur,
strenuouslydisagreedwithTrumanandtheJointChiefs who made a fortune in the insurance and real estate in-
ofStaffabout limiting the war to Korea. dustries. It became active when he died in 1978. Mac-
By March 1951, Mac.\rthur's forces held positions Arthur's widow, Catherine, served as a foundation di-
close to the 38th parallel. In the meantime, MacArthur rector until her death in 1981. Headquarters are at 140
issuedstatementssettingouthiscriticismsofthegovern- S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. 60603.
ment's policy and strategy on the war. He was defying CriticallyreviewedbytheMA(i'\RiHt."RFolndatios
Truman's orders not torelease policystatementson his MACAU. See Macao.
own initiative. He also sent an unauthorized message MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON (1800-1859),
demandingthesurrenderoftheChinese.OnApril5,Jo- wasthemostwidelyreadEnglishhistorianofthe 1800's.
seph VV. Martin,Jr., a Republican congressman, made He also achieved fame for his essays and for his poems
public a letter from MacArthur criticizing official pol- based on ancient legends. However, his wTitings
—
icy. Because ofthese disagreements, on April 11 Presi- especially his poetry have declined in popularity
dent Truman relieved MacArthur as head of the UN during the 1900's.
Command, U.S. FarEastCommand,andoccupationof Macaulay was born in Leicestershire. His father,
Japan. Zachary Macaulay, wasa leadingreligiousreformer. In
TheAmericanpublicwelcomedMacArthurasahero 1825, Macaulay published his first article, an essay
on his return to the United States. It was his first time on the English poetJohn Milton, in thefamousliterary
backinthecountrysince 1937.AfteraSenateinvestiga- magazine The Edinburgh Review. The Reviewcontinued
tionofhisdismissal, popularsupportforhispositionde- to publish many of Macaulay's scholarly but popular
clinedsharply. essayson historical and literary topics.
Last Years. Some conservative Republicans tried in While Macaulay was gaining a reputation as an
vain to get their party to nominate MacArthur for the author, he was also pursuing a political career. He was
presidency in 1944, 1948, and 1952. In 1952, Mac- elected to Parliament in 1830 and helped lead a move-
Arthur became chairman of the board of Remington ment toreformGreat Britain'svotinglaws. Hisspeeches
Rand, Incorporated (now Spcrry Corporation). Except in Parliament were so brilliant that he became a
forboardduties,andafewspeeches,helivedinseclusion famous public figure. In 1833, the English East India
in New York City. His memoirs, Reminiscences, were Company appointed Macaulay to the Supreme Coun-
publishedshortly before hedied on April 5, 1964. After cil, which governed the British colony of India. He
a state funeral, he was buried in a crypt of the Mac- served on the council until 1838. During this period,
ArtSheueralMseomKoorriealaninWNaorrfo(lTkh,eVLaa.ndWar);DWCoir^lm„d\WJaamir.s hEenglliisvehd—iinnIpnldaicae oafnOdriheenltpaeld—lsayysttehmesfoofucnrdiamtiinoanlslfaowr
II (The War in Asia and the Pacific). and education in thecolony.
AdditionalRetources After Maca—ulay returned to England, he began his
Devnaanmf.,v,19J7o9h.nF.orOoymjoiu'ntguer.MraeiaAdnerlsm.r: Sumrimngofa Hero. Put- gorfeJaatemsetswIoI.rkMacTahuelaHiystpourbyliofshEendgltawnodfvroolmumtehesAicnces1s8i4o8n
GuNiiiER, John Ihi Riddle of MacArthur: Japan, Korea, and and two more in 1855. After his death, his sister. Lady
theFarEast.Greenwood, 1974. Reprintof1951 ed. Trevelyan,editedthefinalvolume,whichwaspublished
in 1861.TheHistorybecameabestsellerinEnglandand