The Wills Eye Manual: Office and Emergency Room Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease

492 Pages·2012·10.89 MB·English

by  Adam T. Gerstenblith

THE WILLS EYE MANUAL
Offi ce and Emergency Room
Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease
SIXTH EDITION
LLWWBBKK11000000--FFMM..iinndddd ii 2233//1122//1111 88::3333 PPMM
LLWWBBKK11000000--FFMM..iinndddd iiii 2233//1122//1111 88::3333 PPMM
THE WILLS EYE MANUAL
Offi ce and Emergency Room
Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease
SIXTH EDITION
EDITORS
Adam T. Gerstenblith
Michael P. Rabinowitz
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Behin I. Barahimi
Christopher M. Fecarotta
FOUNDING EDITORS
Mark A. Friedberg
Christopher J. Rapuano
LLWWBBKK11000000--FFMM..iinndddd iiiiii 2233//1122//1111 88::3333 PPMM
Senior Executive Editor: Jonathan W. Pine, Jr.
Senior Product Manager: Emilie Moyer
Vendor Manager: Alicia Jackson
Senior Manufacturing Manager: Benjamin Rivera
Marketing Manager: Lisa Lawrence
Art Director: Doug Smock
Production Services: Aptara, Inc.
© 2012 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, a Wolters Kluwer business
Two Commerce Square
2001 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA
LWW.com
Fifth edition, © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008
Fourth edition, © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004
Third edition, © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999
Second edition, © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1994
First edition, © Lippincott-Raven, 1990
All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in
any form by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval
system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied
in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of
their offi cial duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright.
Printed in China
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
available upon request
ISBN 13: 978-1-4511-0938-2
ISBN 10: 1-4511-0938-5
Care has been taken to confi rm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally
accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omis-
sions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no war-
ranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents
of the publication. Application of the information in a particular situation remains the professional
responsibility of the practitioner.
The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and
dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with current recommendations and practice at the time
of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the
constant fl ow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check
the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and
precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently
employed drug.
Some drugs and medical devices presented in the publication have Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care
provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in their clinical practice.
To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at [phone] or
fax orders to [phone]. International customers should call [phone].
Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet at LWW.com. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6 pm, EST.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
LLWWBBKK11000000--FFMM..iinndddd iivv 2233//1122//1111 1111::0066 PPMM
CONSULTANTS
Contributors
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE SIXTH EDITION Andrew Lam, M.D.
Katherine A. Lane, M.D.
Fatima K. Ahmad, M.D.
Michael A. Malstrom, M.D.
Christopher J. Brady, M.D.
Chrishonda C. McCoy, M.D.
Meg R. Gerstenblith, M.D.
Jesse B. McKey, M.D.
Katherine G. Gold, M.D.
Maria P. McNeill, M.D.
Sebastian B. Heersink, M.D.
Joselitio S. Navaleza, M.D.
Suzanne K. Jadico, M.D.
Avni H. Patel, M.D.
Brandon B. Johnson, M.D.
Chirag P. Shah, M.D., M.P.H.
Jennifer H. Kim, M.D.
Heather N. Shelsta, M.D.
Amanda E. Matthews, M.D.
Bradley T. Smith, M.D.
Melissa D. Neuwelt, M.D.
Vikas Tewari, M.D.
Anne M. Nguyen, M.D.
Garth J. Willis, M.D.
Linda H. Ohsie, M.D.
Allison P. Young, M.D.
Kristina Yi-Hwa Pao, M.D.
Mindy R. Rabinowitz, M.D.
Vikram J. Setlur, M.D. PHOTO CONTRIBUTORS
Gary Shienbaum, M.D. Elizabeth L. Affel, M.S., R.D.M.S.
Eileen Wang, M.D. Robert S. Bailey, Jr., M.D.
Douglas M. Wisner, M.D. William E. Benson, M.D.
Jurij R. Bilyk, M.D.
Elisabeth J. Cohen, M.D.
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIFTH EDITION
Justis P. Ehlers, M.D.
TEXT CONTRIBUTORS Alan R. Forman, M.D.
Paul S. Baker, M.D. Scott M. Goldstein, M.D.
Shaleen L. Belani, M.D. Kammi B. Gunton, M.D.
Shawn Chhabra, M.D. Becky Killian
John M. Cropsey, M.D. Donelson R. Manley, M.D.
Emily A. DeCarlo, M.D. Julia Monsonego
Justis P. Ehlers, M.D. Christopher J. Rapuano, M.D.
Gregory L. Fenton, M.D. Peter J. Savino, M.D.
David Fintak, M.D. Bruce M. Schnall, M.D.
Robert E. Fintelmann, M.D. Robert C. Sergott, M.D.
Nicole R. Fram, M.D. Chirag P. Shah, M.D., M.P.H.
Susan M. Gordon, M.D. Heather N. Shelsta, M.D.
Omesh P. Gupta, M.D., M.B.A. Carol L. Shields, M.D.
Eliza N. Hoskins, M.D. Jerry A. Shields, M.D.
Dara Khalatbari, M.D. George L. Spaeth, M.D.
Bhairavi V. Kharod, M.D. William Tasman, M.D.
Matthew R. Kirk, M.D.
v
LLWWBBKK11000000--FFMM..iinndddd vv 2233//1122//1111 88::3333 PPMM
vi
CONTRIBUTORS
MEDICAL ILLUSTRATOR CONTRIBUTORS TO THE SECOND EDITION
Paul Schiffmacher
Mark C. Austin, M.D.
Jerry R. Blair, M.D.
Benjamin Chang, M.D.
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FOURTH EDITION
Mary Ellen Cullom, M.D.
Seema Aggarwal, M.D. R. Douglas Cullom, Jr., M.D.
Edward H. Bedrossian, Jr., M.D. Jack Dugan, M.D.
Brian C. Bigler, M.D. Forest J. Ellis, M.D.
Vatinee Y. Bunya, M.D. C. Byron Faulkner, M.D.
Christine Buono, M.D. Mary Elizabeth Gallivan, M.D.
Jacqueline R. Carrasco, M.D. J. William Harbour, M.D.
Sandra Y. Cho, M.D. Paul M. Herring, M.D.
Carolyn A. Cutney, M.D. Allen C. Ho, M.D.
Brian D. Dudenhoefer, M.D. Carol J. Hoffman, M.D.
John A. Epstein, M.D. Thomas I. Margolis, M.D.
Colleen P. Halfpenny, M.D. Mark L. Mayo, M.D.
ThucAnh T. Ho, M.D. Michele A. Miano, M.D.
Stephen S. Hwang, M.D. Wynne A. Morley, M.D.
Kunal D. Kantikar, M.D. Timothy J. O’Brien, M.D.
Derek Y. Kunimoto, M.D. Florentino E. Palmon, M.D.
R. Gary Lane, M.D. William B. Phillips, M.D.
Henry C. Lee, M.D. Tony Pruthi, M.D.
Mimi Liu, M.D. Carl D. Regillo, M.D.
Mary S. Makar, M.D. Scott H. Smith, M.D.
Anson T. Miedel, M.D. Mark R. Stokes, M.D.
Parveen K. Nagra, M.D. Janine G. Tabas, M.D.
Michael A. Negrey, M.D. John R. Trible, M.D.
Heather A. Nesti, M.D. Christopher Williams, M.D.
Vasudha A. Panday, M.D.
MEDICAL ILLUSTRATOR
Nicholas A. Pefkaros, M.D.
Neal H. Atebara, M.D.
Robert Sambursky, M.D.
Daniel E. Shapiro, M.D.
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIRST EDITION
Derrick W. Shindler, M.D.
Melissa M. Brown, M.D.
Catharine J. Crockett, M.D.
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE THIRD EDITION
Bret L. Fisher, M.D.
Christine W. Chung, M.D. Patrick M. Flaharty, M.D.
Brian P. Connolly, M.D. Mark A. Friedberg, M.D.
Vincent A. Deramo, M.D. James T. Handa, M.D.
Kammi B. Gunton, M.D. Victor A. Holmes, M.D.
Mark R. Miller, M.D. Bruce J. Keyser, M.D.
Ralph E. Oursler III, M.D. Ronald L. McKey, M.D.
Mark F. Pyfer, M.D. Christopher J. Rapuano, M.D.
Douglas J. Rhee, M.D. Paul A. Raskauskas, M.D.
Jay C. Rudd, M.D. Eric P. Suan, M.D.
Brian M. Sucheski, M.D. MEDICAL ILLUSTRATOR
MEDICAL ILLUSTRATOR Marlon Maus, M.D.
Marlon Maus, M.D.
LLWWBBKK11000000--FFMM..iinndddd vvii 2233//1122//1111 88::3333 PPMM
Consultants
CONSULTANTS
CORNEA
Edward H. Bedrossian, Jr., M.D.
Joseph C. Flanagan, M.D.
MAJOR CONSULTANT
Scott M. Goldstein, M.D.
Christopher J. Rapuano, M.D.
Ann P. Murchison, M.D., M.P.H.
CONSULTANTS
Brandon D. Ayers, M.D.
ONCOLOGY
Elisabeth J. Cohen, M.D.
Brad H. Feldman, M.D.
MAJOR CONSULTANTS
Kristin M. Hammersmith, M.D.
Carol L. Shields, M.D.
Sadeer B. Hannush, M.D.
Jerry A. Shields, M.D.
Irving M. Raber, M.D.
CONSULTANTS
GLAUCOMA Sara A. Lally, M.D.
Arman Mashayekhi, M.D.
MAJOR CONSULTANTS
L. Jay Katz, M.D. PEDIATRICS
George L. Spaeth, M.D.
CONSULTANTS MAJOR CONSULTANT
Mary J. Cox, M.D. Alex V. Levin, M.D.
Scott J. Fudemberg, M.D. CONSULTANTS
Anand V. Mantravadi, M.D. Brian J. Forbes, M.D.
Marlene R. Moster, M.D. Kammi B. Gunton, M.D.
Jonathan S. Myers, M.D. Sharon S. Lehman, M.D.
Tara H. Uhler, M.D. Leonard B. Nelson, M.D.
Jonathan H. Salvin, M.D.
NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY
Bruce M. Schnall, M.D.
Barry N. Wasserman, M.D.
CONSULTANTS
Jennifer K. Hall, M.D.
RETINA
Mark L. Moster, M.D
Peter J. Savino, M.D.
MAJOR CONSULTANTS
Robert C. Sergott, M.D.
William E. Benson, M.D.
OCULOPLASTICS Sunir J. Garg, M.D.
Jason Hsu, M.D.
William Tasman, M.D.
MAJOR CONSULTANTS
Jurij R. Bilyk, M.D. CONSULTANTS
Jacqueline R. Carrasco, M.D. Mitchell S. Fineman, M.D.
Robert B. Penne, M.D. Omesh P. Gupta, M.D., M.B.A.
Mary A. Stefanyszyn, M.D. Julia A. Haller, M.D.
vii
LLWWBBKK11000000--FFMM..iinndddd vviiii 2233//1122//1111 88::3333 PPMM
viii
CONSULTANTS
Allen C. Ho, M.D.
RADIOLOGY
Richard S. Kaiser, M.D.
Joseph I. Maguire, M.D.
CONSULTANT
Carl D. Regillo, M.D.
Adam E. Flanders, M.D.
Marc J. Spirn, M.D.
James F. Vander, M.D.
VISUAL PHYSIOLOGY
INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONSULTANTS
Elizabeth L. Affel, M.S., R.D.M.S.
CONSULTANT Julia Monsonego, C.R.A.
Joseph A. DeSimone, Jr., M.D.
FELLOW CONSULTANTS
PATHOLOGY F. Char DeCroos, M.D.
Darrell E. Baskin, M.D.
CONSULTANT Allen Chiang, M.D.
Ralph C. Eagle, Jr., M.D. Paul B. Johnson, M.D.
Nikolas J.S. London, M.D
Rajiv E. Shah, M.D.
GENERAL Chirag P. Shah, M.D., M.P.H.
Andre J. Witkin, M.D.
CONSULTANTS Vladimir S. Yakopson, M.D.
Michael A. DellaVecchia, M.D.
Alan R. Forman, M.D. MEDICAL ILLUSTRATOR
Edward A. Jaeger, M.D.
Bruce J. Markovitz, M.D. Paul Schiffmacher
LLWWBBKK11000000--FFMM..iinndddd vviiiiii 2233//1122//1111 88::3333 PPMM
Foreword
Cornea 4
Wills Eye celebrated its 175th anniversary in 2009 and the Retina
Service its 50th anniversary in 2010. Hard to believe. Now, in 2012,
we are celebrating the sixth edition of The Wills Eye Manual. Con-
ceived by Mark Friedberg and Christopher Rapuano when they were
residents in 1990, the manual has had a great track record. To date,
150,000 copies have been sold, and it has been translated into ten
languages. It is also now helping to disseminate educational infor-
mation to physicians in developing countries, especially through the
American Academy of Ophthalmology’s Ophthalmic News & Educa-
tion (ONE) network.
Adam Gerstenblith and Michael Rabinowitz, the editors of the
sixth edition, have been extremely effi cient in revising this latest vol-
ume. The previous edition, published in 2007, was the fi rst to have
illustrations enhancing the descriptions of various conditions, and
the new edition includes additional and revised illustrations, where
appropriate, as well as the latest information. In the past few years
ophthalmology has taken giant steps forward, notably in the man-
agement of wet macular degeneration, use of computer chips for reti-
nal function, the role of stem cells, and exponential progress in gene
identifi cation of disease entities.
Although tomorrow’s future will soon be yesterday’s history, we
continue to learn more about the original Wills family. Thanks to the
National Park Service, the deed to the original Wills house and gro-
cery (which was located behind the house) between Second and Third
on Chestnut has surfaced. The most interesting fact we learned was
that James Sr. and Hannah Wills bought the property from Benjamin
Rush, the renowned physician of the day. It was purchased for 700
pounds gold. Rush was a signer of the Declaration of Independence,
and because of his fame, President Thomas Jefferson suggested that
Meriwether Lewis pay him a visit before Lewis and William Clark left
in 1804–1806 to explore the land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase.
So, Wills with its colorful history has grown up and continues to
thrive. I am confi dent that it will continue to contribute new and
exciting advances, some not yet even conceived.
William Tasman, M.D.
ix
LLWWBBKK11000000--FFMM..iinndddd iixx 2233//1122//1111 88::3333 PPMM